Solos e potencial de uso das terras em municípios do Estado de Pernambuco.

Neste trabalho, o estudo dos solos e do potencial de uso das terras foi executado a nível de propriedade. A utilização dos solos deve ser feita de acordo com suas potencialidades e limitações, o que possibilita um processo de sustentabilidade para as gerações presentes e futuras. Portanto, o conhecimento dos solos e dos ambientes que constituem as paisagens da pequena propriedade rural permite organizar e planejar, de forma racional, as atividades agrossilvopastoris. Em face do exposto, a Unidade Técnica Prorural (Secretaria de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Social de Pernambuco) e a ONG SERTA - Serviço de Tecnologia Alternativa, que incentivam projetos de infraestrutura, produtivos e sociais para produtores rurais da zona da Mata do Estado de Pernambuco, solicitaram a cooperação técnica da Embrapa no sentido de identificar, caracterizar e avaliar o potencial dos solos de 45 propriedades rurais, localizadas nos municípios de Glória do Goitá, Lagoa de Itaenga, Pombos e Feira Nova, objetivando orientar adequadamente a implantação de sistemas de produção agrícolas, a exemplo do sistema de cultivo de produtos com adubação orgânica. Como resultado final, foi produzido um relatório, com o diagnóstico de cada propriedade rural, contendo informações sobre os solos: classes e localização na paisagem; uso atual; fertilidade natural; drenagem; indicativos de potencialidades e limitações; e, sugestões de uso e manejo das terras.

POTENCIAL TURÍSTICO DO MUNICÍPIO DE SANTO AMARO DO MARANHÃO-ESTADO DO MARANHÃO-BRASIL.

O potencial turístico de um lugar deve-se, sobretudo, aos seus aspectos paisagísticos, sendo viável a prática do ecoturismo sustentável. O Estado do Maranhão apresenta diversos ecossistemas dentre os quais se encontram: áreas de floresta com característica amazônica, cerrado, campos inundáveis, manguezais, praias e sistema de dunas. A área de estudo é o município de Santo Amaro do Maranhão que se situa na Mesorregião Norte Maranhense e Microrregião dos Lençóis Maranhenses, compreendendo a área do Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os elementos naturais que proporcionam a condição de pólo turístico regional para a cidade. A zona dos Lençóis Maranhenses é composta por superfícies formadas de depósitos eólicos e aluviões marinhas, de idade Quaternária. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi pautado nos métodos dedutivo, que subsidiou as pesquisas de gabinete, e o método indutivo, utilizado como base na observação da paisagem e dos fenômenos locais, auxiliado pelo método fenomenológico e em na realização do trabalho foram adotados como procedimentos metodológicos: levantamento e análise da bibliografia, atividades de campo envolvendo reconhecimento, registro fotográfico, mensuração de dados e realização de entrevistas com os moradores. Os resultados indicam que o turismo acarreta impactos ambientais negativos, representados pelo uso indevido do rio Alegre, dos lagos e dos campos de dunas. Na sede do município, o crescimento das construções civis em locais impróprios atrelados a especulação imobiliária, torna essencial a intervenção do poder público com políticas de desenvolvimento do turismo sustentável como instrumento de melhoria das condições de vida da população sem prejudicar, de forma significante, o meio natural.

VALORAÇÃO DE SERVIÇO AMBIENTAL PRESTADO POR UNIDADES DE CONSERVAÇÃO NO ABATIMENTO DE EROSÃO: UM ENSAIO METODOLÓGICO

A lei brasileira para Áreas Protegidas (AP) prevê remuneração àquelas AP que protejam manancial cuja água seja explorada por empresas de abastecimento público. Não há, porém, uma metodologia para avaliar o valor dessa remuneração. O presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta metodológica para calcular a economia nos gastos do tratamento da água devido ao abatimento de erosão promovido pela conservação da cobertura vegetal da AP a montante. Esse cômputo baseia-se na diferença do potencial erosivo entre um cenário com AP (I) e outro sem AP (II). A diferença de potencial erosivo indicou a turbidez da água e conseqüentemente o gasto com o agente coagulador usado na estação de tratamento. Essa abordagem foi aplicada no Córrego da Barriguda que abastece a cidade de Pirenópolis (Goiás, Brasil). O potencial erosivo foi computado em ambiente de Sistema de Informações Geográficas usando os fatores de cobertura do solo da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo, que tiveram uma diferença de 287,12% entre os cenários. Esse contraste indicou um aumento na turbidez da água e na dosagem do coagulante. Concluiu-se que a proteção da AP resulta em economia de 64,12% no gasto calculado em relação ao cenário II, sendo esse o valor do serviço ambiental.

