Avaliação da intervenção terapêutica com produto natural na cicatrização de ferida cutânea: o uso de óleo de capivara

A cicatrização de feridas cutâneas visa restaurar a integridade da pele, objetivando um fechamento rápido da lesão e a formação de uma cicatriz funcional e esteticamente satisfatória. Diversos modelos in vivo têm sido estudados a fim de caracterizar diversos componentes e mecanismos envolvidos no reparo tecidual e avaliar os efeitos de potenciais compostos terapêuticos que aceleram o processo de cicatrização. O óleo extraído da gordura subcutânea de capivara possui certas propriedades, entre elas está o seu uso em ferimentos externos com o intuito de acelerar o processo cicatricial, embora tal evento não seja confirmado em pesquisas experimentais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os possíveis efeitos da aplicação tópica de óleo de capivara em feridas cutâneas induzidas em camundongos Swiss, avaliando sua interferência macro e microscópica no processo de cicatrização das lesões. A lesão foi realizada no dorso dos animais, que receberam aplicação tópica do óleo de capivara (0,1 ml) durante 3, 7, 14 e 21 dias de pós-operatório (PO), conforme protocolo estabelecido. Ao final dos dias, foi realizada eutanásia dos animais e fragmentos de lesão e pele adjacente foram coletados e processados para a microscopia de luz. Cortes histológicos da amostra foram corados com hematoxilina e eosina, azul de toluidina, picro sirius red, resorcina fucsina de Weigert, e imunomarcadas para detecção de antígeno nuclear de proliferação celular. Foram analisados macroscopicamente o aspecto geral da lesão, contração da lesão e reepitelização, e microscopicamente a espessura da neoepiderme, quantidade de leucócitos polimorfonucleares (PMN) e mastócitos, proliferação celular na epiderme e derme, e avaliação das fibras de colágeno e do sistema elástico-microfibrilar na matriz extracelular da derme cicatricial. Os animais tratados topicamente com o óleo de capivara mostraram, comparados ao grupo controle que não recebeu tratamento, melhor desenvolvimento da crosta de fibrina nas fases iniciais da cicatrização e desaparecimento da mesma antes do 14 dia PO; maior contração e reepitelização da área da lesão, bem como neoepiderme mais espessa em 7 dias PO; aumento do número de leucócitos PMN em 3 dias PO e sua gradativa redução nos dias subsequentes e diminuição do número de mastócitos em 21 dias PO. Além disso, no grupo tratado com óleo de capivara foi observada uma benéfica modulação das fibras colágenas e elásticas presentes na matriz extracelular da derme, apresentando aceleração da deposição de fibras de colágeno do tipo I e melhor organização dessas fibras no tecido, bem como aceleração da elastogênese com o aparecimento das fibras do sistema elástico-microfibrilar a partir do 7 dia PO. O presente trabalho demonstrou que o emprego tópico do óleo de capivara em feridas cutâneas de camundongos interfere favoravelmente no processo de cicatrização, acelerando o fechamento da ferida e a reparação da epiderme e derme

Size-composition of Annual Landings in the White Shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus, Fishery of the Northern Gulf of Mexico, 1960–2006: Its Trend and Relationships with Other Fishery-dependent Variable

The potential for growth overfishing in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus, fishery of the northern Gulf of Mexico appears to have been of limited concern to Federal or state shrimp management entities, following the cataclysmic drop in white shrimp abundance in the 1940’s. As expected from surplus production theory, a decrease in size of shrimp in the annual landings accompanies increasing fishing effort, and can eventually reduce the value of the landings. Growth overfishing can exacerbate such decline in value of the annual landings. We characterize trends in size-composition of annual landings and other annual fishery-dependent variables in this fishery to determine relationships between selected pairs of these variables and to determine whether growth overfishing occurred during 1960–2006. Signs of growth overfishing were equivocal. For example, as nominal fishing effort increased, the initially upward, decelerating trend in annual yield approached a local maximum in the 1980’s. However, an accelerating upward trend in yield followed as effort continued to increase. Yield then reached its highest point in the time series in 2006, as nominal fishing effort declined due to exogenous factors outside the control of shrimp fishery managers. The quadratic relationship between annual yield and nominal fishing effort exhibited a local maximum of 5.24(107) pounds (≈ MSY) at a nominal fishing effort level of 1.38(105) days fished. However, annual yield showed a continuous increase with decrease in size of shrimp in the landings. Annual inflation-adjusted ex-vessel value of the landings peaked in 1989, preceded by a peak in annual inflation-adjusted ex-vessel value per pound (i.e. price) in 1983. Changes in size composition of shrimp landings and their economic effects should be included among guidelines for future management of this white shrimp

Implementação de algoritmos genéticos paralelos em uma arquitetura MPSoC.

