Caracterització i revaloració de la fracció plasmàtica de la sang de porc procedent d'escorxadors industrials

La tesi s'ha estructurat en tres apartats que, en conjunt, han de permetre determinar les possibilitats d'aprofitament dins la mateixa indústria alimentària de la fracció plasmàtica de la sang de porc generada per escorxadors que utilitzen sistemes oberts de recollida higiènica. 1. En la primera part s'analitza la composició de la sang higiènica que s'està recollint actualment i s'estudien les característiques tant físico-químiques com microbiològiques que determinen la seva qualitat. La caracterització s'ha realitzat amb sang recollida en diferents escorxadors industrials de les comarques de Girona i s'ha centrat principalment en l'estudi de la contaminació microbiològica i el nivell d'hemòlisi de la sang. S'ha fet un disseny experimental que ha permès alhora valorar l'efecte d'alguns factors sobre la qualitat de la sang: possibles diferències relacionades amb (1) la climatologia del període de l'any en el qual es fa la recollida, (2) particularitats dels escorxadors (grandària, sistemes de dessagnat, tipus, dosi i sistema de dosificació de l'anticoagulant, condicions de processament, maneig i emmagatzematge després de la recollida, etc.). Els resultats obtinguts ens permeten constatar que, en les condicions actuals, la sang que s'està recollint en els escorxadors estudiats no es pot considerar adequada per a una matèria primera de productes destinats a alimentació humana. La major part de la microbiota contaminant s'adquireix en el propi sagnador. S'ha constatat que el sistema de dessagnat en posició horitzontal podria ser una mesura útil per minimitzar la contaminació d'origen fecal o provinent de la pell de l'animal sacrificat i que la separació immediata de les fraccions en el propi escorxador també pot contribuir a reduir la contaminació. Així doncs, en el benentès que l'efectivitat pot obtenir-se del conjunt de mesures preses, més que de l'aplicació d'una sola d'elles, es suggereix la introducció d'una sèrie d'actuacions que potser permetrien reduir els nivells de contaminació que s'obtenen actualment. El tractament mecànic de la sang, el sistema d'addició d'anticoagulant, el volum i concentració de la solució anticoagulant afegida i el període d'emmagatzematge són els factors responsables de l'hemòlisi; mentre que nivells elevats de contaminació microbiològica i el tipus d'anticoagulant utilitzat deterrminen la velocitat d'increment de l'hemòlisi de sang refrigerada. S'ha constatat que quan la sang no pot ser processada immediatament i s'ha d'emmagatzemar en refrigeració és millor utilitzar citrat sòdic enlloc de polifosfat com a anticoagulant ja que l'increment d'hemòlisi es dóna més lentament. 2. El segon apartat s'ha centrat en la fracció plasmàtica de la sang. S'ha utilitzat la deshidratació per atomització com a tecnologia de conservació del plasma i s'ha fet una caracterització del producte en pols resultant des del punt de vista de composició i qualitat. A més de la contaminació microbiològica, que determina la qualitat higiènico-sanitària del producte, s'ha realitzat un estudi de les propietats funcionals que podrien fer del plasma un producte útil en la formulació d'aliments (capacitat escumant, emulsionant, gelificant). S'ha fet especial incidència en (1) determinar l'efecte del procés tecnològic de deshidratació sobre la funcionalitat del producte i (2) estudiar l'estabilitat del plasma deshidratat durant el període d'emmagatzematge. En les condicions de deshidratació per atomització aplicades no es provoca desnaturalització de la fracció proteica i s'obté un producte suficientment deshidratat, amb una aw<0,4 per permetre suposar una bona estabilitat. Algunes mostres de plasma deshidratat analitzades presenten nivells detectables de determinats residus (sulfonamides i corticosteroides). La qualitat microbiològica del producte en pols reflecteix l'elevada contaminació que contenia la matèria primera utilitzada, tot i que la deshidratació per atomització ha comportat la reducció en una unitat logarítmica de la càrrega contaminant. Els recomptes generals de microorganismes són encara preocupants i més tenint en compte que s'ha evidenciat la presència de toxines estafilocòciques en algunes mostres. L'avaluació de les propietats funcionals del producte deshidratat en relació a les que presentava el plasma líquid ens ha permès comprovar que: (1) El procés de deshidratació no ha afectat la solubilitat de les proteïnes. Això, junt amb el fet que no s'obtinguin diferències