Aptidão agrícola das terras e sensibilidade ambiental: proposta metodológica.

O uso indiscriminado das terras, sem levar em conta suas potencialidades e graus de sensibilidade ambiental (fragilidade e/ou estabilidade) dos agroecossistemas, é uma das principais causas da degradação do solo, erosão e perda de sua capacidade produtiva. O objetivo central deste trabalho foi propor uma classificação de sensibilidade ambiental e avaliar a aptidão agrícola das terras da quadrícula de Ribeirão Preto-SP, visando identificar a fragilidade, estabilidade e potencialidade quanto ao uso das terras, como subsídios ao planejamento e gestão ambiental. A área localiza-se entre as coordenadas: 21°00' a 21°30' S e 47°30' a 48°00' WGr. Para a classificação da sensibilidade ambiental utilizou-se a equação universal de perda de solo (EUPS), tolerância de perdas do solo e índice de fragilidade; para avaliação do potencial agrícola, foi adotado o sistema de avaliação da aptidão agrícola das terras, com modificações. A classificação da sensibilidade ambiental, no nível de manejo B, revelou que 75,34% da quadrícula possui áreas com estabilidade variando entre muito estável, estável e moderadamente estável, e 20,91% de áreas frágeis e muito frágeis; no nível de manejo C, 82,03% das áreas Apresentaram estabilidade variando entre muito estável, estável e moderadamente estável, e 14,22% de áreas frágeis e muito frágeis. Na avaliação do potencial agrícola, foi encontrado que 77,73% das terras são adequadas para o uso com lavouras; 15,55% têm uso mais indicado para pasto Plantado, silvicultura e pastagem natural; e 2,97% foram indicadas para preservação da fauna e flora. A classificação da sensibilidade ambiental e avaliação da aptidão agrícola são importantes ferramentas, podendo subsidiar trabalhos sobre planejamento agroambiental e gerenciamentos ambientais.

Floração e vingamento de frutos de Passiflora Cincinnata por polinização natural nas condições do cerrado.

A espécie de maracujazeiro Passiflora cincinnata Mast. é nativa da caatinga, produz frutos comestíveis, e apresenta potencial agronômico de produção. Se destaca pelo colorido e odor das flores, que são de coloração rosa pálido à violeta e azul, com produção abundante de pólen de coloração alaranjada (JUNGHANS et al., 2015; OLIVERIA; RUGGIERO, 2005). O início da fase reprodutiva, após a semeadura, ocorre de cinco a seis meses. As flores abrem às 6h00 e fecham as 18h00, são autoincompatíves e apresentam 7,0 a 12 cm de diâmetro. Do aparecimento do botão floral até a antese são requeridos de 20 a 24 dias. No verão, a taxa de flores que chega a antese é de 93% e no inverno de 35 a 60% (JUNGHANS et al., 2015; OLIVERIA; RUGGIERO, 2005). A capacidade reprodutiva da espécie é limitada pelo aborto de flores e frutos pequenos (APONTE; JÁUREGUI, 2004), de modo que informações referentes à biologia floral e vingamento de frutos são importantes para as diferentes regiões brasileiras. Assim, objetivou-se neste trabalho quantificar a taxa de floração e o pegamento de frutos de dois acessos dos acessos CBAF 2334 e CPEF 2220 de P. cincinnata.

Brazilian Natural Fiber (jute) As Raw Material For Activated Carbon Production.

Jute fiber is the second most common natural cellulose fiber worldwide, especially in recent years, due to its excellent physical, chemical and structural properties. The objective of this paper was to investigate: the thermal degradation of in natura jute fiber, and the production and characterization of the generated activated carbon. The production consisted of carbonization of the jute fiber and activation with steam. During the activation step the amorphous carbon produced in the initial carbonization step reacted with oxidizing gas, forming new pores and opening closed pores, which enhanced the adsorptive capacity of the activated carbon. N2 gas adsorption at 77K was used in order to evaluate the effect of the carbonization and activation steps. The results of the adsorption indicate the possibility of producing a porous material with a combination of microporous and mesoporous structure, depending on the parameters used in the processes, with resulting specific surface area around 470 m2.g-1. The thermal analysis indicates that above 600°C there is no significant mass loss.

Comparing Near-infrared Conventional Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy And Hyperspectral Imaging For Determination Of The Bulk Properties Of Solid Samples By Multivariate Regression: Determination Of Mooney Viscosity And Plasticity Indices Of Natural Rubber.