Essa dissertação apresenta a implementação de um algoritmo genético paralelo utilizando o modelo de granularidade grossa, também conhecido como modelo das ilhas, para sistemas embutidos multiprocessados. Os sistemas embutidos multiprocessados estão tornando-se cada vez mais complexos, pressionados pela demanda por maior poder computacional requerido pelas aplicações, principalmente de multimídia, Internet e comunicações sem fio, que são executadas nesses sistemas. Algumas das referidas aplicações estão começando a utilizar algoritmos genéticos, que podem ser beneficiados pelas vantagens proporcionadas pelo processamento paralelo disponível em sistemas embutidos multiprocessados. No algoritmo genético paralelo do modelo das ilhas, cada processador do sistema embutido é responsável pela evolução de uma população de forma independente dos demais. A fim de acelerar o processo evolutivo, o operador de migração é executado em intervalos definidos para realizar a migração dos melhores indivíduos entre as ilhas. Diferentes topologias lógicas, tais como anel, vizinhança e broadcast, são analisadas na fase de migração de indivíduos. Resultados experimentais são gerados para a otimização de três funções encontradas na literatura.

Análise de uma iniciativa de valorização de rios e lagoas em áreas urbanas: Programa Águas do rio (Guardiões dos rios).

A preocupação com recursos hídricos tem sido crescente em meios urbanos. O despejo de resíduos sólidos em rios é comum por populações ribeirinhas, favorecendo a ocorrência de enchentes, a proliferação de vetores e doenças e o desprezo da comunidade pelos rios. Nesse contexto, programas que relacionam lixo, recursos hídricos e população ribeirinha têm sido objeto de várias iniciativas governamentais. Este trabalho busca avaliar uma delas: o Programa Municipal de valorização de rios e lagoas Águas do Rio (Guardiões dos rios) que foi desenvolvido pela prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro entre abril de 2001 a março de 2008. O programa buscou aliar interesses de ordem técnica, de saúde pública e de cunho social para a comunidade por utilizar mão de obra local para a manutenção da calha do rio, visando à retirada de lixo e entulhos do rio, geralmente em áreas de pequena extensão territorial, com manutenção adequada de margens e entornos. A partir de entrevistas abertas e questionários aplicados junto aos envolvidos de 27 frentes de trabalho, constatou-se um resultado bastante positivo nas comunidades onde o Programa foi implantado: diminuição de enchentes, redução de vetores e melhoria da paisagem urbana. Contudo, observou-se também profundo descontentamento com a interrupção do Programa, atribuído principalmente ao uso indevido por determinados políticos (ampliação descontrolada do Programa com abandono de critérios técnicos) e a transferência da sua gestão para uma instituição municipal que não o manteve funcionando. Conclui-se, sobretudo, que o Programa Guardiões dos rios é uma iniciativa criativa de ações emergenciais em rios urbanos, em nível municipal, que combina a retirada de lixo dos rios, um trabalho social e campanhas de educação ambiental junto às comunidades.

Avaliação de aminoácidos como inibidores de corrosão para cobre em meio de água do mar artificial

