998 resultados para Aluminium, area, total counts
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The Cenomanian/Turonian (C/T) intervals at DSDP Sites 105 and 603B from the northern part of the proto-North Atlantic show high amplitude, short-term cyclic variations in total organic carbon (TOC) content. The more pronounced changes in TOC are also reflected by changes in lithology from green claystones (TOC<1%) to black claystones (TOC>1%). Although their depositional history was different, the individual TOC cycles at Sites 105 and 603B can be correlated using stable carbon isotope stratigraphy. Sedimentation rates obtained from the isotope stratigraphy and spectral analyses indicate that these cycles were predominately precession controlled. The coinciding variations in HI, OI, delta13Corg and the abundance of marine relative to terrestrial biomarkers, as well as the low abundance of lignin pyrolysis products generated from the kerogen of the black claystones, indicate that these cyclic variations reflect changes in the contribution of marine organic matter (OM). The cooccurrence of lamination, enrichment of redox-sensitive trace metals and presence of molecular fossils of pigments from green sulfur bacteria indicate that the northern proto-North Atlantic Ocean water column was periodically euxinic from the bottom to at least the base of the photic zone (<150 m) during the deposition of the black claystones. In contrast, the green claystones are bioturbated, are enriched in Mn, do not show enrichments in redox-sensitive trace metals and show biomarker distributions indicative of long oxygen exposure times, indicating more oxic water conditions. At the same time, there is evidence (e.g., abundance of biogenic silica and significant 13C-enrichment for OC of phytoplanktic origin) for enhanced primary productivity during the deposition of the black claystones. We propose that increased primary productivity periodically overwhelmed the oxic OM remineralisation potential of the bottom waters resulting in the deposition of OM-rich black claystones. Because the amount of oxygen used for OM remineralisation exceeded the amount supplied by diffusion and deep-water circulation, the northern proto-North Atlantic became euxinic during these periods. Both Sites 105 and 603B show trends of continually increasing TOC contents and HI values of the black claystones up section, which most likely resulted from both enhanced preservation due to increased anoxia and increased production of marine OM during oceanic anoxic event 2 (OAE2).
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We present a detailed study of glacial/interglacial deep sea benthic ostracod assemblage variability at IODP Site U1314 (subpolar North Atlantic) in relation to the history of ice-rafting events and changes in deep ocean circulation over the past 170 ky. Our records of ostracod diversity, abundance and dissolution and sediment properties (IRD and CaCO3) show an excellent correspondence to high amplitude orbital and millennial variability observed in the climate records (d13C and d18O) from neighboring deep water sites, suggesting that the benthic meiofauna fluctuates synchronously with the prevailing oceanographic conditions (surface ocean conditions, deep ocean circulation and water temperature and food flux). Krithe (dominant), Argilloecia and Cytheropteron are the most abundant and diverse genera in association with Rockallia enigmatica. Three ostracod assemblages are recognized. The genera Pennyella, Argilloecia, Pelecocythere, Ambocythere, Pseudobosquetina, Bradleya and Nannocythere are associated with interglacials and interstadials, and possibly reflect increased flux of food to the sediments and more vigorous NADW formation. A transitional assemblage composed of species of Cytheropteron, Xestoleberis and Eucythere is restricted to climatic transitions and indicate moderate environmental conditions and seasonal productivity. A glacial/stadial assemblage is characterized by a temporal predominance of either intermediate-depth and shallow water Arctic/subarctic species (belonging to Cytheropteron, Polycope, Pedicythere, Swainocythere, Cluthia, Heterocyprideis, Elofsonella and Finmarchinella) or abyssal North Atlantic ostracods (Bythocythere, Dutoitella, Bathycythere and Bythocypris). The influx of high latitude taxa can be partially explained by ice-rafting, but may also represent a shift of the location of intermediate and deep water convection to the area south of Iceland. Therefore the combination of species characteristic of different watermasses during glacials may reflect shifts in the influence of high nutrient southern source water (e.g. AABW) vs. low nutrient GNAIW during glacials.