Conventional reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and hyperspectral imaging (HI) in the near-infrared region (1000-2500 nm) are evaluated and compared, using, as the case study, the determination of relevant properties related to the quality of natural rubber. Mooney viscosity (MV) and plasticity indices (PI) (PI0 - original plasticity, PI30 - plasticity after accelerated aging, and PRI - the plasticity retention index after accelerated aging) of rubber were determined using multivariate regression models. Two hundred and eighty six samples of rubber were measured using conventional and hyperspectral near-infrared imaging reflectance instruments in the range of 1000-2500 nm. The sample set was split into regression (n = 191) and external validation (n = 95) sub-sets. Three instruments were employed for data acquisition: a line scanning hyperspectral camera and two conventional FT-NIR spectrometers. Sample heterogeneity was evaluated using hyperspectral images obtained with a resolution of 150 × 150 μm and principal component analysis. The probed sample area (5 cm(2); 24,000 pixels) to achieve representativeness was found to be equivalent to the average of 6 spectra for a 1 cm diameter probing circular window of one FT-NIR instrument. The other spectrophotometer can probe the whole sample in only one measurement. The results show that the rubber properties can be determined with very similar accuracy and precision by Partial Least Square (PLS) regression models regardless of whether HI-NIR or conventional FT-NIR produce the spectral datasets. The best Root Mean Square Errors of Prediction (RMSEPs) of external validation for MV, PI0, PI30, and PRI were 4.3, 1.8, 3.4, and 5.3%, respectively. Though the quantitative results provided by the three instruments can be considered equivalent, the hyperspectral imaging instrument presents a number of advantages, being about 6 times faster than conventional bulk spectrometers, producing robust spectral data by ensuring sample representativeness, and minimizing the effect of the presence of contaminants.

Classificação de água de coco processada e natural por meio de HCA, PCA e teores de íons metálicos determinados por ICP OES

Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry was used to determine Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu in samples of processed and natural coconut water. The sample preparation consisted in a filtration step followed by a dilution. The analysis was made employing optimized instrumental parameters and the results were evaluated using methods of Pattern Recognition. The data showed common concentration values for the analytes present in processed and natural samples. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) indicated that the samples of different kinds were statistically different when the concentrations of all the analytes were considered simultaneously.

Antimycobacterial and cytotoxicity activity of synthetic and natural compounds

Antimycobacterial and cytotoxicity activity of synthetic and natural compounds. Secondary metabolites from Curvularia eragrostidis and Drechslera dematioidea, Clusia sp. floral resin, alkaloids from Pilocarpus alatus, salicylideneanilines, piperidine amides, the amine 1-cinnamylpiperazine and chiral pyridinium salts were assayed on Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. N-(salicylidene)-2-hydroxyaniline was the most effective compound with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8 µmol/L. Dihydrocurvularin was moderately effective with a MIC of 40 µmol/L. Clusia sp. floral resin and a gallocatechin-epigallocatechin mixture showed MIC of 0.02 g/L and 38 µmol/L, respectively. The cytotoxicity was evaluated for N-(salicylidene)-2-hydroxyaniline, curvularin, dihydrocurvularin and Clusia sp. floral resin, and the selectivity indexes were > 125, 0.47, 0.75 and 5, respectively.

Tree structure and richness in an Atlantic Forest fragment: distance from anthropogenic and natural edges

Approximately 7.2% of the Atlantic rainforest remains in Brazil, with only 16% of this forest remaining in the State of Rio de Janeiro, all of it distributed in fragments. This forest fragmentation can produce biotic and abiotic differences between edges and the fragment interior. In this study, we compared the structure and richness of tree communities in three habitats - an anthropogenic edge (AE), a natural edge (NE) and the fragment interior (FI) - of a fragment of Atlantic forest in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (22°50'S and 42°28'W). One thousand and seventy-six trees with a diameter at breast height > 4.8 cm, belonging to 132 morphospecies and 39 families, were sampled in a total study area of 0.75 ha. NE had the greatest basal area and the trees in this habitat had the greatest diameter:height allometric coefficient, whereas AE had a lower richness and greater variation in the height of the first tree branch. Tree density, diameter, height and the proportion of standing dead trees did not differ among the habitats. There was marked heterogeneity among replicates within each habitat. These results indicate that the forest interior and the fragment edges (natural or anthropogenic) do not differ markedly considering the studied parameters. Other factors, such as the age from the edge, type of matrix and proximity of gaps, may play a more important role in plant community structure than the proximity from edges.

