Dernier Conseil suprême, 9-1-20, [Hugh Wallace], Lloyd George, Bonar Law [Paris, ministère des Affaires étrangères] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57551

ABD e-News - April 9, 2004

Weekly Newsletter

Biopolymers

Plants naturally synthesize a variety of polymers that have been used by mankind as a source of useful biomaterials. For example, cellulose, the main constituent of plant cell wall and the most abundant polymer on earth, has been used for several thousand years as a source of fibers for various fabrics. Similarly, rubber extracted from the bark of the tree Hevea brasiliensis, has been a major source of elastomers until the development of similar synthetic polymers. In the last century, the usefulness of plant polymers as biomaterials has been expanded through the chemical modification of the natural polymers. For example, a number of plastics have been made by substituting the hydroxyl groups present on the glucose moiety of cellulose with larger groups, such as nitrate or acetate, giving rise to materials such as cellulose acetate, a clear plastic used in consumer products such as toothbrush handles and combs. Similarly, starch has been used in the manufacture of plastics by either using it in blends with synthetic polymers or as the main constituent in biodegradable plastics. The advent of transformation and expres- sion of foreign genes in plants has created the possibility of expanding the usefulness of plants to include the synthesis of a range of biomolecules. In view of the capacity of certain crops to produce a large quantity of organic raw material at low cost, such as oils and starch, it is of interest to explore the possibility of using transgenic plants as efficient vectors for the synthesis of biopolymers. Such plant based biopolymers could replace, in part, the synthetic plastics and elastomers produced from petroleum, offering the advantage of renewability and sustainability. Furthermore, being natural pro- ducts, biopolymers are usually biodegradable and can thus contribute to alleviate problems associated with the management of plastic waste. In this article, the emphasis will be on the use of transgenic plants for the synthesis of two novel classes of industrially useful polymers, namely protein based polymers made from natural or artificial genes, and polyhydroxyalkanoates, a family of bacterial poly- esters having the properties of biodegradable plastics and elastomers.

Lottery Action, February 9-22, 2004, Vol. 11, no. 3

Iowa Lottery Authority Retailer Information Newsletter

Lottery Action, May 3-16, 2004, Vol. 11, no. 9

Iowa Lottery Authority Retailer Information Newsletter

La voix de M. Léon Bourgeois, Président du Conseil des ministres : discours prononcé le 9 novembre 1917. La voix de M. Gaston Doumergue, Président du Conseil des ministres : discours prononcé le 5 septembre 1916

Collection : Série des documents historiques

ABD e-News July 9, 2004

Newsletter for the State of Iowa Alcoholic Beverages Division

Lottery Action, August 9-22, 2004, Vol. 11, no. 15

Iowa Lottery Authority Retailer Information Newsletter

The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch regulates sorting nexin 9 through an unconventional substrate recognition domain.

The level of intracellular proteins is mainly regulated through modifications by ubiquitin ligases that target them for degradation. Members of the NEDD4 family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, such as Itch (atrophin-1 interacting protein 4), possess up to four WW domains for specific association with PY motif-containing substrates. We have identified sorting nexin 9 (SNX9), a protein involved in endocytic processes, as a new substrate of Itch. Itch ubiquitylates SNX9 and regulates intracellular SNX9 levels. Using truncated proteins, we found that the interaction with SNX9 is mediated by the proline-rich domain (PRD) of Itch, a domain distinct from the conventional WW recognition domain, and the SH3 domain of SNX9. Interaction with the PRD of Itch is essential for SNX9 ubiquitylation and degradation. Furthermore, this effect is specific for Itch, as NEDD4, a related PRD-containing E3 ligase, does not bind SNX9. SNX18, a second member of the SNX family containing an SH3 domain, was also found to bind to Itch. Our results indicate that the pool of substrates of NEDD4 family E3 ubiquitin ligases extends beyond proteins containing PY motifs.

Histoire du dix-neuvième siècle depuis les traités de Vienne. Tome 9 / G. G. Gervinus,... ; traduit de l'allemand par J.-F. Minssen,...

Collection : Collection d'historiens contemporains

Credit Union Division Activities, December 2003, Issue 9

Newsletter for Iowa Credit Union Division

Footnotes, September-October 2004, Vol. 28, no. 9-10

Monthly newsletter of the State Library

Footnotes, July/August 2004, Vol. 28, no. 7-9

Monthly newsletter of the State Library

Lottery Action, August 23-September 9, 2004, Vol. 11, no. 16

Iowa Lottery Retailer Newsletter