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We present geochemical data of black smoker particulates filtered from hydrothermal fluids with seawater-dilutions ranging from 0-99%. Results indicate the dominance of sulphide minerals (Fe, Cu, and Zn sulphides) in all samples taken at different hydrothermal sites on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Pronounced differences in the geochemistry of the particles between Logatchev I and 5°S hydrothermal fields could be attributed to differences in fluid chemistry. Lower metal/sulphur ratios (Me/H2S < 1) compared to Logatchev I result in a larger amount of particles precipitated per liter fluid and the occurrence of elemental sulphur at 5°S, while at Logatchev I Fe oxides occur in larger amounts. Systematic trends with dilution degree of the fluid include the precipitation of large amounts of Cu sulphides at a low dilution and a pronounced drop with increasing dilution. Moreover, Fe (sulphides or oxides) precipitation increases with dilution of the vent fluid by seawater. Geochemical reaction path modeling of hydrothermal fluid-seawater mixing and conductive cooling indicates that Cu sulphide formation at Logatchev I and 5°S mainly occurs at high temperatures and low dilution of the hydrothermal fluid by seawater. Iron precipitation is enhanced at higher fluid dilution, and the different amounts of minerals forming at 5°S and Logatchev I are thermodynamically controlled. Larger total amounts of minerals and larger amounts of sulphide precipitate during the mixing path when compared to the cooling path. Differences between model and field observations do occur and are attributable to closed system modeling, to kinetic influences and possibly to organic constituents of the hydrothermal fluids not accounted for by the model.
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Thirty-six different geochemical and foraminiferal analyses were conducted on samples collected at closely spaced intervals across the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary exposed at Caravaca, Spain. A rapid reduction in the gradient between d13C values in fine fraction carbonate and benthic foraminiferal calcite and a decrease in the abundance of phosphorus (a proxy for organic carbon) and calcium were recorded in sediments 0-0.5 cm above the K/T boundary. These trends imply that an abrupt mass mortality occurred among pelagic organisms, leading to a significant reduction in the flux of organic carbon to the seafloor. In addition, variations in sulfur isotope ratios, the hydrocarbon-generating potential of kerogen (measured as the hydrogen index), and foraminiferal indices of dissolved oxygen level all imply that a rapid decrease in dissolved oxygen was coincident with the d13C event. Evidence of the low oxygen event has also been recognized in Japan and New Zealand, suggesting that intermediate water oxygen minima were widely developed during earliest Danian time. A threefold increase in the kaolinite/illite ratio and a 1.2 per mill decrease in d18O (carbonate fine fraction) were recorded in the basal 0.1-2 cm of Danian age sediments. These trends suggest that atmospheric warming and an increase in surface water temperature occurred 0-3 kyr after the d13C event. Recovery in the difference between d13C values in the carbonate fine fraction and in benthic foraminiferal calcite as well as increases in phosphorus and calcium contents occur at the base of planktonic foraminiferal Zone Pla, implying that an increase in primary productivity commenced some 13 kyr after the K/T boundary.
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Inorganic geochemistry and mineralogy of Core 171B-1049C-8X, containing a Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary section, was investigated by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The ages of samples analyzed stretched from the latest Maastrichtian into the Danian. XRD measurements were made using the peak height method. A reduction in low-magnesium calcite and an increase in quartz were found above the spherule layer. Substantial amounts of dolomite were noted just above the spherule layer. XRF analyses were performed using the RHSMALL program to measure the abundance of major and minor elements. Replicate analyses for each technique were performed to assess the precision of the results. The section above the spherule bed was found to be characterized by peaks in many elements, including Si, Al, Fe, and Mg, as well as the following elemental ratios: Fe/Al, Ni/Al, Zr/Rb, and Rb/Sr'. Above the spherule bed, there were significant reductions in Ca, Sr/Ca, Ti/Al, K/Al, Rb/Al, Cr/Al, Ba/Al, biogenic Ba, and excess P.
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Mega-epibenthic diversity was analysed using a seabed photography at four stations off Bouvet Island and one station at the Spiess Seamount in the South Atlantic. Surprisingly, the intermediate-scale diversity within the area of investigation was not lower compared to that on the Patagonian shelf and only moderately lower than that on the Antarctic continental shelf. This result is incompatible with Mac Arthur and Wilson's Island Biogeography Theory describing species richness as a function of immigration of new species into an area and its extension. The relatively high species number and the very small extension of the Bouvet shelf compared to the much larger continental shelves of the other two areas can be explained by long-range dispersal of marine benthic animals in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and high habitat heterogeneity. The observed uncoupling of intermediate-scale from large-scale background species diversity on the Antarctic shelf raises the question whether in these benthic systems an upper capacity limit for diversity exists.