Amostragem e variabilidade espacial de atributos químicos do solo em área de vegetação natural em regeneração

The objectives of this work was to estimate the number of soil subsamples considering the classical statistics and geostatistics and determine the spatial variability of soil fertility attributes of an Ultisol, with clay texture, in an area of regenerating natural vegetation in Alegre - ES. Soil samples were collected in a depth of 0.0-0.2 m, at the crossing points of a regular grid, comprising a total of 64 points located at 10 m-intervals. The area presented low fertility soil. Considering a variation of 5% around the mean in the classic statistics, it is necessary a larger number of samples in relation to geostatistics. All the chemical attributes showed moderate to high spatial dependence, except for the effective cation exchange capacity (CECe), which showed pure nugget effect. The spherical semivariogram model gave the best fit to the data. Isoline maps allowed visualizing the differentiated spatial distribution of the contents of soil chemical attributes.

Variabilidade espacial de atributos físicos de um argissolo vermelho-amarelo sob pastagem e vegetação secundária em regeneração natural

This work was carried out with the objective of studying the spatial variability of the physical attributes of a Red-Yellow Ultisol under pasture and secondary vegetation in natural regeneration. Two areas were chosen in a hillside, with the soil sampling to the depth of 0-0.2 m, with the georeferenced points in a regular grid of 10x10 m, totalizing 64 points. In each point it was evaluated the total volume of porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, bulk density, soil penetration resistance and soil water content. The studied attributes in the pasture area present indicator of soil compaction for the animals' traffic, with moderate and strong structure of spatial dependence, except for the macroporosity and penetration resistance. In the area of secondary vegetation (VN) only the macroporosity does not present spatial dependence. The total volume of porosity and the bulk density present the same spatial standard in the area under pasture.

Variação sazonal da fotossíntese, condutância estomática e potencial da água na folha de laranjeira 'Valência'

Seasonal variation in environmental conditions may influence gas exchange rates as well as water relations in perennial species. This work was carried out to evaluate photosynthetic rates (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (g) and leaf water potential (psi f ) in 'Valencia' orange trees grafted on four different rootstocks. Measurements were made twice a day: from 9h00 to 11h00 a.m. and from 1h00 to 3h00 p.m., during January, March and July. A and g were significantly lower and psif was significantly more negative, in the afternoon. The decrease in A may be related to the reduction in g, due to the increase in the vapor pressure deficit between the air and the leaf (VPDair-leaf ) in the afternoon, when temperatures are higher. In spite of the partial stomatal closure in the afternoon, the values for E were approximately the same as those measured in the morning, due to the increase in the VPDair-leaf . A decrease in A and g could also be noted from January to July, that is, from the hot and humid summer months, to the colder and drier winter ones. It was suggested that the decrease in A and g observed from January through March, may be related to the decrease in plant growth rates, which could have influenced the source-sink relationships, since the climatic conditions for both months were similar. The decrease in A and g showed in July, seems to be related to the decrease in both the night temperature and the growth rate of plants.

Atributos mecânicos e erosão por salpicamento em amostras de latossolo vermelho-amarelo sob efeito de vinhaça

The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of plonk on compressive behavior and mechanical attributes such as consistency, optimum moisture for compaction and maximum density of a Red-Yellow Latosol (Oxisol) to evaluate the effect of plonk and compaction state in splashed particles, from Lavras (MG) region. The plonk was obtained from an artisanal sugarcane brandy alembic. Undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected at 0 to 3 cm and 60 to 63 cm depths. Disturbed soil samples were used for soil characterization, determination of consistence limits and Normal Proctor essay after material incubation with plonk. Undisturbed soil samples were saturated with plonk or distilled water (control) during 48 hours for testing the compressibility and resistance to splash by using simulated rainfall. The plonk altered the consistence limits of studied layers. For the 0-3 cm layer, the plonk reduced the friable range, and for the 60-63 cm layer the effect was in the opposite direction. For both layers, the plonk increased Dmax and decreased Uoptimum. Regardless of the plonk treatment, both layers presented the same load support capacity. The compaction degree of samples influenced the splash erosion. The increase of the applied pressure over the samples resulted in increase of splash material quantity. At the 60-63 cm layer, the plonk treatment reduced the splash material quantity by increasing the applied pressure, mainly when the samples were at field capacity.

Ocular masquerade syndrome associated with extranodal nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: case report

A 33-year-old woman complained of unilateral eyelid edema and blurred vision. Initial ophthalmic examination disclosed anterior chamber reaction with keratic precipitates on the cornea, without posterior abnormalities. Anterior uveitis was treated. Despite that, patient showed rapidly progressive unilateral vision loss with optic nerve swelling. Systemic workup was inconclusive, as well as cranial magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid examination. Based on the hypothesis of optic neuritis, intravenous methylprednisolone pulse was performed with no success. During the following days, the patient presented pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade, progressing to death. Necropsy was performed and diagnosis of extranodal natural killers/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type with ocular involvement was confirmed by immunohistochemistry.