Rural to Urban Migration: A District Level Analysis for India

Based on the recent census data this paper analyses the district level rural to urban migration rates (both intra-state and the inter-state) among males and females separately. Both the rates are closely associated irrespective of whether the migrants originate from the rural areas within the state or outside the state. This would suggest that women usually migrate as accompanists of the males. Though many of the relatively poor and backward states actually show large population mobility, which is primarily in search of a livelihood, the mobility of male population is also seen to be prominent in the relatively advanced states like Maharashtra and Gujarat. Rapid migration of rural females within the boundaries of the states is, however, evident across most of the regions. The social networks, which play an important role in the context of migration are prevalent among the short distance migrants and tend to lose their significance with a rise in the distance between the place of origin and destination though there are some exceptions to this phenomenon. Besides the north-south divide in the Indian context is indeed a significant phenomenon with a few exceptions of metropolitan cities. As regards the effect of factors at the place of destination, prospects for better job opportunities are a major determinant of male migration. Low castes and minority groups tend to pull migration through network effects. Among females also these effects are evident though with the inclusion of the male migration rate they become less significant. Finally the paper brings out the policy implications.

Chapter 7 Clusters of Modern and Local Industries in Vietnam

Since the introduction of the Doi Moi ('renovation') economic reform in 1986, Vietnam has experienced a transformation of its economic management, from a central planning economy to a market-oriented economy. High economic growth, created by the liberalization of activities in all sectors of the economy, has changed the economic structure of the country, and the once agriculture-based and poverty-stricken land now generates a midlevel income and possesses many industrial bases. Economic growth has also changed the landscape of the country. Business complexes have been built in metropolises like Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, and rice fields have been converted into industrial zones. As the number of enterprises increased, areas began to emerge where many enterprises agglomerated. Some of these 'clusters' were groups of cottage industry households, while many others were large-scale industrial clusters. As Porter [1998] argues, industrial clusters are the source of a nation's 'competitive advantage'. McCarty et al. [2005] indicate that in some key industries in Vietnam, some clusters of enterprises have been created, although the degree of agglomeration differs from one industry to another. Using industry census data from 2001, they include dot density maps for the 12 leading manufacturing industries in Vietnam. They show that most of the industries analyzed are clustered either in Hanoi or Ho Chi Minh City (or both). Among these 12 industries, the garments industry has the greatest tendency to cluster, followed by textile, rice, seafood, and paper industries. The fact that industrial clusters have begun to form in some areas could be a positive sign for Vietnam's future economic development. What is lacking in McCarty et al. [2005], however, is the identification of the participants in the industrial clusters. Some argue for the importance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam's economic development (e.g. Nguyen Tri Thanh [2007], Tran Tien Cuong et al. [2008]), while others stress the impact of foreign direct investments (FDI) (for example, Tuan Bui [2009]). Adding information about the participants in the above cluster study (and in other studies of spatial patterns of location of enterprises) may broaden the scope for analysis of economic development in Vietnam. This study aims to reveal the characteristics of industrial clusters in terms of their participants and locations. The findings of the study may provide basic information for evaluating the effects of agglomeration and the robustness of the effects in the industrial clusters in Vietnam. Section 1 describes the characteristics of economic entities in Vietnam such as ownership, size of enterprise, and location. Section 2 examines qualitative aspects of industrial clusters identified in McCarty et al. [2005] and uses information on the size and ownership of clusters. Three key industries (garments, consumer electronics, and motor vehicle) are selected for the study. Section 3 identifies another type of cluster commonly seen in Vietnam, composed of local industries and called 'craft villages'. Many such villages have been developed since the early 1990s. The study points out that some of these villages have become industrialized (or are becoming industrialized) by introducing modern modes of production and by employing thousands of laborers.

Shedding light on the shadow economy : a nighttime light approach

Measuring the shadow economy is inherently difficult, but critical for understanding economic development. Using census data on formal and informal sectors in Cambodia, we document that 96.6% of non-farm establishments do not formally register with the government, and their sales accounted for 76.6% of total sales in 2011. We estimate a relationship between nighttime light and sales across regions separately for formal and informal firms for 2011, and estimate their past sales from changes in nighttime light for 1993-2010. Both formal and informal firms increased their estimated sales, and the share of informal sales increased from 68.8% in 1993 to 76.6% in 2011, suggesting that the informal sector increased quantitatively in both absolute and relative terms throughout the economic development of the Cambodian economy.

Partition, independence, and population geography in Bengal

This study quantitatively explores the changing population geography in Bengal, with a particular focus on Partition in India in 1947 and Independence of Bangladesh in 1971. Based on decadal census data from 1901 to 2001 at the district level, this paper explores how trends in regional population growth evolved with such historical events. Following Redding and Sturm (2008), Differences-in-Differences estimation is also employed. Estimation results show that there were different shocks on both sides and from both events. In West Bengal, the change in the regional population trends occurred in 1947 and remained similar thereafter. On the other hand, in East Bengal, the population growth became statistically significant after 1971. Further robustness checks show that the impacts were not uniform with respect to the distance from the border. Overall analyses show that the emergence of the international border in Bengal had asymmetric impacts on both sides.