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Palmer Deep is a series of three glacially overdeepened basins on the Antarctic Peninsula shelf, ~20 km southwest of Anvers Island. Site 1098 (64°51.72'S, 64°12.48'W) was drilled in the shallowest basin, Basin I, at 1012 m water depth. The sediment recovered was primarily laminated, siliceous, biogenic, pelagic muds alternating with siliciclastic hemipelagic sediments (Barker, Camerlenghi, Acton, et al., 1999). Sedimentation rates of 0.1725 cm/yr in the upper 25 m and 0.7-0.80 cm/yr in the lower 25 m of the core have been estimated from 14C (Domack et al., 2001). The oldest datable sediments have an age of ~13 ka and were underlain by diamicton sediments of the last glacial maximum (Domack et al., 2001). The large-scale water-mass distribution and circulation in the vicinity of Palmer Deep is dominated by Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) below 200 m (Hofmann et al., 1996). Palmer Deep is too far from the coast to be influenced by glacial meltwater and cold-tongue generation associated with it (Domack and Williams, 1990; Dixon and Domack, 1991). Circulation patterns in the Palmer Deep area are not well understood, but evidence suggests southward flow across Palmer Deep from Anvers Island to Renaud Island (Kock and Stein, 1978). The water south of Anvers Island is nearly open with loose pack ice from February through May. The area is covered with sea ice beginning in June (Gloersen et al., 1992; Leventer et al., 1996). Micropaleontologic data from the work of Leventer et al. (1996) on a 9-m piston core has revealed circulation and climate patterns for the past 3700 yr in the Palmer Deep. The benthic foraminifer assemblage is dominated by two taxa, Bulimina aculeata and Bolivina pseudopunctata, which are inversely related. High relative abundances of B. aculeata occur cyclically over a period of ~230 yr. The assemblage associated with high abundance of B. aculeata in Palmer Deep resembles that from the Bellingshausen shelf, which is associated with CDW. In addition to the faunal evidence, hydrographic data indicate incursions of CDW into Palmer Deep (Leventer et al., 1996). A distinctive diatom assemblage dominated by a single genus was associated with peaks in B. aculeata, whereas a few different assemblages were associated with lows in B. aculeata. Leventer et al. (1996) interpreted the variability in diatom assemblages as an indication of changes in productivity associated with changes in water column stability. Abelmann and Gowing (1997) studied the horizontal and vertical distributions of radiolarians in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. They show that the spatial distribution of radiolarian assemblages reflects hydrographic boundaries. In a transect from the subtropical Atlantic to polar Antarctic zones, radiolarians in the upper 1000 m of the water column occurred in distinct surface and deep-living assemblages related to water depth, temperature, salinity, and nutrient content. Living assemblages resembled those preserved in underlying surface sediments (Abelmann and Gowing, 1997). Circumantarctic coastal sediments from neritic environments contained a distinctive assemblage dominated by the Phormacantha hystrix/Plectacantha oikiskos group and Rhizoplegma boreale (Nishimura et al., 1997). Low diversity and species compositions distinguished the coastal sediments from the typical pelagic Antarctic assemblages. Factors that controlled the assemblages were water depth, proximity to the coast, occurrence of sea ice, and steepness of topography, rather than temperature and salinity. Nishimura et al. (1997) found a gradient of sorts from deep-water sites containing diverse assemblages typical of pelagic environments to coastal sites with low diversity assemblages dominated by P. hystrix/P. oikiskos group and R. boreale. In general, sites between these two extremes had increased proportions of the coastal assemblage with decreasing water depth (Nishimura et al., 1997). At a site near Hole 1098 (GC905), they showed that the relative abundance of the coastal assemblage increased downcore (Nishimura et al., 1997). The purpose of the research presented here was to make a cursory investigation into the radiolarian assemblages as possible paleoenvironmental indicators.