Inibidores de corrosão são substâncias que quando adicionadas a um meio agressivo, diminuem ou previnem a reação de oxidação de um metal com este meio e/ou as reações de redução de espécies presentes no meio. Para a inibição da corrosão de cobre e suas ligas em meios ácidos ou neutros, o inibidor mais empregado é o benzotriazol (BTAH), o qual forma complexos com os íons Cu (I) e Cu (II) na superfície do metal, diminuindo o processo corrosivo. A preocupação com a preservação ambiental e a toxicidade de inibidores de corrosão vem sendo discutida na literatura. Vários estudos têm-se intensificado usando aminoácidos, como proposta para substituição ao BTAH, considerado tóxico. Entre os aminoácidos estudados, dois apresentavam enxofre em suas moléculas (cisteína e metionina) e um outro sem heteroátomo na cadeira lateral (glicina). As concentrações variaram entre 10-2 a 10-4 mol/L e pH da solução entre 7,2 e 8,4. Foram realizadas medidas gravimétricas (ensaios de imersão total) e técnicas eletroquímicas, tais como polarização potenciodinâmica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. A caracterização morfológica da superfície do substrato após os ensaios de imersão total (743 horas) foi feita por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de raios X por dispersão de energia (EDS ou EDX) e difração de raios X (DRX). Embora os resultados com aminoácidos tenham sido sempre muito inferiores àqueles obtidos na presença de BTAH, comportamentos semelhantes em função da concentração dos aminoácidos puderam ser observados pelos diagramas de Nyquist. Contudo, com exceção dos resultados verificados para o meio contendo cisteína 10-2 mol/L, todas as eficiências de inibição para os meios contendo aminoácidos, obtidas pelos ensaios de imersão total, foram negativas, mostrando que o tempo de exposição também pode ser relevante para o desempenho destes inibidores. Entre todos os aminoácidos testados, os meios contendo glicina apresentaram os piores desempenhos anticorrosivos, inclusive acelerando o processo de dissolução anódica do cobre. Esse resultado pode estar relacionado à faixa de pH das soluções testadas e à solubilidade dos complexos de cobre formados com os aminoácidos, mostrando que uma faixa ótima de pH também deve ser assegurada para aprimorar a ação destes aminoácidos como inibidores de corrosão

A Biogeographic assessment off North/Central California: In support of the National Marine Sanctuaries of Cordell Bank, Gulf of the Farallones and Monterey Bay. Phase II - Environmental setting and update to marine birds and animals

NOAA’s National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) conducts and supports research, monitoring, assessments, and technical assistance to meet NOAA’s coastal stewardship and management responsibilities. In 2001 the Biogeography Branch of NCCOS partnered with NOAA’s National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) to conduct biogeographic assessments to support the management plan updates for the sanctuaries. The first biogeographic assessment conducted in this partnership focused on three sanctuaries off north/ central California: Cordell Bank, Gulf of the Farallones and Monterey Bay. Phase I of this assessment was conducted from 2001 to 2004, with the primary goal to identify and gather the best available data and information to characterize and identify important biological areas and time periods within the study area. The study area encompasses the three sanctuaries and extends along the coastal ocean off California from Pt. Arena to Pt. Sal (35°-39°N). This partnership project was lead by the NCCOS Biogeography Branch, but included over 90 contributors and 25 collaborating institutions. Phase I results include: 1) a report on the overall assessment that includes hundreds of maps, tables and analyses; 2) an ecological linkage report on the marine and estuarine ecosystems along the coast of north/central California, and 3) related geographic information system (GIS) data and other summary data files, which are available for viewing and download in several formats at the following website: http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/products/biogeography/canms_cd/welcome.html Phase II (this report) was initiated in the Fall of 2004 to complete the analyses of marine mammals and update the marine bird colony information. Phase II resulted in significant updates to the bird and mammal chapters, as well as adding an environmental settings chapter, which contains new and existing data and maps on the study area. Specifically, the following Phase II topics and items were either revised or developed new for Phase II: •environmental, ecological settings – new maps on marine physiographic features, sea surface temperature and fronts, chlorophyll and productivity •all bird colony or roost maps, including a summary of marine bird colonies •updated at-sea data CDAS data set (1980-2003) •all mammal maps and descriptions •new overall density maps for eight mammal species •new summary pinniped rookery/haulout map •new maps on at-sea richness for cetaceans and pinnipeds •most text in the mammal chapter •new summary tables for mammals on population status and spatial and temporal patterns

The distribution of larval fishes of the Charleston Gyre Region off the southeastern United States in winter shaped by mesoscale, cyclonic eddies

