Assessment of toxic potential of Cerrado fruit seeds using Artemia salina bioassay

Artemia salina bioassay was used to assess toxicity of seeds and kernels of Brazilian fruits from cerrado (central high plains region) and other inner regions of the country. Water extracts of the kernels were filtered and added to Artemia cultures containing ten individuals per mL. Dose - response curves were constructed, and LD50 values were calculated. Pure potassium cyanide standard was used to draw a calibration curve for comparison to detect the presence of cyanide in the samples tested. Extracts of the seeds of araticum, mangaba, cagaita, jatobá, and tucumã were found toxic to Artemia salina, and some of the dose - response curves were very similar in shape to those obtained with pure potassium cyanide standards, while the samples of baru, cajá-manga, siriguela, trauma, and veludo showed no toxicity at all. The Guignard test, specific for cyanide detection, showed negative results in all toxic samples, suggesting the presence of other toxic compounds rather than cyanide. The comparison of araticum dose - response curve with those of other annonaceous fruits suggests the presence acetogenins as the main toxic compounds in the seeds. These results could be useful to prevent poisoning by industrial derivatives of the fruits studied.

Antioxidant capacity and chemical composition in seeds rich in omega-3: chia, flax, and perilla

The chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of five seeds, chia, golden flax, brown flax, white perilla, and brown perilla, were determined. The chemical properties analyzed included moisture, ash, crude protein, carbohydrates, total lipids, fatty acids, and antioxidant capacity (ABTS•+, DPPH•, and FRAP). The results showed the highest amounts of protein and total lipids in brown and white perilla. Perilla and chia showed higher amounts of alpha-linolenic fatty acid than those of flaxseed varieties, ranging between 531.44 mg g-1 of lipids in brown perilla, 539.07 mg g-1 of lipids in white perilla, and 544.85 mg g-1 of lipis in chia seed. The antioxidant capacity of the seeds, evaluated with ABTS•+, DPPH• , and FRAP methods, showed that brown perilla had greater antioxidant capacity when compared with white perilla, flax, and chia seeds.

Study of the enthalpy-entropy mechanism from water sorption of orange seeds (C. sinensis cv. Brazilian) for the use of agro-industrial residues as a possible source of vegetable oil production

Orange seeds are a promising agroindustry-waste which can be implemented in the extraction and production of vegetable oil. The relationship between moisture content and water activity provides useful information for the processing and storage of this waste item. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of water sorption enthalpy-entropy of orange seeds (C. sinensis cv. Brazilians) according to the moisture content. Therefore, desorption isotherms were determined at five different temperature (30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 ºC) under a wide range of moisture content (0.005-0.057 kg kg-1 d.b.) and water activity (0.02-0.756). Theoretical and empirical models were used for modeling the desorption isotherms. An analytical solution of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation was proposed to compute the isosteric heat of sorption, the differential entropy, and Gibbs free energy using the Oswin model when the effect of temperature on the hygroscopic equilibrium was considered.

Evaluation of iron bioavailability in a mixture of cereals, seeds, and grains ("Human Ration")

Iron bioavailability was evaluated in three mixtures of cereals, seeds, and grains ("Human Ration"): light, regular, and homemade provided to rats. The animals received an iron depletion diet for 21 days, followed by a repletion diet containing 12 mg·kg-1 of iron for 14 days. The hemoglobin regeneration efficiency and the relative biological value did not differ between the light mixture and control group. The iron bioavailability of the light mixture of cereals, seeds, and grains and the control group were 99.99±27.62 and 80.02±36.63, respectively, while the regular and homemade mixtures of cereals, seeds, and grains showed lower iron bioavailability, 50.12±35.53 and 66.66±15.44, respectively; the iron content of the diet with light cereal mixture light was statistically similar to that of the control (ferrous sulfate 99.99±27.62). The high content of tannin (202.81±19.53 mg·100-1) in the diet with the regular cereal mixture may have contributed to its low iron bioavailability. The higher intake of soluble fiber by the animals fed the light mixture (21.15±0.92 g) was moderately correlated (r=0.5712, p=0.0018) with the concentration of propionate in the caecal bulk (65.49±11.08 µmol/g). The short chain fatty acids produced by soluble fiber fermentation, associated with the low-content of tannin may have improved iron solubility and absorption in the light cereal mixture diet. The iron bioavailability in the light mixture of cereals, seeds, and grains was similar to that of ferrous sulfate.