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Aims To verify whether spectral components of atrial electrograms (AE) during sinus rhythm (SR) correlate with cardiac ganglionated plexus (GP) sites. Methods and results Thirteen patients undergoing atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation were prospectively enrolled. Prior to radio frequency application, endocardial AE were recorded with a sequential point-by-point approach. Electrical stimuli were delivered at 20 Hz, amplitude 100 V, and pulse width of 4 ms. A vagal response was defined as a high-frequency stimulation (HFS) evoked atrioventricular block or a prolongation of RR interval. Spectral analysis was performed on single AE during SR, sampling rate of 1000 Hz, Hanning window. Overall, 1488 SR electrograms were analysed from 186 different left atrium sites, 129 of them corresponding to negative vagal response sites, and 57 to positive response sites. The electrogram duration and the number of deflections were similar in positive and negative response sites. Spectral power density of sites with vagal response was lower between 26 and 83 Hz and higher between 107 and 200 Hz compared with negative response sites. The area between 120 and 170 Hz normalized to the total spectrum area was tested as a diagnostic parameter. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that an area120-170/area(total) value >0.14 identified vagal sites with 70.9% sensitivity and 72.1% specificity. Conclusion Spectral analysis of AE during SR in sites that correspond to the anatomical location of the GP is feasible and may be a simpler method of mapping the cardiac autonomic nervous system, compared with the HFS technique.
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The seroprevalence of Toxocara canis and risk factors for infection with this parasite were explored in a rural settlement in Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Total IgA and IgE levels in 79 subjects were determined by turbidimetry and chemiluminescence, respectively. Total counts of leucocytes and erythrocytes and differential counts of leucocytes were made by flow cytometry. ELISA for the detection of anti-Toxocara IgG, IgA and IgE were standardized using Toxocara excretory-secretory antigens (TES) obtained from the cultured second-stage larvae of T. canis. Seventeen (21.5%) of the subjects were found positive for anti-Toxocara IgG, with no significant differences in such seropositivity with age or gender. Thirty (38%) of the subjects showed eosinophilia and 70 (89%) had elevated levels of total IgE. Among the 17 subjects found seropositive for anti-Toxocara IgG, the percentage of leucocytes represented by eosinophils (P=0.0069) and total levels of IgE (P=0.0452) were positively correlated with the levels of anti-TES IgE. Although anti-TES IgA was detected in 10 (59%) of the subjects, there was no significant correlation between the levels of total IgA and those of Toxocara-specific IgA. Only one of the 17 subjects found positive for anti-Toxocara IgG had attended a secondary school and all but two belonged to households with monthly incomes of < U.S.$100. In the study community at least, seropositivity may be related to poor living standards and lack of basic sanitary conditions. The presence of anti-Toxocara IgE and IgA may facilitate the diagnosis of toxocariasis and may well be useful for monitoring the success of treatment.
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The present study investigated morpho-functional relations of the aortic depressor nerve (ADN) 5, 15 and 120 days after the onset of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Time control animals received vehicle. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, ADN activity was recorded simultaneously with arterial pressure. After the recordings, nerves were prepared for light microscopy study and morphometry. ADN function was accessed by means of pressure-nerve activity curve (fitted by sigmoidal regression) and cross-spectral analysis between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and ADN activity. The relation between morphological (myelinated fibers number and density, total myelin area, total fiber area and percentage of occupancy) and functional (gain, signal/noise relation, frequency) parameters were accessed by linear regression analysis and correlation coefficient calculations. Functional parameters obtained by means of the sigmoidal regression curve as well as by cross-spectral analysis were similar in diabetic and control rats. Morphometric parameters of the ADN were similar between groups 5 days after the onset of diabetes. Average myelin area and myelinated fiber area were significantly smaller on diabetic rats 15 and 120 days after the onset of diabetes, being the myelinated fiber and respective axons area and diameter also smaller on 120 days group. Nevertheless, G ratio (ratio between axon and fiber diameter) was nearly 0.6 and not different between groups or experimental times. No significant relationship between morphological and functional parameters was detected in all experimental groups. The present study suggests that ADN diabetic neuropathy was time-dependent, with damage to myelinated fibers to be the primary event, not evidenced by physiological methods. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Distance sampling using line transects has not been previously used or tested for estimating koala abundance. In July 2001, a pilot survey was conducted to compare the use of line transects with strip transects for estimating koala abundance. Both methods provided a similar estimate of density. On the basis of the results of the pilot survey, the distribution and abundance of koalas in the Pine Rivers Shire, south-east Queensland, was determined using line-transect sampling. In total, 134 lines (length 64 km) were used to sample bushland areas. Eighty-two independent koalas were sighted. Analysis of the frequency distribution of sighting distances using the software program DISTANCE enabled a global detection function to be estimated for survey sites in bushland areas across the Shire. Abundance in urban parts of the Shire was estimated from densities obtained from total counts at eight urban sites that ranged from 26 to 51 ha in size. Koala abundance in the Pine Rivers Shire was estimated at 4584 (95% confidence interval, 4040-5247). Line-transect sampling is a useful method for estimating koala abundance provided experienced koala observers are used when conducting surveys.
