Evolution of cameral accounting

Abstract

Maakunnallisuus terveyden edistämisen välineenä

Abstract: Regionalism as a tool in health promotion

Internetin ei-käytön määritelmät ja käyttämättömyyden syyt

Summary : Non-use of Internet: definitions an motives for non-use

Multivitamins/multiminerals in Switzerland: a first assessment The fallacy of slimming products: a case analysis in Switzerland

Purpose: To assess the composition and compliance with legislation of multivitamin/multiminerals (MVM) in Switzerland. Methods: Information on the composition of vitamin/minerals supplements was obtained from the Swiss drug compendium, the Internet, pharmacies, parapharmacies and supermarkets. MVM was defined as the presence of at least 5 vitamins and/or minerals. Results: 95 MVM were considered. The most frequent vitamins were B6 (73.7%), C (71.6%), B2 (69.5%) and B1 (67.4%); the least frequent were K (17.9%), biotin (51.6%), pantothene (55.8%) and E (56.8%). Around half of MVMs provided >150% of the ADI for vitamins. The most frequent minerals were zinc (66.3%), calcium (55.8%), magnesium (54.7%) and copper (48.4%), and the least frequent were fluoride (3.2%), phosphorous (17.9%) and chrome (22.1%). Only 25% of MVMs contained iodine. More than two thirds of MVMs provided between 15 and 150% of the ADI for minerals, and few MVMs provided >150% of the ADI. While few MVMs provided <15% of the ADI for vitamins, a considerable fraction did so for minerals (32.7% for magnesium, 26.1% for copper and 22.6% for calcium). Conclusion: There is a great variability regarding the composition and amount of MVMs in Switzerland. Several MVM do not comply with the Swiss legislation.

Factors affecting foster care breakdown in Spain

La ruptura del acogimiento familiar se ha definido como aquella situación en la que alguna de las partes implicadas causa una terminación de la intervención antes de haber alcanzado los objetivos establecidos en el plan de caso. Este trabajo presenta un estudio llevado a cabo en una muestra española de 318 casos cerrados de niños que fueron acogidos en familia ajena y extensa. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de la revisión exhaustiva de los expedientes de protección y acogimiento, complementada conentrevistas a los técnicos encargados de cada caso. La tasa de ruptura del conjunto de la muestra fue de 26,1%, si bien fuesignificativamente diferente en familia extensa (19,7%) que en familia ajena (31,2%). Los resultados de este estudio indican que las variables relacionadas con la ruptura dependen de la modalidad del acogimiento, en familia ajena o extensa. En el primer caso destacamos las variables relacionadas con las características del niño, especialmente los problemas de conducta y escolares, con especial relevancia en el grupo de 9-12 años, y el haber estado en acogimiento residencial previamente. En cambio, en extensaresulta más importante la problemática en los padres (prisión, salud mental) y el tener una medida de tutela. También el hecho de que se realice el acogimiento tras pasar por hogares de acogida resulta trascendental. Finalmente, la disponibilidad de recursos económicos e incluso los estudios de los acogedores parecen ser variables relacionadas con la ruptura de la acogida

Avaliação de danos causados pelo Barley yellow dwarf virus: PAV em cultivares de trigo no Brasil

Com o objetivo de avaliar os danos causados pelo Barley yellow dwarf virus - PAV (BYDV-PAV), em cinco cultivares de trigo (BRS 177, BRS 179, BRS 194, BRS Camboatá e BRS Angico), foi conduzido um experimento no telado da Embrapa-Trigo (Passo Fundo RS) no ano de 2005. Os danos induzidos pelo BYDV-PAV foram determinados por meio de análise de características agronômicas (estatura das plantas e massa de matéria seca) e do rendimento (número de afilhos, espigas e grãos por planta; massa de mil grãos). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias ao teste de Tukey a 5%. Danos significativos em função da infecção viral foram observados em todas as variáveis avaliadas. A característica agronômica mais afetada foi a massa de matéria seca, que variou de 26,1% (BRS 177) a 51,4% (BRS 179). Para estatura de plantas foram observadas reduções de 12,5% (BRS 177) a 15,5% (BRS Camboatá). O rendimento total de grãos foi o mais afetado pela infecção viral, sendo que, danos significativos foram observados em todas as cultivares, cuja redução variou de 34,2% (BRS Camboatá) a 60,8% (BRS 179). No número médio de afilhos por planta, apenas as cultivares BRS Angico e BRS 179 apresentaram reduções de 20% e 26,6%, respectivamente. A redução do número médio de grãos variou de 26,1% (BRS Camboatá) a 54,3% (BRS 179). Também ocorreu diminuição no peso de mil grãos com redução que variou de 16,9% (BRS Camboatá) a 38,4% (BRS 194).

Sensitivity reduction in Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei to triadimenol fungicide applied as barley seed treatment

Experiments were carried out in a growth chamber with controlled temperature and photoperiod to test two populations of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei from Guarapuava, Paraná State, and Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Treatments consisted in application of the fungicide triadimenol (Baytan 150 SC®) at three rates of its commercial formulation: 150, 250, 350 mL/100 Kg barley seeds. The experiments were conducted separately in a growth chamber for each population, adopting the same temperature and photoperiod. For inoculation, pots containing barley seedlings colonized by the fungus were placed among the plots. After emergence of the first symptoms, the disease severity was assessed at two-day intervals. The experiments were repeated twice for each fungus population. Data were expressed as area under the disease progress curve and as powdery mildew control by comparing the severity after the fungicide treatments to that of control. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis; the area under the disease progress curve was also calculated. Comparing the data obtained in the present study with those reported in the literature and the control, the maximum value of 26.1% is considered insufficient to prevent the damages caused by the disease. The control response to the fungicide rate was significant. We can conclude that there was a reduction in the sensitivity of both B. graminis f.sp. hordei populations to the fungicide triadimenol, which explains the control failure observed in barley farms.