Elaboración y experimentación de instrumentos de seguimiento y registro de los procesos de aprendizaje de los alumnos en Primaria y Secundaria.

Crear instrumentos de evaluación que favorezcan el análisis y seguimiento de los procesos de los alumnos en Educación Primaria y Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. Se realiza un análisis de los aspectos teóricos de la evaluación en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, presentando la normativa existente, el papel de la evaluación en el currículum y su uso como estrategia de atención a la diversidad. Se procede al estudio de los modos e instrumentos empleados para la evaluación y se presentan los criterios a seguir para su desarrollo. Para Educación Primaria los criterios analizados corresponden a las areas de lenguaje, matemáticas y conocimiento del medio. Los criterios presentados para ESO son los de las áreas de Lengua y Literatura, de Ciencias Sociales y de Matemáticas. De acuerdo con estos criterios se elaboran sendas unidades didácticas iniciales para Educación Primaria y ESO y se procede a la creación de las fichas de recogida de datos y seguimiento. Se adjunta la unidad didáctica inicial 'La quincena de las sorpresas' para el tercer ciclo de Educación Primaria. Se constata la utilidad del trabajo en equipo y la conveniencia de los instrumentos elaborados para evaluar, recoger datos, sistematizar, interpretar datos y buscar respuestas educativas. La experimentación de los instrumentos y su grado de validez se posterga al curso 1996-1997, por lo que se recomienda la continuidad de la experiencia.

Aplicación del modelo del liderazgo situacional en la empresa Dinners Club del Ecuador para optimizar la gestión directiva

El presente trabajo académico se inserta en el análisis de la importancia que tiene en el mundo empresarial de hoy en día, el potencializar las habilidades que deben caracterizar al directivo, independiente del nivel jerárquico que ocupe en la estructura organizacional de la empresa. Dentro de este análisis introductorio, es fundamental ir respondiendo a ciertos interrogantes básicos de investigación, los mismos que están vinculados con la importancia y el desarrollo de las habilidades que deben caracterizar al directivo empresarial: ¿Qué entendemos por habilidades directivas?, ¿Cuál es la razón de su necesidad?, ¿Cuál es su alcance?, ¿Cómo podernos fomentarlas?, ¿Se podría clasificarlas? ¿Qué impacto tienen para el directivo y la organización laboral? En este análisis se revisarán los fundamentos más importantes del liderazgo, comenzando por conceptos más simples como definiciones, hasta la conformación de diversos enfoques teóricos como son: teorías caracteriales y de los rasgos, las teorías conductistas, las teorías de contingencias y transformacionales, y por último la teoría situacional. Una vez enfocados en la teoría del liderazgo situacional, este estudio desemboca en un proceso investigativo para conocer los estilos de dirección en la empresa Diners Club. Se administró el cuestionario de liderazgo situacional de Hersey y Blanchard a todo el personal directivo y mandos medios. Este es un instrumento que describe doce situaciones ante las que la persona elige una de las cuatro alternativas de respuesta que se le presentan, y que cada una de ellas remite a un determinado estilo de dirección. Permite evaluar la preferencia de la persona por un estilo de dirección concreto. Posteriormente se presentarán los resultados de los análisis para definir las preferencias en los estilos de liderazgo en la organización en estudio.

The eMinerals project: developing the concept of the virtual organisation to support collaborative work on molecular-scale environmental simulations

The eMinerals project has established an integrated compute and data minigrid infrastructure together with a set of collaborative tools,. The infrastructure is designed to support molecular simulation scientists working together as a virtual organisation aiming to understand a number of strategic processes in environmental science. The eMinerals virtual organisation is now working towards applying this infrastructure to tackle a new generation of scientific problems. This paper describes the achievements of the eMinerals virtual organisation to date, and describes ongoing applications of the virtual organisation infrastructure.

A comparison of photoinduced poling and thermal poling of azo‐dye‐doped polymer films for second order nonlinear optical applications

Photoinduced poling (PIP) is a new technique which allows the room‐temperature preparation of guest/host polymer films exhibiting significant polar order for nonlinear optical applications. We report a comparison of this novel technique with the conventional electrode poling procedure performed at the glass transition temperature of the polymer using disperse red 1/poly(methylmethacrylate) films. In particular, in situ second harmonic generation measurements show that levels of polar order achieved using these two techniques are similar. In contrast, the stability of the polar order is reduced by up to 20 times in terms of the decay time constant in films prepared using PIP although the stability is very dependent upon the temperature at which the poling was performed.

