Enhanced electro-oxidation resistance of carbon electrodes induced by phosphorus surface groups

The electro-oxidation of carbon materials enormously degrades their performance and limits their wider utilization in multiple electrochemical applications. In this work, the positive influence of phosphorus functionalities on the overall electrochemical stability of carbon materials has been demonstrated under different conditions. We show that the extent and selectivity of electroxidation in P-containing carbons are completely different to those observed in conventional carbons without P. The electro-oxidation of P-containing carbons involves the active participation of phosphorus surface groups, which are gradually transformed at high potentials from less-to more-oxidized species to slow down the introduction of oxygen groups on the carbon surface (oxidation) and the subsequent generation of (C*OOH)-like unstable promoters of electro-gasification. The highest-oxidized P groups (–C–O–P-like species) seem to distribute the gained oxygen to neighboring carbon sites, which finally suffer oxidation and/or gasification. So it is thought that P-groups could act as mediators of carbon oxidation although including various steps and intermediates compared to electroxidation in P-free materials.

The SAAS-R: A New Instrument to Assess the School Attitudes of Students with High and Low Academic Achievement in Spain

We examined the psychometric properties of the School Attitude Assessment Survey–Revised in a Spanish population (n = 1,398). Confirmatory factor analysis procedures supported the instrument’s five-factor structure. The results of discriminant analysis demonstrated the predictive power of the School Attitude Assessment Survey–Revised scales as regards academic performance. Implications for education and assessment are discussed.

Associative Behaviours and Political Participation of EU migrants

Civic culture is structured on a network of interpersonal associations with different degrees of formalization. According to theories on civic and political action, certain agents, such as associations, play a key role in setting targets, socializing or coordinating sociopolitical actions, among other functions. Associations strengthen the political and civic system of societies. Likewise, they are a vehicle for individuals’ integration, which is particularly important in the case of immigrants. For these, associations are both a vehicle for integration and an instrument for political participation. This article explores the use and purpose of associations according to immigrants from Romania, Poland, the United Kingdom and Germany living in Spain.

Request to parents of students, 1809 March 21

This brief handwritten note requests a meeting with the parents of Croswell's students in order to continue the school.

Confession of students for walking out of commons, April 1807

This document, signed by 108 students, contains a confession for their part in the 1807 student rebellion. Students were required to sign this confession in order to avoid expulsion.

List of students in April 29, 1828 exhibition, 1828

List of the student names from the Harvard Classes of 1828 and 1829 performing in the April 29, 1828 exhibition.

List of students, 1789

Small notebook with brown paper covers containing handwritten lists of the members of the Harvard Classes of 1790, 1791, 1792, and 1793 (through Charles Jackson) with unidentified annotations next to some names of a, c, o, s, t, and x.

List of students, 1799-1800

Small notebook with brown paper covers containing handwritten lists of the members of the Harvard Classes of 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, and 1804 with unidentified annotations next to some names of a, c, o, s, t, and x.

Testimonies of Students, Number 1-5, 1768 April

Handwritten testimonies of students regarding their actions during the rebellion. Each student's statement was numbered, and groups of statements were also assigned a number, as indicated in the list below.

Testimonies of Students, Number 6-10, 1768 April

Handwritten testimonies of students regarding the rebellion. Each student's statement was numbered, and sheets of paper were also assigned a number, as indicated in the list below.

Testimonies of Students, Number 11-16, 1768 April

Handwritten testimonies of students regarding the rebellion. Each student's statement was numbered, and sheets of paper were also assigned a number, as indicated in the list below.

[List of students involved in rebellion], 1768 May 4

Handwritten lists "To the Presid. Holyoke" of students consisting of "those who have been recd according to vote," and "Those ye remain to be admitted," and a record of the vote to remove waiters involved in the rebellion of their positions.