Serial, cyclonic, mesoscale eddies arise just north of the Charleston Bump, a topographical rise on the continental slope and Blake Plateau, and characterize the U.S. outer shelf and upper slope in the region of the Charleston Gyre. This region was transected during the winters of 2000, 2001, and 2002, and hydrographic data and larval fishes were collected. The hydrodynamics of the cyclonic eddies of the Charleston Gyre shape the distribution of larval fishes by mixing larvae from the outer continental shelf and the Gulf Stream and entraining them into the eddy circulation at the peripheral margins, the wrap-around filaments. Over all years and transects (those that intercepted eddies and those that did not), chlorophyll a concentrations, zooplankton displacement volumes, and larval fish concentrations were positively correlated. Chlorophyll a concentrations were highest in filaments that wrapped around eddies, and zooplankton displacement volumes were highest in the continental shelf–Gulf Stream–frontal mix. Overall, the concentration of all larval fishes declined from inshore to offshore with highest concentrations occurring over the outer shelf. Collections produced larvae from 91 fish families representing continental shelf and oceanic species. The larvae of shelf-spawned fishes—Atlantic Menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus, Round Herring Etrumeus teres, Spot Leiostomus xanthurus, and Atlantic Croaker Micropogonias undulatus—were most concentrated over the outer shelf and in the continental shelf–Gulf Stream–frontal mix. The larvae of ocean-spawned fishes—lanternfishes, bristlemouths, and lightfishes—were more evenly dispersed in low concentrations across the outer shelf and upper slope, the highest typically in the Gulf Stream and Sargasso Sea, except for lightfishes that were highest in the continental shelf–Gulf Stream–frontal mix. Detrended correspondence analysis rendered groups of larval fishes that corresponded with a gradient between the continental shelf and Gulf Stream and Sargasso Sea. Eddies propagate northeastward with a residence time on the outer shelf and upper slope of ∼1 month, the same duration as the larval period of most fishes. The pelagic habitat afforded by eddies and fronts of the Charleston Gyre region can be exploited as nursery areas for feeding and growth of larval fishes within the southeastern Atlantic continental shelf ecosystem of the U.S. Eddies, and the nursery habitat they provide, translocate larvae northeastward.

An oceanographic characterizations of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary and Pacific Northwest: interpretive summary of ocean climate and regional processes through satellite remote sensing

This report presents the results of a two-year investigation and summary of oceanographic satellite data obtained from multiple operational data providers and sources, spanning years of operational data collection. Long-term summaries of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and SST fronts, Sea Surface Height Anomalies (SSHA), surface currents, ocean color chlorophyll and turbidity, and winds are provided. Merged satellite oceanographic data revealed information on: (1) seasonal cycles and timing of transition periods; (2) linkages between seasonal effects (warming and cooling), upwelling processes and transport; and (3) nutrient/sediment sources, sinks, and physical limiting factors controlling surface response for Olympic Coast marine environments. These data and information can be used for building relevant hind cast models, ecological forecasts, and regional environmental indices (e.g. upwelling, climate, “hot spot”) on biological distribution and/or response in the PNW.

Field manual for investigating coral disease outbreaks

Coral reefs throughout their circumtropical range are declining at an accelerating rate. Recent predictions indicate that 20% of the world’s reefs have been degraded, another 24% are under imminent risk of collapse, and if current estimates hold, by 2030, 26% of the world’s reefs will be lost (Wilkinson 2004). Recent changes to these ecosystems have included losses of apex predators, reductions of important herbivorous fishes and invertebrates, and precipitous declines in living coral cover, with many reefs now dominated by macroalgae. Causes have been described in broad sweeping terms: global climate change, over-fishing and destructive fishing, land-based sources of pollution, sedimentation, hurricanes, mass bleaching events and disease. Recognition that corals can succumb to disease was first reported in the early 1970’s. Then it was a unique observation, with relatively few isolated reports until the mid 1990’s. Today disease has spread to over 150 species of coral, reported from 65 countries throughout all of the world’s tropical oceans (WCMC Global Coral Disease Database). While disease continues to increase in frequency and distribution throughout the world, definitive causes of coral diseases have remained elusive for the most part, with reef managers not sufficiently armed to combat it.

A geo-referenced benthic habitat survey in support of natural resource management: Port Graham Bay, Alaska

The impact of recent changes in climate on the arctic environment and its ecosystems appear to have a dramatic affect on natural populations (National Research Council Committee on the Bering Sea Ecosystem 1996) and pose a serious threat to the continuity of indigenous arctic cultures that are dependent on natural resources for subsistence (Peterson D. L., Johnson 1995). In the northeast Pacific, winter storms have intensified and shifted southward causing fundamental changes in sea surface temperature patterns (Beamish 1993, Francis et al. 1998). Since the mid 1970’s surface waters of the central basin of the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) have warmed and freshened with a consequent increase in stratification and reduced winter entrainment of nutrients (Stabeno et al. 2004). Such physical changes in the structure of the ocean can rapidly affect lower trophic levels and indirectly affect fish and marine mammal populations through impacts on their prey (Benson and Trites 2002). Alaskan natives expect continued and perhaps accelerating changes in resources due to global warming (DFO 2006).and want to develop strategies to cope with their changing environment.