Making robust policy decision using global biodiversity indicators

In order to influence global policy effectively, conservation scientists need to be able to provide robust predictions of the impact of alternative policies on biodiversity and measure progress towards goals using reliable indicators. We present a framework for using biodiversity indicators predictively to inform policy choices at a global level. The approach is illustrated with two case studies in which we project forwards the impacts of feasible policies on trends in biodiversity and in relevant indicators. The policies are based on targets agreed at the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) meeting in Nagoya in October 2010. The first case study compares protected area policies for African mammals, assessed using the Red List Index; the second example uses the Living Planet Index to assess the impact of a complete halt, versus a reduction, in bottom trawling. In the protected areas example, we find that the indicator can aid in decision-making because it is able to differentiate between the impacts of the different policies. In the bottom trawling example, the indicator exhibits some counter-intuitive behaviour, due to over-representation of some taxonomic and functional groups in the indicator, and contrasting impacts of the policies on different groups caused by trophic interactions. Our results support the need for further research on how to use predictive models and indicators to credibly track trends and inform policy. To be useful and relevant, scientists must make testable predictions about the impact of global policy on biodiversity to ensure that targets such as those set at Nagoya catalyse effective and measurable change.

A review on Arctic sea ice predictability and prediction on seasonal-to-decadal timescales

Sea ice plays a crucial role in the earth's energy and water budget and substantially impacts local and remote atmospheric and oceanic circulations. Predictions of Arctic sea ice conditions a few months to a few years in advance could be of interest for stakeholders. This article presents a review of the potential sources of Arctic sea ice predictability on these timescales. Predictability mainly originates from persistence or advection of sea ice anomalies, interactions with the ocean and atmosphere and changes in radiative forcing. After estimating the inherent potential predictability limit with state-of-the-art models, current sea ice forecast systems are described, together with their performance. Finally, some challenges and issues in sea ice forecasting are presented, along with suggestions for future research priorities.

The first real-time worldwide ionospheric predictions network: an advance in support of spaceborne experimentation, on-line model validation, and space weather

We report on the first realtime ionospheric predictions network and its capabilities to ingest a global database and forecast F-layer characteristics and "in situ" electron densities along the track of an orbiting spacecraft. A global network of ionosonde stations reported around-the-clock observations of F-region heights and densities, and an on-line library of models provided forecasting capabilities. Each model was tested against the incoming data; relative accuracies were intercompared to determine the best overall fit to the prevailing conditions; and the best-fit model was used to predict ionospheric conditions on an orbit-to-orbit basis for the 12-hour period following a twice-daily model test and validation procedure. It was found that the best-fit model often provided averaged (i.e., climatologically-based) accuracies better than 5% in predicting the heights and critical frequencies of the F-region peaks in the latitudinal domain of the TSS-1R flight path. There was a sharp contrast however, in model-measurement comparisons involving predictions of actual, unaveraged, along-track densities at the 295 km orbital altitude of TSS-1R In this case, extrema in the first-principle models varied by as much as an order of magnitude in density predictions, and the best-fit models were found to disagree with the "in situ" observations of Ne by as much as 140%. The discrepancies are interpreted as a manifestation of difficulties in accurately and self-consistently modeling the external controls of solar and magnetospheric inputs and the spatial and temporal variabilities in electric fields, thermospheric winds, plasmaspheric fluxes, and chemistry.

Análise do processo de convergência de renda nos estados brasileiros: 1970-2005

Este artigo examina a hipótese de convergência de renda per capita entre os estados brasileiros no período de 1970 a 2005. Comentam-se os resultados encontrados para sigmaconvergência medida através de indicadores de desigualdade, como o índice de Theil e coeficiente de variação. Para testar a existência ou não de convergência aplica-se além da metodologia tradicional de beta convergência baseada em regressões de cross-section, a técnica de estimação de GMM em primeira diferença para painel dinâmico. Além disso, com a finalidade de obter a distribuição de renda de longo prazo da economia, utiliza-se a metodologia de cadeia de Markov proposta por Quah (1993). A conclusão do estudo é de que os estados brasileiros já estão muito próximos ao seu steady-state. A velocidade de convergência quando se utiliza o método de GMM eleva-se para 15%, enquanto os resultados obtidos para estudos de cross-section giram por volta de 1%.

Limites do passivo externo líquido brasileiro

O objetivo deste trabalho é responder a questão: até que ponto a acumulação de dívida externa é compatível com a capacidade de pagamento do Brasil? Fazendo uma simulação do mesmo modelo macroeconômico utilizado por Blanchard em 1983, com alterações na função custo de instalação do capital e nos demais parâmetros utilizados, e verificando também de que forma possíveis mudanças no cenário interno e externo que impliquem em alterações nos parâmetros do modelo, como taxa de juros, taxa de depreciação do capital e participação do capital na produção, alteram os resultados encontrados.