significatives en l'anàlisi calorimètrica de mostres líquides o deshidratades, permet concloure que el procés no provoca desnaturalització proteica. (2) No s'observen efectes negatius del procés tecnològic sobre la capacitat escumant ni en l'activitat emulsionant de les proteïnes plasmàtiques, dues propietats funcionals que possibiliten l'aplicació del plasma amb aquestes finalitats en l'elaboració d'alguns aliments. (3) La deshidratació tampoc perjudica de manera important les característiques dels gels que s'obtenen per escalfament, ja que els gels obtinguts a partir del plasma líquid i del plasma deshidratat presenten la mateixa capacitat de retenció d'aigua i no s'observen diferències en la microestructura de la xarxa proteica d'ambdós tipus de gel. Tanmateix, els que s'obtenen a partir del producte en pols mostren una menor resistència a la penetració. L'estudi d'estabilitat ens ha permès comprovar que la mostra de plasma deshidratat per atomització perd algunes de les seves propietats funcionals (facilitat de rehidratació, capacitat de retenció d'aigua i fermesa dels gels) si s'emmagatzema a temperatura ambient, mentre que aquestes característiques es mantenen un mínim de sis mesos quan el producte en pols es conserva a temperatura de refrigeració. 3. En l'última part, tenint en compte les conclusions derivades dels resultats dels apartats anteriors, s'han assajat tres possibles sistemes de reducció de la contaminació aplicables a la fracció plasmàtica com a pas previ a la deshidratació, per tal de millorar les característiques de qualitat microbiològica i les perspectives d'estabilitat del producte durant l'emmagatzematge. S'ha determinat l'eficàcia, i l'efecte sobre les propietats del plasma deshidratat, que poden tenir tractaments d'higienització basats en la centrifugació, la microfiltració tangencial i l'aplicació d'altes pressions. Els tractaments de bactofugació aplicats permeten reduir entre el 96 i el 98% la contaminació microbiana del plasma. Aquesta reducció s'aconsegueix tant amb un sistema discontinu com amb un sistema continu treballant a una velocitat de 12 L/h, fet que permetria adaptar el tractament de bactofugació a un procés de producció industrial. Un sistema combinat de bactofugació en continu i microfiltració tangencial permet incrementar l'eficàcia fins a un 99,9 % de reducció. Cal tenir present, però, que aquest tractament provoca també una disminució de l'extracte sec que afecta negativament les propietats funcionals del plasma líquid. Malgrat suposar una pèrdua pel que fa al rendiment, aquest efecte negatiu sobre la funcionalitat no suposaria cap inconvenient si s'utilitzés la deshidratació com a tecnologia de conservació del plasma, ja que es podria corregir l'extracte sec durant la reconstitució del producte. Caldria avaluar si la millora en la qualitat higiènico-sanitària del producte compensa o no les pèrdues que suposa aquest sistema d'higienització combinat. Amb relació als tractaments d'alta pressió, de totes les condicions de tractament assajades, les pressions de fins 450 MPa permeten obtenir plasma sense modificacions importants que impedeixin la seva deshidratació per atomització. Així doncs, les condicions de procés que s'han aplicat són pressuritzacions a 450 MPa de 15 minuts de durada. La temperatura de tractament que s'ha mostrat més eficaç en la reducció dels recomptes de microorganismes ha estat de 40ºC. Els tractaments a aquesta temperatura permeten assolir reduccions del 99,97% i disminuir en un 80% la capacitat de creixement dels microorganismes supervivents a la pressurització en relació a la que presentava la població contaminant del plasma abans del tractament. L'estudi de l'efecte d'aquest tractament (450 MPa, 15 min i 40ºC) sobre les propietats funcionals del plasma ha permès observar que la pressurització comporta una disminució en la solubilitat del producte però una millora en les propietats de superfície -estabilitat de l'escuma i activitat emulsionant- i un increment de la capacitat de retenció d'aigua i de la duresa dels gels obtinguts per escalfament. Calen més estudis per confirmar i caracteritzar aquesta millora en la funcionalitat, així com per establir si el tractament de pressurització afecta també l'estabilitat del producte durant l'emmagatzematge. De totes les tecnologies d'higienització assajades, l'alta pressió és la que permet obtenir millors resultats en el sentit de poder garantir un producte de bona qualitat microbiològica i segur, des del punt de vista sanitari i tecnològic, per a la seva utilització com a ingredient alimentari.

