Usurpación simbólica: identidad y poder en la fiesta de la Mama Negra

La presente tesis aborda el proceso al que hemos denominado de usurpación simbólica, mediante el cual los sectores dominantes locales de la ciudad de Latacunga, han usurpado los símbolos de la fiesta de la Mama Negra que se celebra como un acto de religiosidad popular por parte de los sectores subalternos en el mes de septiembre, para transformar su sentido y convertirla en un acto ritual político a través del cual se hace posible la legitimación del poder y su ejercicio. Este trabajo analiza cómo se expresan la identidad, la alteridad y el poder en esta fiesta, cómo opera el intercambio y la interacción de los símbolos, dentro del proceso de usurpación simbólica para poder entender las dimensiones simbólicas de lo político y las dimensiones políticas de lo simbólico en esta celebración, para lo cual se analizan en forma comparativa cuáles son los discursos, prácticas, significaciones, significados, es decir las isotopías o ejes de sentido, que los actores de las dos celebraciones construyen. La tesis aborda cómo operan las dimensiones simbólicas del poder, como este para la legitimación del proceso de usurpación simbólica, necesita construir un discurso de verdad, por ello la fiesta de la Mama Negra de noviembre se la muestra como la expresión de la “verdadera unidad e identidad latacungueña”, a fin de ocultar los conflictos que se expresan a nivel de clase, étnico, social, los que al no poder ser resueltos se los traslada a la esfera ritual donde dichas conflictividades quedan invisibilizadas transitoriamente; pero por el contrario, analizamos que la celebración no puede ocultar una profunda fractura de la alteridad, pues se construye una relación asimétrica incluso en el propio ejercicio ritual. Reflexionamos sobre la construcción que se hace del otro en la ritualidad, cómo se expresa la lógica de la identidad y la alteridad asimétricas que en la celebración se construye, a fin de hacer evidente que la fiesta es un escenario de conflictos, que en ella se expresan claras intencionalidades políticas, relaciones de fuerzas, lucha de poderes materiales y simbólicos. Finalmente se aborda el proceso de degradación al que ha llegado la fiesta de noviembre como consecuencia del vaciamiento de sentido que genera el proceso de usurpación simbólica y se analizan las tácticas que los sectores subalternos están llevando adelante para la legitimación de su presencia y la reafirmación de su identidad para enfrentar el proceso de usurpación simbólica instrumentalizado por el poder.

Heterogeneidad y esquizofrenia en las obras Los Sangurimas de José De La Cuadra y Mama Pacha y El Nuevo San Jorge de Jorge Icaza

El presente trabajo académico analiza, desde la teoría de la heterogeneidad de Antonio Cornejo Polar, las obras Los Sangurimas, “Mama Pacha” y “El nuevo san Jorge”, de José de la Cuadra y Jorge Icaza, respectivamente. En el análisis de estas obras literarias se busca la construcción de universos literarios y narrativos ficcionales sumamente complejos, contradictorios, heterogéneos, fraccionados, y cargados de un relato de los diferentes espacios culturales que chocan, se repelen y se encuentran en la sociedad ecuatoriana. Siendo así, pretendemos en la lectura de las creaciones literarias de los mencionados autores evidenciar la heterogeneidad cultural como premisa fundamental de construcción literaria, heterogeneidad que en la narración conduce directamente a un fraccionamiento subjetivo de los personajes, a una esquisis cultural que orienta a los habitantes de estos universos literarios, que en ocasiones los potencia y en ocasiones los destruye. Construcción y destrucción subjetiva de los habitantes de estas ficcionalizaciones simbólicas, que es planteada como propuesta política, social y cultural ante una sociedad marcada por la colonización, la negación, el olvido y el rechazo de la pertenencia cultural heterogénea andina, que evita precisamente que, esa heterogeneidad estructure una construcción de varias culturas, de varias voces, de varias lenguas, potente y creadora, capaz de abarcar y dialogar con los mundos de vida que conviven en su seno.