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MCM-41 periodic mesoporous silicates with a high degree of structural ordering are synthesized and used as model adsorbents to study the isotherm prediction of nitrogen adsorption. The nitrogen adsorption isotherm at 77 K for a macroporous silica is measured and used in high-resolution alpha(s)-plot comparative analysis to determine the external surface area, total surface area and primary mesopore volume of the MCM-41 materials. Adsorption equilibrium data of nitrogen on the different pore size MCM-41 samples (pore diameters from 2.40 to 4.92 nm) are also obtained. Based on the Broekhoff and de Boer' thermodynamic analysis, the nitrogen adsorption isotherms for the different pore size MCM-41 samples are interpreted using a novel strategy, in which the parameters of an empirical expression, used to represent the potential of interaction between the adsorbate and adsorbent, are obtained by fitting only the multilayer region prior to capillary condensation for C-16 MCM-41. Subsequently the entire isotherm, including the phase transition, is predicted for all the different pore size MCM-41 samples without any fitting. The results show that the prediction of multilayer adsorption and total adsorbed amount are in good agreement with the experimental isotherms. The predictions of the relative pressure corresponding to capillary equilibrium (coexistence) transition agree remarkably with experimental data on the adsorption branch even for hysteretic isotherms, confirming that this is the branch appropriate for pore size distribution analysis. The impact of pore radius on the adsorption film thickness and capillary coexistence pressure is also investigated, and found to agree with the experimental data. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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A cultura do cafeeiro sempre ocupou lugar de destaque na economia do país, dada sua importância na área econômica e social, buscando cada vez mais, um mercado diferenciado, com novas tecnologias para a melhoria da qualidade da bebida. A atividade de lavagem e despolpa de frutos do cafeeiro, necessária para a redução do custo de secagem e a melhoria da qualidade de bebida, é geradora de grandes volumes de resíduos sólidos e líquidos, ricos em material orgânico e inorgânico. A água residuária da atividade de beneficiamento do café (ARC) é gerada anualmente em grande volume no Espírito Santo, e aliado aos nutrientes existentes nesse efluente indica a sua viabilidade de reaproveitamento na fertirrigação de culturas agrícolas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de água residuária de café no crescimento, na absorção e interação entre nutrientes e no estado nutricional do milho. Para tanto, foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação utilizando-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, onde foram aplicadas 7 doses de ARC, com 3 repetições, em unidades experimentais constituídas por vasos com 2 dm³ de solo. As doses foram equivalentes a 0,00, 15,17, 30,35, 45,52, 60,70, 75,87 e 91,05 litros de ARC por m² de solo. Realizou-se a semeadura de cinco sementes de milho híbrido BR 206 por vaso e cinco dias após a germinação das plantas foi feito o desbaste, mantendo-se três plantas por vaso. Aos trinta dias após a germinação determinou-se o diâmetro do caule (DC), área foliar (AF), matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA), matéria seca do sistema radicular (MSR), relação parte aérea/raiz (MSPA/MSR), razão massa radicular (matéria seca raiz/matéria seca total) e razão área foliar (área foliar/matéria seca total). Na parte aérea das plantas foi determinado os teores dos macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S). Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e as variáveis em função das doses de ARC submetidas a análise de regressão. Para as variáveis dependentes foi calculado o coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson. A ARC serviu como fonte de nutrientes para as plantas de milho, aumentou o rendimento da maioria das variáveis de crescimento e os teores de N, K e S. Porém diminuiu o teor de Ca, Mg e P da parte aérea das plantas além de indicar que altas doses promovem desbalanceamento na relação entre nutrientes.