Chemical composition, fatty acid profile and bioactive compounds of guava seeds (Psidium guajava L.)

This study aimed to characterize the chemical composition, determine the fatty acid profile, and quantify the bioactive compounds present in guava seed powder (Psidium guajava L.). The powder resulted from seeds obtained from guava pulp processing. The agro-industrial seeds from red guava cv. paluma were used, and they were donated by a frozen pulp fruit manufacturer. They contain varying amounts of macronutrients and micronutrients, with a high content of total dietary fiber (63.94 g/100g), protein (11.19 g/100g), iron (13.8 mg/100g), zinc (3.31 mg/100g), and reduced calorie content (182 kcal/100g). Their lipid profile showed a predominance of unsaturated fatty acids (87.06%), especially linoleic acid (n6) and oleic acid (n9). The powder obtained contained significant amounts of bioactive compounds such as ascorbic acid (87.44 mg/100g), total carotenoids (1.25 mg/100 g) and insoluble dietary fiber (63.55 g/100g). With regard to their microbiological quality, the samples were found suitable for consumption. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the powder produced has favorable attributes for industrial use, and that use of these seeds would be a viable alternative to prevent various diseases and malnutrition in our country and to reduce the environmental impact of agricultural waste.

The importance of heat against antinutritional factors from Chenopodium quinoa seeds

Chenopodium quinoa seeds have high protein content. The nutritional value of quinoa is superior compared with traditional cereals. Its essential amino acid composition is considered next to the ideal, and its quality matches that of milk proteins. In this study, the seed storage proteins from Chenopodium quinoa were extracted, fractionated, partially purified, and characterized. The structural characterization was performed by Tricine-SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional electrophoresis, and it confirmed the presence of proteins of molecular weight of 30 and 7kDa, probably corresponding to lectins and trypsin inhibitors, respectively. The functional characterization of these proteins evidenced their activity as antinutritional factors due to their in vitro digestibility. Quinoa proteins have an excellent amino acid composition with many essential amino acids. In vitro digestibility evaluation indicated that heat-treated samples showed a more complete digestion than the native state samples. Quinoa seeds can be an important cereal in human diet after adequate heat treatment.

Extraction, purification and characterization of inhibitor of trypsin from Chenopodium quinoa seeds

Abstract A novel trypsin inhibitor of protease (CqTI) was purified from Chenopodium quinoa seeds. The optimal extracting solvent was 0.1M NaCl pH 6.8 (p < 0.05). The extraction time of 5h and 90 °C was optimum for the recovery of the trypsin inhibitor from C. quinoa seeds. The purification occurred in gel-filtration and reverse phase chromatography. CqTI presented active against commercial bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin and had a specific activity of 5,033.00 (TIU/mg), which was purified to 333.5-fold. The extent of purification was determined by SDS-PAGE. CqTI had an apparent molecular weight of approximately 12KDa and two bands in reduced conditions as determined by Tricine-SDS-PAGE. MALDI-TOF showed two peaks in 4,246.5 and 7,908.18m/z. CqTI presented high levels of essential amino acids. N-terminal amino acid sequence of this protein did not show similarity to any known protease inhibitor. Its activity was stable over a pH range (2-12), temperatures range (20-100 °C) and reducing agents.

Purification, partial characterization and antimicrobial activity of Lectin from Chenopodium Quinoa seeds

Abstract A novel lectin was isolated from the seeds of Chenopodium quinoa. To achieve this end, the crude extract from the quinoa was submitted to two purification steps, Sephadex G50 and Mono Q. The hemagglutinating activity showed that this lectin agglutinates human erythrocytes. Its activity is inhibited by glucose and mannose, and remained stable under a wide range of pH levels and temperatures. The quinoa lectin was found to be a heterodimeric lectin of approximately 60 kDa, consisting of two subunits of approximately 25 kDa and 35 kDa. This lectin had its antimicrobial activity tested against several bacteria strains and effectively inhibited three strains. These strains were all Gram-negative, making this lectin a promising antimicrobial tool.

GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) production, antioxidant activity in some germinated dietary seeds and the effect of cooking on their GABA content

Abstract Germinated grains have been known as sources of Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that provide beneficial effects for human health. This study was aimed to investigate GABA production, dietary fiber, antioxidant activity, and the effect of cooking on GABA loss in germinated legumes and sesame. The highest GABA content was found in germinated mung bean, (0.8068 g kg-1, 24 h incubation) followed by germinated soybean, germinated black bean and soaked sesame. Beside GABA, dietary fiber content also increased in all grains during germination where the insoluble dietary fiber fractions were always found in higher proportions to soluble dietary fiber fractions. Our results also confirmed that germinated mung bean is a rich source of GABA and dietary fibers. Microwave cooking resulted in the smallest loss of GABA in mung bean and sesame, while steaming led to the least GABA content loss in soybean and black bean. Therefore microwave cooking and steaming are the most recommended cooking processes to preserve GABA in germinated legumes and sesame.

Efeito do vigor de sementes de soja sobre o seu desempenho em campo

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do vigor de lotes de sementes na emergência em campo, no desenvolvimento vegetativo e reprodutivo de plantas de soja, foi conduzido o presente experimento durante o ano agrícola 98/99, em Jaboticabal, SP. Foram utilizados nove lotes de sementes de soja, da cultivar M-Soy 109, com padrões comercializáveis. Na caracterização dos lotes em laboratório, foram utilizados os seguintes testes: teor de água, germinação em areia, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento de plântulas, matéria seca de plântulas, condutividade elétrica e envelhecimento acelerado. Os dados obtidos por meio dos testes de laboratório permitiram classificar os nove lotes em três de alto, três de médio e três de baixo vigor. Para a semeadura desses nove lotes no campo, calculou-se, com os dados de germinação, a quantidade de sementes para a correção do estande, visando obter uma população de 400 mil plantas por hectare, num espaçamento de 0,50m entre linhas.As características avaliadas, no campo, foram o índice de velocidade de emergência, a emergência total, os estande inicial e final, a altura das plantas aos 18, 38 e 49 dias após a semeadura e na colheita, quantidade de plantas com flores em R1, o teor de água na colheita, a altura de inserção da primeira vagem, a sobrevivência de plantas, o número de vagens por planta, o número de sementes por vagem, a massa de 100 sementes e a produção, tanto em g.planta-1 quanto em kg.ha-1. O efeito do vigor das sementes foi maior no início do desenvolvimento das plantas (emergência total e velocidade de emergência); lotes de menor vigor tiveram quedas mais acentuadas de estande. Houve um atraso no início do florescimento, mostrando um efeito de tipo residual do vigor das sementes. As plantas que conseguiram se formar a partir de lotes de baixo vigor eram vigorosas e, em condições favoráveis de clima e manejo, em função do maior espaço por planta, produziram mais vagens por planta, resultando em maior produção por planta e isso levou-as a igualarem-se em produtividade às dos demais níveis de vigor.

Influência da posição de semeadura na germinação, vigor e crescimento de plântulas de bacabinha (Oenocarpus mapora Karsten - Aecaceae)

A bacabinha (Oenocarpus mapora Karsten) é uma espécie de palmeira que cresce em touceiras de cinco a 12 indivíduos, nativa da Amazônia, podendo ainda ser encontrada em alguns países do norte da América do Sul e da América Central. Seu fruto é utilizado para fabricar refresco, sorvetes e cremes. Extraindo também, de seu estipe palmito, com excelentes características organolépticas e bom rendimento, devido a suas potencialidades essa espécie vem sendo estudada no sentido de domesticá-la. Com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da posição de semeadura na germinação, no vigor e no crescimento das plântulas, foi realizado o experimento, testando-se quatro posições de semeadura com três repetições em parcelas de 25 sementes, sendo instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Avaliou-se a percentagem, o tempo médio de germinação e o comprimento das plântulas. Os resultados indicaram que a germinação de sementes de bacabinha não foi afetada pela posição de semeadura, alcançando valores acima de 92%, porém, quando as sementes foram postas para germinar com o poro germinativo voltado para a superfície e com a rafe na posição horizontal e voltada para cima, as sementes germinaram em menor tempo. O desenvolvimento inicial das plântulas de bacabinha foi afetado pela posição de semeadura.