Dolores Cacuango, Mama Dulu en la memoria oral de su pueblo

¿De qué manera se construyen los relatos e imaginarios sobre Mama Dulu en el pueblo Kayambi y en las comunidades de San Pablo Urco y Pesillo? fue la pregunta que motivó esta investigación y para ello tomé como referencia la relación entre la Dolores histórica y política de Rodas y Muyolema con la Dolores que encontré en los relatos que fueron parte de esta investigación, a través de entrevistas a profundidad a 11 representantes del pueblo Kayambi y moradores de las comunidades de San Pablo Urco y Pesillo, en el cantón Cayambe, provincia de Pichincha, Ecuador. Esta tesis está compuesta por cuatro capítulos, el primero plantea un diálogo entre autores como De Certau, Nora, Rivera Cusicanqui, Sarlo, Jelin, Ong, Castoriadis, Candau, Sánchez Parga, para entender las relaciones que se generan entre memoria oral – historia; imaginario y comunidad. El segundo, es un acercamiento al contexto histórico que perfila ese personaje relatado por Rodas y Muyolema con el que se comparan los relatos e imaginarios obtenidos en el tercero y cuarto capítulo. Finalmente, en las conclusiones destaco los principales hallazgos de la investigación: las relaciones entre historia, memoria – recuerdo en los relatos, la antropomorfización y transmutación entre Dolores y la Pachamama que además ubica a Dolores en una dimensión profundamente espiritual, las imbricaciones de los relatos en torno a Dolores Cacuango y Tránsito Amaguaña, así como omnipresencia de ambos personajes como símbolos de la identidad indígena. Esta tesis es un trabajo descriptivo cuya riqueza radica en la polifonía del relato que mantienen vigente el recuerdo de Dolores y lo transmiten de manera permanente a través de la oralidad.

Expression profiles in the progression of ductal carcinoma in the breast

An understanding of the multi-step nature of cancer as it is in the breast, as a series of pivotal genetic/epigenetic modifications is irrefutably a milestone in diagnostics, prognostics and eventually providing a cure. Here we have utilised a variant of analysis of variance (ANOVA) as a model for the identification and tracking of specific mRNA species whose transcription has been significantly altered at each grade in the progression of ductal carcinoma, making it possible to correlate histological progression with the genetic events underlying breast cancer. We show that in the progression of ductal carcinomas, from grade 1 to 3, there is a reduction in the actual number of mRNA species, which are significantly over or under expressed. We also show that this technique can be employed to generate differential gene expression patterns, whereby the combined expression profile of the tailored spectra of genes in the comparison of each ductal grade is sufficient to render them on clearly separate arms of an array-wise hierarchical cluster dendrogram.

Differential induction of apoptosis in human colonic carcinoma cells (Caco-2) by Atopobium, and commensal, probiotic and enteropathogenic bacteria: mediation by the mitochondrial pathway

The induction of apoptosis in mammalian cells by bacteria is well reported. This process may assist infection by pathogens whereas for non-pathogens apoptosis induction within carcinoma cells protects against colon cancer. Here, apoptosis induction by a major new gut bacterium, Atopobium minutum, was compared with induction by commensal (Escherichia coli K-12 strains), probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium latis) and pathogenic (E. coli: EPEC and VTEC) gut bacteria within the colon cancer cell line, Caco-2. The results show a major apoptotic effect for the pathogens, mild effects for the probiotic strains and A. minutum, but no effect for commensal E. coli. The mild apoptotic effects observed are consistent with the beneficial roles of probotics in protection against colon cancer and suggest, for the first time, that A. minutum possesses similar advantageous, anti-cancerous activity. Although bacterial infection increased Caco-2 membrane FAS levels, caspase-8 was not activated indicating that apoptosis is FAS independent. Instead, in all cases, apoptosis was induced through the mitochondrial pathway as indicated by BAX translocation, cytorchrome c release, and caspase-9 and -3 cleavage. This suggests that an intracellular stimulus initiates the observed apoptosis responses.