Câncer de boca e orofaringe: tendências e análise de sobrevida em Natal (RN)

Introduction: Mouth cancer is classified as having one of the ten highest cancer incidences in the world. In Brazil, the incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer are among the highest in the world. Intraoral cancer (tongue, gum, floor of the mouth, and other non-specified parts of the mouth), the accumulated survival rate after five years is less than 50%. Objectives: Estimate the accumulated survival probability after five years and adjust the Cox regression model for mouth and oropharyngeal cancers, according to age range, sex, morphology, and location, for the city of Natal. Describe the mortality and incidence coefficients of oral and oropharyngeal cancer and their tendencies in the city of Natal, between 1980 and 2001 and between 1997 and 2001, respectively. Methods: Survival data of patients registered between 1997 and 2001 was obtained from the Population-based Cancer Record of Natal. Differences between the survival curves were tested using the log-rank test. The Cox proportional risk model was used to estimate risk ratios. The simple linear regression model was used for tendency analyses of the mortality and incidence coefficients. Results: The probability after five years was 22.9%. The patients with undifferentiated malignant neoplasia were 4.7 times more at risk of dying than those with epidermoid carcinoma, whereas the patients with oropharyngeal cancer had 2.0 times more at risk of dying than those with mouth cancer. The mouth cancer mortality and incidence coefficients for Natal were 4.3 and 2.9 per 100 000 inhabitants, respectively. The oropharyngeal cancer mortality and incidence coefficients were, respectively, 1.1 and 0.7 per 100 000 87 inhabitants. Conclusions: A low survival rate after five years was identified. Patients with oropharyngeal cancer had a greater risk of dying, independent of the factors considered in this study. Also independent of other factors, undifferentiated malignant neoplasia posed a greater risk of death. The magnitudes of the incidence coefficients found are not considered elevated, whereas the magnitudes of the mortality coefficients are high

Estudo epidemiológico das parasitoses oculares na população de escolares da cidade de Natal-RN, Brasil

The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of Ocular Toxocariasis, Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis (DUSN), Toxoplasma gondii infection and Ocular Toxoplasmosis in a student population in Natal-RN/Brazil and relate it to demographic, epidemiologic and socio-economic risk factors. The incidence of DUSN was observed in patients at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Ophthalmology Service and the Prontoclinica de Olhos Ophthalmology clinic in Natal. In cases where a worm was found in the subretinal space, the result of treatment with photocoagulation using Green Laser (Eye Light ALCON) was evaluated in relation to final visual result. The sample was randomly selected among the schools of the four districts of Natal, according to the type of institution (public or private), its level (elementary or secondary), and study period (morning, afternoon or evening). The school population was studied from March to May, 2001. Initially, the students answered a questionnaire to evaluate demographic, epidemiologic and socio-economic risk factors. Afterwards, the following procedures were carried out: blood samples were taken for Toxoplasmosis (IgG, IgM) serology, hemogram, ophthalmological examination, consisting of clinical history, measurement of visual acuity, refraction under cycloplegia, biomicroscopy of the anterior segment and annexa, funduscopy and examination of extrinsic motility. The prevalence of Toxocariasis was 0.2% or 2 per one thousand students. The sample was insufficient to estimate the prevalence of DUSN. Seventy patients with DUSN diagnosis were examined from January, 2001 to January, 2003. A live worm was found in the subretinal space of all four patients in the acute phase, and these were treated with laser photocoagulation. After follow-up (average = 11.5 months), visual acuity improved in three eyes and remained unaltered in one eye. Worms were found in 22 of the 66 patients in the chronic phase, and these also were treated with laser photocoagulation. After a follow-up period of 13.1 months, on average, visual acuity improved in two of the patients, remained unchanged in 19 and worsened in one. The comparison of visual result before and after treatment was not statistically significant (p = 0.302). The diagnosis of DUSN in the acute phase, followed by prompt localization and destruction of the worm by photocoagulation, can improve the patient s vision. However, destruction of the worm by laser photocoagulation in eyes with DUSN in the chronic phase does not improve visual acuity. Seroprevalence for IgG was 46% (Confidence Interval CI 95%-42.9-49.2%) and for IgM it was 1.4% (CI 95% = 0.8-2.4%). The prevalence of ocular lesion was 1.15% (CI 95% = 0.6 - 2.0%). Socio-economic conditions were determinants in the prevalence of Systemic and Ocular Toxoplasmosis in the bivaried analysis and confirmed in the multivaried analysis (mother s scholarity illiterate/ OR = 2.9 and p < 0.001). The T. gondii infection prevalence, although high, was less than that found in studies performed in the South and Southeast of Brazil and that of Ocular Toxoplasmosis was completely discrepant, varying from 5 to 17 times less. Although important epidemiological variables such as owning a cat, drinking unfiltered water, and coming into contact with rivers or lakes showed an association in the preliminary analysis, they lost their influence when included in the logistic model. Future studies are scheduled to begin in March, 2004, in collaboration with other Brazilian and American universities in an attempt to discover the reason for these findings, as well as identifying the different strains of Toxoplasma gondii, and studying the sources of water utilized by the population of Natal Brazil

Photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli biofilms by malachite green and phenothiazine dyes: An in vitro study

Objectives: The organization of biofilms in the oral cavity gives them added resistance to antimicrobial agents. The action of phenothiazinic photosensitizers on oral biofilms has already been reported. However, the action of the malachite green photosensitizer upon biofilm-organized microorganisms has not been described. The objective of the present work was to compare the action of malachite green with the phenothiazinic photosensitizers (methylene blue and toluidine blue) on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli biofilms.Methods: The biofilms were grown on sample pieces of acrylic resin and subjected to photodynamic therapy using a 660-nm diode laser and photosensitizer concentrations ranging from 37.5 to 3000 mu M. After photodynamic therapy, cells from the biofilms were dispersed in a homogenizer and cultured in Brain Heart Infusion broth for quantification of colony-forming units per experimental protocol. For each tested microorganism, two control groups were maintained: one exposed to the laser radiation without the photosensitizer (L+PS-) and other treated with the photosensitizer without exposure to the red laser light (L-PS+). The results were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis.Results: The best results for S. aureus and E. coli biofilms were obtained with photosensitizer concentrations of approximately 300 mu M methylene blue, with microbial reductions of 0.8-1.0 log(10); 150 mu M toluidine blue, with microbial reductions of 0.9-1.0 log(10); and 3000 mu M malachite green, with microbial reductions of 1.6-4.0 log(10).Conclusion: Greater microbial reduction was achieved with the malachite green photosensitizer when used at higher concentrations than those employed for the phenothiazinic dyes. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Redução de crômio hexavalente por substâncias húmicas aquáticas imobilizadas em aminopropil sílica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Exigência mínina de fósforo em novilhos da raça Nelore

A determinação da absorção real de fósforo (P) em bovinos deve levar em consideração a fração endógena mínina do mineral, que se perde nas fezes. de modo geral esses cálculos são feitos utilizando-se tabelas cujos valores foram obtidos em outros países, com outras raças de animais e em condições bem diferentes das condições brasileiras. O trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a perda endógena de P nas fezes e estimar a exigência mínima de P em novilhos da raça Nelore (Bos indicus). Foram utilizados 18 novilhos castrados, com peso médio de 190,82±27,53 kg e idade aproximada de 12 meses, divididos em três grupos de seis animais, e mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas individuais. Os animais receberam dieta básica constituída de feno de Brachiaria decumbens e uma mistura de concentrados durante os 30 dias de período experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de diferentes quantidades de fosfato bicálcico em níveis de 0,12, 0,24 e 0,36% de P, com base na dieta total. Foram aplicadas injeções de 32P nos animais para a determinação da perda endógena fecal de P. A perda endógena mínima fecal de P para uma ingestão zero do mineral, calculada por interpolação, foi de 5,72 mg/kg de peso vivo e para um balanço zero, o requerimento mínimo foi de 8,84 mg/kg de peso vivo por dia.