Influência do tamanho na germinação e no vigor de sementes de milheto (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke)

O milheto é uma gramínea anual de sementes pequenas, com grande diversidade de tamanho, e com dificuldade, às vezes, do estabelecimento da população adequada de plantas. Este experimento objetivou verificar a influência do tamanho da semente de milheto sobre sua germinação e vigor. Foram utilizados quatro lotes de sementes (I, II, III e IV), classificados em quatro tamanhos, através de peneiras de malha quadrada, sendo: peneira 1 ≥ 2,00mm, peneira 2: 1,68 a 2,00mm, peneira 3: 1,41 a 1,68mm, peneira 4: 0,71 a 1,41mm e mais uma porção do lote original (testemunha), que constituíram os tamanhos. Foram realizados os testes de: peso de 1000 sementes, germinação inicial e após seis meses de armazenamento (TGI e TGII, respectivamente) e vigor (primeira contagem do teste de germinação e condutividade elétrica das sementes). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições por tratamento. As sementes de peneira 4 apresentaram menores pesos de 1000 sementes para todos os lotes, menores valores de germinação para o TGI, em todos os lotes, e para o TGII nos lotes II e IV. Para o vigor (primeira contagem do teste de germinação) observou-se menor valor para peneira 4, nos lotes I, II e IV; enquanto para a condutividade, a peneira 4 apresentou maior valor para todos os lotes, indicando pior qualidade fisiológica dessas sementes. Concluiu-se que a germinação e o vigor das sementes de milheto são influenciados pelo seu tamanho; sementes maiores são de melhor qualidade do que as menores.

Comparação entre testes de vigor para avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de tomate

Sementes de tomate cultivar Santa Clara, representadas por quatro lotes, foram avaliadas com o objetivo de estudar a eficiência de diferentes testes de vigor na determinação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes desta espécie. Foram realizados os testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, germinação a baixa temperatura, emergência das plântulas em solo, envelhecimento acelerado e deterioração controlada. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o teste de envelhecimento acelerado e a primeira contagem do teste de germinação não foram eficientes para separar os lotes em diferentes níveis de vigor. Os testes de germinação a baixa temperatura (18ºC) e emergência das plântulas em solo permitiram agrupar os lotes em dois níveis de vigor. O teste de deterioração controlada a 41ºC com o período de 48 horas e sementes com grau de umidade de 24% mostrou-se mais promissor, pois permitiu separar os lotes em níveis de vigor, apresentando similaridade com a classificação fornecida pelos resultados dos testes de germinação a baixa temperatura e emergência das plântulas em solo.

Action of gibberellic acid (GA3) on dormancy and activity of alpha-amylase in rice seeds

To evaluate the effectiveness of gibberellic acid (GA3) in breaking rice seed dormancy and the use of alpha-amylase enzyme activity as an indicator of the dormancy level, seed from the intensively dormant irrigated cultivar Urucuia were used. The seeds were submitted to a pre-drying process in a forced air circulation chamber under 40ºC during 7 days and submersed in 30 mL of GA3 solution under 0, 10, 30 and 60 mg/L H2O concentrations, during 2, 24 and 36 hours. After the treatments, the alpha-amylase activity was determined by using the polyacrilamide electrophoresis and spectrophotometry. At the same time, the germination test was made. The results indicated a gain in germination and in alpha-amylase activity in higher concentrations and soaking time of seeds in GA3. These observations support the conclusion that soaking seed in 60 mg GA3/L during 36 hours can be used as a quick and efficient treatment in breaking rice seed dormancy and is equivalent to the forced air circulation chamber at 40ºC during 7 days. The alpha-amylase enzyme activity proved to be as an efficient marker of the seeds dormancy level.

Efeito da submersão em água de sementes de feijão na germinação e no vigor

Este trabalho foi conduzido no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente - SP, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos causados pelo alagamento na germinação e no vigor de sementes de feijão. As sementes foram submetidas aos tratamentos de alagamento por períodos de 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 e 48 horas a 25ºC. Durante os tratamentos foram realizadas as avaliações de grau de umidade inicial e final, e após os mesmos, teste de germinação e avaliação do comprimento de hipocótilo e de raiz, peso seco da parte aérea e raiz. Os resultados mostraram que a germinação e o vigor das sementes decresceram com o alagamento, havendo decréscimo médio de 55 pontos percentuais na germinação, com 8 horas de alagamento. Ocorreu diferenciação de lotes através da germinação com sementes que passaram por períodos de alagamento iguais ou superiores a 8 horas. O número de sementes mortas e a inibição ao desenvolvimento de raiz e hipocótilo foram crescentes com o aumento do período de submersão. Desta forma, concluiu-se que o alagamento, por 8 horas, pode causar prejuízos irreversíveis ao estabelecimento da cultura do feijoeiro, bem como, se empregado em laboratório, pode ser um bom indicativo para diferenciação de níveis de qualidade fisiológica em sementes de feijão.