Substituted titanocenes induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in human epidermoid carcinoma cells in vitro and exhibit antitumour activity in vivo

Titanocene compounds are a novel series of agents that exhibit cytotoxic effects in a variety of human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the antiproliferative activity of two titanocenes (Titanocenes X and Y) was evaluated in human epidermoid cancer cells in vitro. Titanocenes X and Y induce apoptotic cell death in epidermoid cancer cells, with IC50 values that are comparable to cisplatin. Characterisation of the cell death pathway induced by titanocene compounds in A431 cells revealed that apoptosis is preceded by cell cycle arrest and the inhibition of cell proliferation. The induction of apoptosis is dependent on the activation of caspase-3 and -7 but not caspase-8. Furthermore, the antitumour activity of Titanocene Y was tested in an A431 xenograft model of epidermoid cancer. Results indicate that Titanocene Y significantly reduced the growth of A431 xenografts with an antitumour effect similar to cisplatin. These results suggest that titanocenes represent a novel series of promising antitumour agents.

Câncer de mama em mulheres jovens no Rio de Janeiro: estudo de fatores de risco e sobrevida

O câncer de mama é um dos cânceres mais comuns a nível mundial e no Brasil. O câncer de mama não é comum em mulheres jovens (menor que 36 anos) porém tem um prognóstico ruim e uma pobre sobrevida. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar fatores de risco e sobrevida em mulheres jovens diagnosticadas com câncer de mama em um centro de referência oncológica em câncer na cidade de Rio de Janeiro. Mulheres com menos de 36 anos de idade com diagnóstico histopatológico de câncer de mama no Instituto Nacional de Câncer entre 01/01/1999 e 31/12/2006 foram selecionadas para o estudo. (...)

Between the lines: Konrad Wolf's 'Mama, ich lebe' and the dilemmas of betrayal

The article offers a close reading of Konrad Wolf’s anti-fascist Second World War film 'Mama, ich lebe' (DEFA, 1977). 'Mama, ich lebe', like all East German films about the Nazi past, deals with the re-founding of post-war Germany. Unlike the usual approach which focused on political redemption of the past crimes, Wolf’s approach explores rupture and failure of political agency as the pre-condition for a new beginning. The rupture is effected by the defection of four Wehrmacht soldiers who decide to cooperate with the Soviet enemy. Their betrayal of the national collective is ethically motivated and arises from their responsibility for the Soviet ‘other’. Its radicalness opens up a moment of utopian freedom and conciliation for the traitors. Yet the back side of betrayal is insecurity and confliction with regard to their role and roots. While the four meet their role as traitors with self-deception about their ambivalent position, they are eventually forced to acknowledge their position as one of self-defeat. Their ‘ethical betrayal’ (Parikh 2009) does therefore not lead to utopian fulfilment but to the traitors’ expiatory sacrifice as the only form of accountability and self-justification. In Wolf’s film antifascism as a tale of political redemption is thus revised and becomes a tale of necessary individual atonement.

Distribution analysis of the putative cancer marker S100A4 across invasive squamous cell carcinoma penile tissue

MS-based proteomic methods were utilised for the first time in the discovery of novel penile cancer biomarkers. MALDI MS imaging was used to obtain the in situ biomolecular MS profile of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis which was then compared to benign epithelial MS profiles. Spectra from cancerous and benign tissue areas were examined to identify MS peaks that best distinguished normal epithelial cells from invasive squamous epithelial cells, providing crucial evidence to suggest S100A4 to be differentially expressed. Verification by immunohistochemistry resulted in positive staining for S100A4 in a sub-population of invasive but not benign epithelial cells.