Avaliação do Metabolismo Nutricional em Poedeiras pela Técnica dos Isótopos Estáveis do Ccarbono (13C/12C)

Os isótopos estáveis do carbono que eram utilizados em estudos ecológicos e paleoecológicos apresentaram um incremento nos últimos trinta anos, na utilização em estudos dietéticos em animais. Entretanto, existem poucas informações sobre o padrão metabólico e sobre as taxas de turnover do 13C em aves. O presente experimento estabeleceu curvas de substituição e taxas de movimentação do 13C no ovo e no fígado de aves de postura adultas, pela substituição da ração comercial por dietas compostas de grãos dos ciclos fotossintéticos C3 e C4, durante 50 dias. A diferença no conteúdo isotópico do delta per mil do carbono-13 (delta 13C) entre as duas dietas foi de 16,13 . A taxa de substituição do 13C das dietas, nos tecidos, adequou-se num modelo exponencial, descrevendo o turnover do carbono nos tecidos analisados. As taxas de movimentação do 13C, nas aves alimentadas com dieta baseada em grãos C3, foi maior no fígado em relação ao ovo, com valores para a meia-vida de 2,9 e 3,7 dias, respectivamente. As aves que receberam ração com grãos C4 apresentaram uma taxa de turnover no ovo superior àquela obtida para o fígado, com meia-vida de 4,0 e 5,3 dias, respectivamente. Os valores do delta 13C observados para ovo e fígado diferiram em aproximadamente 2 daqueles referentes às dietas.

Expenditures, investment and financing for sustainable development in Brazil

Includes bibliography

Efeitos do cetorolaco de trometamina 0,5%, sem conservante, sobre a resposta inflamatória, a sensibilidade e re-epitelização corneal em coelhos submetidos a ulceração química da córnea

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

A comunidade perifítica e suas relações com a qualidade da água no reservatório de Itupararanga (SP, Brasil)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Prostaglandin treatment at the onset of norgestomet and estradiol-based synchronization protocols did not alter the ovarian follicular dynamics or pregnancy per timed artificial insemination in cyclic Bos indicus heifers

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Co-digestão dos dejetos de suínos e óleo vegetal de descarte: adição de microrganismos e lipases comercias

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FCAV

Prostaglandin treatment at the onset of norgestomet and estradiol-based synchronization protocols did not alter the ovarian follicular dynamics or pregnancy per timed artificial insemination in cyclic Bos indicus heifers

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the PGF2˛treatment givenat the onset of a synchronization of ovulation protocol using a norgestomet (NORG) earimplant on ovarian follicular dynamics (Experiment 1) and pregnancy per AI (P/AI; Exper-iment 2) in cyclic (CL present) Bos indicus heifers. In Experiment 1, a total of 46 heiferswere presynchronized using two consecutive doses of PGF2˛12 days apart. At first dayof the synchronization protocol the heifers received implants containing 3 mg of NORGand 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB). At the same time, heifers were randomly assignedto receive 150 mg of d-cloprostenol (n = 23; PGF2˛) or no additional treatment (n = 23;Control). When the ear implants were removed 8 days later, all heifers received a PGF2˛treatment and 1 mg of EB was given 24 h later. The follicular diameter and interval toovulation were determined by transrectal ultrasonography. No effects of PGF2˛treat-ment on the diameter of the largest follicle present were observed at implant removal(PGF2˛= 9.8 ± 0.4 vs. Control = 10.0 ± 0.3 mm; P = 0.73) or after 24 h (PGF2˛= 11.1 ± 0.4 vs.Control = 11.0 ± 0.4 mm; P = 0.83). No differences in the time of ovulation after ear implantremoval (PGF2˛= 70.8 ± 1.2 vs. Control = 73.3 ± 0.9 h; P = 0.10) or in the ovulation rate(PGF2˛= 87.0 vs. Control = 82.6%; P = 0.64) between treatments were observed. In Experi-ment 2, 280 cyclic heifers were synchronized using the same experimental design describedabove (PGF2˛; n = 143 and Control; n = 137), at random day of the estrous cycle. All heifersreceived 300 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and 0.5 mg of estradiol cypionate(as ovulatory stimulus) when the NORG ear implants were removed. Timed artificial insem-ination (TAI) was performed 48 h after implant removal and the pregnancy diagnosis wasconducted 30 days later. No effects on the P/AI due to PGF2˛treatment were observed(PGF2˛= 51.7 vs. Control = 57.7%; P = 0.29). In conclusion, PGF2˛treatment at the onset ofNORG-based protocols for the synchronization of ovulation did not alter the ovarian follic-ular responses or the P/AI in cyclic Bos indicus beef heifers synchronized for TAI.