A INCLUSÃO ESCOLAR NA ESFERA PÚBLICA: CONCEPÇÕES E POSSIBILIDADES DE CONCRETIZAÇÃO

O presente estudo constitui-se uma análise sobre a Política de Inclusão do Aluno com Necessidade Educacional Especial (NEE) numa escola da rede regular de ensino. O objetivo central foi compreender os princípios e as propostas que definem a política nacional de educação especial, focando a inclusão dos portadores de necessidades educacionais especiais na rede regular de ensino procurando verificar quais dimensões de inclusão estão presentes no discurso tanto na documentação quanto na prática sobre inclusão. Inicialmente, a pesquisa procurou levantar, relatar e analisar os materiais bibliográficos publicados sobre as questões relativas à inclusão do aluno com NEE no sistema regular de ensino, principalmente a partir de 1988 período em que a Constituição Federal elege como um dos seus princípios a igualdade de condições de acesso e permanência na escola até 2006, quando dados publicados pelo Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais (INEP) comprovam que houve um aumento significativo das matrículas destes alunos nas escolas regulares. Entrevistas, depoimentos, documentos federais e municipais e dados censitários foram utilizados na análise. Através de algumas categorias de análise tiradas dos depoimentos foi possível identificar a socialização do indivíduo por meio da garantia do direito e integração à concepção de inclusão mais predominante. A necessidade de atendimento especializado ao aluno e aos que venham trabalhar com ele e preocupação com a falta de orientação no trabalho foi apontado como maior dificuldade. Entretanto, mesmo apresentando alguns problemas, evidencia-se uma posição favorável à inclusão dos alunos com NEE na educação regular na unidade pesquisada destacando a aceitação e as providências que a escola vem tomando quanto às adaptações realizadas para garantir educação de qualidade e acessibilidade. O desafio que se coloca às unidades de educação regular com a matrícula dos alunos com NEE é que estas possam contribuir para a efetivação deste direito por meio de uma educação que contribua para uma sociedade menos excludente.(AU)

A INCLUSÃO ESCOLAR NA ESFERA PÚBLICA: CONCEPÇÕES E POSSIBILIDADES DE CONCRETIZAÇÃO

O presente estudo constitui-se uma análise sobre a Política de Inclusão do Aluno com Necessidade Educacional Especial (NEE) numa escola da rede regular de ensino. O objetivo central foi compreender os princípios e as propostas que definem a política nacional de educação especial, focando a inclusão dos portadores de necessidades educacionais especiais na rede regular de ensino procurando verificar quais dimensões de inclusão estão presentes no discurso tanto na documentação quanto na prática sobre inclusão. Inicialmente, a pesquisa procurou levantar, relatar e analisar os materiais bibliográficos publicados sobre as questões relativas à inclusão do aluno com NEE no sistema regular de ensino, principalmente a partir de 1988 período em que a Constituição Federal elege como um dos seus princípios a igualdade de condições de acesso e permanência na escola até 2006, quando dados publicados pelo Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais (INEP) comprovam que houve um aumento significativo das matrículas destes alunos nas escolas regulares. Entrevistas, depoimentos, documentos federais e municipais e dados censitários foram utilizados na análise. Através de algumas categorias de análise tiradas dos depoimentos foi possível identificar a socialização do indivíduo por meio da garantia do direito e integração à concepção de inclusão mais predominante. A necessidade de atendimento especializado ao aluno e aos que venham trabalhar com ele e preocupação com a falta de orientação no trabalho foi apontado como maior dificuldade. Entretanto, mesmo apresentando alguns problemas, evidencia-se uma posição favorável à inclusão dos alunos com NEE na educação regular na unidade pesquisada destacando a aceitação e as providências que a escola vem tomando quanto às adaptações realizadas para garantir educação de qualidade e acessibilidade. O desafio que se coloca às unidades de educação regular com a matrícula dos alunos com NEE é que estas possam contribuir para a efetivação deste direito por meio de uma educação que contribua para uma sociedade menos excludente.(AU)

Estimating risks in declining populations with poor data

Census data on endangered species are often sparse, error-ridden, and confined to only a segment of the population. Estimating trends and extinction risks using this type of data presents numerous difficulties. In particular, the estimate of the variation in year-to-year transitions in population size (the “process error” caused by stochasticity in survivorship and fecundities) is confounded by the addition of high sampling error variation. In addition, the year-to-year variability in the segment of the population that is sampled may be quite different from the population variability that one is trying to estimate. The combined effect of severe sampling error and age- or stage-specific counts leads to severe biases in estimates of population-level parameters. I present an estimation method that circumvents the problem of age- or stage-specific counts and is markedly robust to severe sampling error. This method allows the estimation of environmental variation and population trends for extinction-risk analyses using corrupted census counts—a common type of data for endangered species that has hitherto been relatively unusable for these analyses.

Fifteenth census of the United States: 1930. Census of agriculture. The Negro farmer in the United States.

Running title: The Negro farmer.

1980 census of population and housing : users' guide.

"PHC80-R1-A."

1990 census of population and housing.

"Census '90"--Cover.

Census of population, 1960. number of inhabitants, general population characteristics, general social and economic characteristics, and detailed characteristics.

A report was issued for each of the fifty states, for Puerto Rico, Guam, Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Canal Zone, and for the U.S. Summary.

Census of the city of Bombay, taken 21st February 1872.

Preservation photocopy.

100 years of data processing : the punchcard century /

Mode of access: Internet.

Annual report for the scholastic year ...

Special report, Jan. 1871, takes place of Annual report for 1870.