Effect of thyroxine on hatching and on postembryonic growth in Brachydanio rerio, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala and Catla catla

Studies on the effect of thyroxine on the eggs and postembryonic growth of Brachydanio rerio, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala and Catla catla have been carried out. The treatments were given in the dosages ranging from 0.025 to 0.20 mg. Lower doses of 0.025 to 0.075 mg were effective in reducing the hatching period, accelerating the yolk absorption and improving the growth of postembryonic stages in case of all the five species. Higher doses of 0.15 to 0.20 mg were found to reduce the survival significantly in B. rerio, C. carpio, L. rohita and C. mrigala.

El estuario del Plata: donde el río se encuentra con el mar

The Rio de la Plata estuary is one of the largest estuarine environments of South America. It is characterized by a two-layer vertical salinity distribution and the existence of water masses convergence zones (fronts). Oceanographic scenario greatly influence the biology of the planktonic organisms that live in the water column, the benthic organisms that inhabit the soft sediment bottoms of the estuary, and the fishes, which show a differential degree of penetration into the diluted water of the estuary. Short and frequent events of strong weastward winds ('sudestada') alter completely the oceanographic conditions greatly influencing the especies ecology. Biological production of the estuary is high, and most of their organisms have a marine heritage.

Grain boundaries in multi-seeded melt-grown superconductors

Future applications of high temperature superconductors require bulk materials of a complex shape. The multi-seeded-melt-growth process (MSMG) represents a promising technique for obtaining qualitatively well oriented bulk materials with different kinds of shape. In the MSMG process, several seeds are placed on a precursor pellet, from which the growth of the bulk starts. A certain problem of the MSMG process is that grain boundaries become inevitable when the growth fronts of two neighboring seeds collide. These grain boundaries are responsible for a reduction of the critical currents and pose a problem for high current applications. By polishing the sample step by step, the influence of the grain boundaries was investigated by scanning Hall probe measurements and by the magnetoscan technique. Additionally, optical microscopy and electron microscopy were employed to investigate the details of the microstructure. © 2005 IEEE.

Unsteady shock motion on a NACA0012 aerofoil at low reduced frequencies

Using transonic blowdown windtunnel experiments, the 2D unsteady shock motion on a NACA0012 aerofoil is examined at various frequencies typical for helicopter blades in forward flight. The aerofoil is subjected to freestream velocities oscillating periodically between M = 0.66 and M = 0.77. Unsteady pressure traces and schlieren images are analyzed over a range of low reduced frequencies to provide information on shock location and strength throughout the cycle. Unsteady effects were noticeable even at very low reduced frequencies (down to O(0.01). However, through the range of frequencies investigated, and within experimental error, the unsteady shock location showed no discernible lag compared to the quasi-steady behaviour. On the other hand, significant variations were observed in shock strengths with the upstream running part of the cycle (decreasing Mach number) displaying considerably stronger shocks than during the accelerating part of the cycle. It could be shown that this variation in shock strength is primarily caused by the shock motion modifying the relative shock Mach number. As a result is was possible to use the quasi-steady results to predict the unsteady shock behaviour at the frequencies investigated here (below 0(0.1)).

Unsteady shock motion on a NACA0012 aerofoil at low reduced frequencies

Using transonic blowdown windtunnel experiments, the 2D unsteady shock motion on a NACA0012 aerofoil is examined at various frequencies typical for helicopter blades in forward flight. The aerofoil is subjected to freestream velocities oscillating periodically between M = 0.66 and M = 0.77. Unsteady pressure traces and schlieren images are analyzed over a range of low reduced frequencies to provide information on shock location and strength throughout the cycle. Unsteady effects were noticeable even at very low reduced frequencies (down to O(0.01). However, through the range of frequencies investigated, and within experimental error, the unsteady shock location showed no discernible lag compared to the quasi-steady behaviour. On the other hand, significant variations were observed in shock strengths with the upstream running part of the cycle (decreasing Mach number) displaying considerably stronger shocks than during the accelerating part of the cycle. It could be shown that this variation in shock strength is primarily caused by the shock motion modifying the relative shock Mach number. As a result is was possible to use the quasi-steady results to predict the unsteady shock behaviour at the frequencies investigated here (below 0(0.1)).