Recurrent sores by ill-fitting dentures and intra-oral squamous cell carcinoma in smokers

Objectives: To examine whether denture use and recurrent sores caused by ill-fitting dentures are associated with intra-oral squamous cell carcinoma (IO-SCC) in individuals exposed to tobacco. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study. The study population comprised 124 patients with IO-SCC and the same number of controls (individually paired according to gender and age) recruited from outpatient units of the same hospital. Conditional logistic regression analysis assessed the effect of denture use and recurrent oral sores by ill-fitting dentures, adjusted by covariates on the lifetime exposure to alcohol and tobacco, socioeconomic standings, and dietary patterns. Results: The use of dentures showed no association with IO-SCC [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.40, 95 percent confidence interval 0.51-3.87, P = 0.513] in an assessment controlled by socioeconomic position, lifetime exposure to alcohol and tobacco, and dietary patterns. However, the report of recurrent sores caused by ill-fitting dentures showed significant association with the disease (adjusted OR 4.58, 95 percent confidence interval 1.52-13.76, P = 0.007). Conclusions: The association between recurrent oral sores caused by ill-fitting dentures and squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth in smokers is in agreement with the hypothesis that the chronic physical irritation of oral mucosa contributes to the topical carcinogenic effect of tobacco, which must be taken into careful consideration in the planning of dental services for adults and the elderly.

Comparison of biological behavior between early-stage adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix

Objectives: (1) To compare the anatomopathological variables and recurrence rates in patients with early-stage adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the uterine cervix; (2) to identify the independent risk factors for recurrence. Study design: This historical cohort study assessed 238 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix (113 and IIA), who underwent radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection between 1980 and 1999. Comparison of category variables between the two histological types was carried out using the Pearson`s X-2 test or Fisher exact test. Disease-free survival rates for AC and SCC were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the curves were compared using the log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify the independent risk factors for recurrence. Results: There were 35 cases of AC (14.7%) and 203 of SCC (85.3%). AC presented lower histological grade than did SCC (grade 1: 68.6% versus 9.4%; p < 0.001), lower rate of lymphovascular space involvement (25.7% versus 53.7%; p = 0.002), lower rate of invasion into the middle or deep thirds of the uterine cervix (40.0% versus 80.8%; p < 0.001) and lower rate of lymph node metastasis (2.9% versus 16.3%; p = 0.036). Although the recurrence rate was lower for AC than for SCC (11.4% versus 15.8%), this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.509). Multivariate analysis identified three independent risk factors for recurrence: presence of metastases in the pelvic lymph nodes, invasion of the deep third of the uterine cervix and absence of or slight inflammatory reaction in the cervix. When these variables were adjusted for the histological type and radiotherapy status, they remained in the model as independent risk factors. Conclusion: The AC group showed less aggressive histological behavior than did the SCC group, but no difference in the disease-free survival rates was noted. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Paullinia cupana Mart. var. sorbilis, Guarana, Increases Survival of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) Bearing Mice by Decreasing Cyclin-D1 Expression and Inducing a G0/G1 Cell Cycle Arrest in EAC Cells

The objective of this work is to report the antiproliferative effect of P. cupana treatment in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC)-bearing animals. Female mice were treated with three doses of powdered P. cupana (100, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg) for 7 days, injected with 10(5) EAC cells and treated up to day 21. In addition, a survival experiment was carried out with the same protocol. P. cupana decreased the ascites volume (p = 0.0120), cell number (p = 0.0004) and hemorrhage (p = 0.0054). This occurred through a G1-phase arrest (p < 0.01) induced by a decreased gene expression of Cyclin D1 in EAC cells. Furthermore, P. cupana significantly increased the survival of EAC-bearing animals (p = 0.0012). In conclusion, the P. cupana growth control effect in this model was correlated with a decreased expression of cyclin D1 and a G1 phase arrest. These results reinforce the cancer therapeutic potential of this Brazilian plant. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.