Studio e validazione di una nuova metodica per la valutazione dello stato di forma

We observed 82 healthy subjects, from both sexes, aged between 19 and 77 years. All subjects performed two different tests: for being scientifically acknowledged, the first one was used as a reference and it was a stress test (CPX). During the entire test, heart rate and gas exchange were recorded continuously; the second, the actual object of this study, was a submaximal test (TOP). Only heart rate was recorded continuously. The main purpose was to determinate an index of physical fitness as result of TOP. CPX test allowed us to individuate anaerobic threshold. We used an incremental protocol of 10/20 Watt/min, different by age. For our TOP test we used an RHC400 UPRIGHT BIKE, by Air Machine. Each subject was monitored for heart frequency. After 2 minutes of resting period there was a first step: 3 minutes of pedalling at a constant rate of 60 RPM, (40 watts for elder subjects and 60 watts for the younger ones). Then, the subject was allowed to rest for a recovery phase of 5 minutes. Third and last step consisted of 3 minutes of pedalling again at 60 RPM but now set to 60 watts for elder subjects and 80 watts for the young subjects. Finally another five minutes of recovery. A good correlation was found between TOP and CPX results especially between punctua l heart rate reserve (HRR’) and anaerobic threshold parameters such as Watt, VO2, VCO2 . HRR’ was obtained by subtracting maximal heart rate during TOP from maximal theoretic heart rate (206,9-(0,67*age)). Data were analyzed through cluster analysis in order to obtain 3 homogeneous groups. The first group contains the least fit subjects (inactive, women, elderly). The other groups contain the “average fit” and the fittest subjects (active, men, younger). Concordance between test resulted in 83,23%. Afterwards, a linear combinations of the most relevant variables gave us a formula to classify people in the correct group. The most relevant result is that this submaximal test is able to discriminate subjects with different physical condition and to provide information (index) about physical fitness through HRR’. Compared to a traditional incremental stress test, the very low load of TOP, short duration and extended resting period, make this new method suitable to very different people. To better define the TOP index, it is necessary to enlarge our subject sample especially by diversifying the age range.

Studi ed approfondimenti sulla composizione in acidi grassi del latte bovino di razza Reggiana con diverso fenotipo per k-caseina e Beta-lactoglobulina

The aim of the present study was to examine the association between milk protein polymorphism and fatty acids profiles of bovine milk. Milk samples were collected from each of 55 Reggiana cows during early, mid and late lactation, respectively, in two farms within the production area of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese. Identification and quantification of fatty acids were performed by gas chromatography. Milk fatty acid composition using cows of differing κ-casein (κ-Cn) and β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) phenotypes was investigated. Statistically significant results regarding the associations between milk fatty acid composition and κ-Cn phenotype were found, in particular, κ-Cn BB seems to influence de novo fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland. Also κ-Cn AB seems to have the same effect. Proportions of C10:0 (2,29a AA; 2,53b AB; 2,59b BB), C12:0 (2,77a AA; 3,17b AB; 3,20b BB) and C14:0 (9,22a AA; 10,25b AB; 10,27b BB) were higher in the milk from cows with κ-Cn phenotype AB and BB vs κ-Cn phenotype AA (p<0,05). Conversely C18:0 (7,84b AA; 7,20a,b AB; 6,94a BB) and C18:1 (19,19b AA; 16,81a AB; 16,79a BB) were lower in the milk from cows with κ-Cn phenotype AB and BB vs κ-Cn phenotype AA. The association between milk fatty acid composition and β-Lg phenotype was not statistically significant, except for some fatty acids. In particular, C12:0 (3,05a AA; 3,04a AB; 3,33b BB) was higher in the milk from cows with β-Lg phenotype BB vs β-Lg phenotype AA and AB (p<0,05). Concentrations of C18:0 (6,93a AA; 7,86b AB; 6,59a BB) and C18:1 (16,74a,b AA; 18,24b AB; 16,07a BB) were lower in the milk from cows with β-Lg phenotype AA and BB vs β-Lg phenotype AB (p<0,05). Moreover this research, carried out in farms within the Parmigiano Reggiano cheese district, analysed also the size distribution of fat globules in bulk milk of Reggiana and Frisona breed cows. In particular, the size distribution of individual milk fat globules of Reggiana cows with differing κ-Cn phenotypes was considered. From first observations, no statistically significant differences were observed.