IgA1 levels in milk and serum samples from intestinal parasite-infected or normal puerperae

In this study, IgA1 levels in the milk and serum of puerperae were compared and a correlation was established between the levels of this immunoglobulin and the occurrence of parasitism. Eighty-three paired milk and serum samples were obtained from puerperal and IgA1 levels were analyzed. In addition, the presence of intestinal parasites in stool samples from these puerperae was determined. Twelve puerperae tested positive for intestinal parasites and all their samples presented an IgA1 ELISA Index > 1. There was a correlation between serum and milk IgA1 levels and puerperae with any parasite in their stool (r = 0.6723; p = 0.0166). This finding may reinforce the importance of breast-feeding for the protection of neonates.

Occurrence of hybrids and laboratory evidence of fertility among three species of the Phyllosoma complex (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Mexico

In seven studied communities of Western Mexico, triatomine specimens were sympatrically collected, some with atypical morphological characteristics in contrast to pure specimens, which were presumed to be hybrids. More than 200 specimens of Meccus pallidipennis and Meccus longipennis with brown-yellow markings on dorsal connexival segments were collected in Ahuacapán and Quitupan. In La Mesa, more than 60 specimens similar to Meccus picturatus in most morphological characteristics (including size) were collected, although they presented a largely yellowish corium like M. pallidipennis. Interfertility was proven between all of the studied wild hybrid specimens, as well as between all the experimental laboratory hybrids. Two different phenotypes (M. picturatus and M. longipennis) were obtained from crosses between M. picturatus x M. picturatus and M. longipennis x M. longipennis from the three studied localities in state of Nayarit as from La Mesita. Results support the hypothesis that the subspecific ranking of those triatomines may, therefore, be more appropriate because reproductive isolation has not been developed and complete interbreeding was recorded.

Meaning of the λ parameter of skew–normal and log–skew normal distributions in fluid geochemistry

The literature related to skew–normal distributions has grown rapidly in recent yearsbut at the moment few applications concern the description of natural phenomena withthis type of probability models, as well as the interpretation of their parameters. Theskew–normal distributions family represents an extension of the normal family to whicha parameter (λ) has been added to regulate the skewness. The development of this theoreticalfield has followed the general tendency in Statistics towards more flexible methodsto represent features of the data, as adequately as possible, and to reduce unrealisticassumptions as the normality that underlies most methods of univariate and multivariateanalysis. In this paper an investigation on the shape of the frequency distribution of thelogratio ln(Cl−/Na+) whose components are related to waters composition for 26 wells,has been performed. Samples have been collected around the active center of Vulcanoisland (Aeolian archipelago, southern Italy) from 1977 up to now at time intervals ofabout six months. Data of the logratio have been tentatively modeled by evaluating theperformance of the skew–normal model for each well. Values of the λ parameter havebeen compared by considering temperature and spatial position of the sampling points.Preliminary results indicate that changes in λ values can be related to the nature ofenvironmental processes affecting the data

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of YM087, a combined V1/V2 vasopressin receptor antagonist in normal subjects.

OBJECTIVE: The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of YM087, (4'-[(2-methyl-1,4,5,6- tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepin-6-yl)-carbonyl]-2-p henylbenzanilide monohydrochloride), a new orally active, dual V1/V2 receptor antagonist were characterised in healthy normotensive subjects. METHODS: Six subjects were randomly allocated to receive, at 1-week intervals, a single oral dose of 60 mg YM087 and a single i.v. dose of 50 mg YM087 in an open-label, crossover study. RESULTS: YM087 had an oral bioavailability of 44% and a short half-life. Upon oral and i.v. administration of YM087, a significant sevenfold increase in urine flow rate and a fall in urinary osmolality (from 600 mosmol/l to less than 100-mosmol/l) were observed with a peak effect 2 h after drug intake suggesting effective vasopressin V2 receptor blockade. Simultaneously, significant increases in plasma osmolality (from 283 +/- 1.3 mosmol/l to 288 +/- 1.0 mosmol/l after i.v. and from 283 +/- 2.1 mosmol/l to 289 +/- 1.7-mosmol/l after oral administration) and vasopressin levels (from 1.5 +/- 0.3 pg/ml to 3.7 +/- 0.6 pg/ml after i.v. and from 0.9 +/- 0.1 pg/ml to 3.9 +/- 0.7 pg/ml after oral administration) were found. When administered i.v., YM087 inhibited the vasopressin-induced skin vasoconstriction, suggesting a blockade of V1 receptors. However, the YM087-induced antagonism of V1 receptors was less pronounced than V2 receptor blockade. CONCLUSION: These data show that YM087 is an effective dual V1/V2 receptor antagonist in man.

MR and CT imaging of pulmonary valved conduits in children and adolescents: normal appearance and complications.

BACKGROUND: The Contegra® is a conduit made from the bovine jugular vein and then interposed between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. It is used for cardiac malformations in the reconstruction of right ventricular outflow tract. OBJECTIVE: To describe both normal and pathological appearances of the Contegra® in radiological imaging, to describe imaging of complications and to define the role of CT and MRI in postoperative follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-three examinations of 24 patients (17 boys and 7 girls; mean age: 10.8 years old) with Contegra® conduits were reviewed. Anatomical description and measurements of the conduits were performed. Pathological items examined included stenosis, dilatation, plicature or twist, thrombus or vegetations, calcifications and valvular regurgitation. Findings were correlated to the echographic gradient through the conduit when available. RESULTS: CT and MR work-up showed Contegra® stenosis (n = 12), dilatation (n = 9) and plicature or twist (n = 7). CT displayed thrombus or vegetations in the Contegra® in three clinically infected patients. Calcifications of the conduit were present at CT in 12 patients and valvular regurgitation in three patients. The comparison between CT and/or MR results showed a good correlation between the echographic gradient and the presence of stenosis in the Contegra®. CONCLUSION: CT and MR bring additional information about permeability and postoperative anatomy especially when echocardiography is inconclusive. Both techniques depict the normal appearance of the conduit, and allow comparison and precise evaluation of changes in the postoperative follow-up.

The glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (gilz/tsc22d3-2) gene locus plays a crucial role in male fertility.

The glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (Tsc22d3-2) is a widely expressed dexamethasone-induced transcript that has been proposed to be important in immunity, adipogenesis, and renal sodium handling based on in vitro studies. To address its function in vivo, we have used Cre/loxP technology to generate mice deficient for Tsc22d3-2. Male knockout mice were viable but surprisingly did not show any major deficiencies in immunological processes or inflammatory responses. Tsc22d3-2 knockout mice adapted to a sodium-deprived diet and to water deprivation conditions but developed a subtle deficiency in renal sodium and water handling. Moreover, the affected animals developed a mild metabolic phenotype evident by a reduction in weight from 6 months of age, mild hyperinsulinemia, and resistance to a high-fat diet. Tsc22d3-2-deficient males were infertile and exhibited severe testis dysplasia from postnatal d 10 onward with increases in apoptotic cells within seminiferous tubules, an increased number of Leydig cells, and significantly elevated FSH and testosterone levels. Thus, our analysis of the Tsc22d3-2-deficient mice demonstrated a previously uncharacterized function of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper protein in testis development.

Hexyl-aminolevulinate mediated photodynamic therapy: how to spare normal urothelium. An in vitro approach

Résumé Objectifs : La thérapie photodynamique a pour but la destruction sélective du tissu néoplasique par interaction de lumière, d'oxygène et d'une substance photosensibilisatrice (la Protoporphyrine IX dans notre étude). Malgré une accumulation sélective du photosensibilisateur dans le tissu tumoral, la thérapie photodynamique du carcinome urothélial de la vessie peut endommager les cellules normales de l'épithélium urinaire. La prévention de ces lésions est importante pour la régénération de la muqueuse. Notre étude sur un modèle in vitro d'urothélium porcin étudie l'influence de la concentration du photosensibilisateur, des paramètres d'irradiation et de la production d'intermédiaires réactifs de l'oxygène (ROS) sur les effets photodynamique. Le but était de déterminer les conditions seuil pour épargner l'urothélium sain. Méthode: Dans une chambre de culture transparente à deux compartiments, des muqueuses vésicales de porc maintenues en vie ont été incubées avec une solution d'hexyl-aminolévulinate (HAL), le précurseur de la Protoporphyrine IX. Ces muqueuses ont ensuite été irradiées avec des doses lumineuses croissantes en lumière bleue et en lumière blanche, et les altérations cellulaires ont été évaluées par microscopie électronique à balayage et par un colorant fluorescent, le Sytox green. Nous avons également évalué la production d'intermédiaires réactifs de l'oxygène parla mesure de la fluorescence intracellulaire de Rhodamine 123 (R123), produit de l'oxydation de la Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR123) non fluorescente. Ces valeurs ont été corrélées avec celles du photo blanchiment de la PAIX. Résultats : Le taux de mortalité cellulaire était dépendant de la concentration de PAIX. Après 3 heures d'incubation, la valeur seuil de dose lumineuse pour la lumière bleu était de 0.15 et 0.75 J/cm2 (irradiance 30 et 75 mW/cm2, respectivement) et pour la lumière blanche de 0.55 J/cm2 (irradiante 30 mW/cm2). Le taux de photo blanchiment était inversement proportionnel à l'irradiante. Le système de détection des intermédiaires réactifs de l'oxygène DHR123/R123 a démontré une bonne corrélation avec les valeurs seuil pour toutes les conditions d'irradiation utilisées. Conclusions : Nous avons déterminé les doses lumineuses permettant d'épargner 50% des cellules urothéliales saines. L'utilisation d'une faible irradiante associée à des systèmes permettant de mesurer la production d'intermédiaires réactifs de l'oxygène dans les tissus irradiés pourrait améliorer la dosimétrie in vivo et l'efficacité de la thérapie photodynamique. Abstract Background and Objectives: Photodynamic therapy of superficial bladder cancer may cause damages to the normal surrounding bladder wall. Prevention of these is important for bladder healing. We studied the influence of photosensitizes concentration, irradiation parameters and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the photodynamically induced damage in the porcine urothelium in vitro. The aim was to determine the threshold conditions for the cell survival. Methods: Living porcine bladder mucosae were incubated with solution of hexylester of 5-aminolevulinic acid (HAL). The mucosae were irradiated with increasing doses and cell alterations were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and by Sytox green fluorescence. The urothelial survival score was correlated with Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) photobleaching and intracellular fluorescence of Rhodamine 123 reflecting the ROS production. Results: The mortality ratio was dependent on PpIX concentration. After 3 hours of incubation, the threshold radiant exposures for blue light were 0.15 and 0.75 J/cm2 (irradiance 30 and 75 mW/cm2, respectively) and for white light 0.55 J/cm2 (irradiance 30 mW/cm2). Photobleaching rate increased with decreasing irradiance. Interestingly, the DHR123/R123 reporter system correlated well with the threshold exposures under all conditions used. Conclusions: we have determined radiant exposures sparing half of normal urothelial cells. We propose that the use of low irradiance combined with systems reporting the ROS production in the irradiated tissue could improve the in vivo dosimetry and optimize the PDT.

Intracortical connectivity of layer VI pyramidal neurons in the somatosensory cortex of normal and barrelless mice.

In mice, barrels in layer IV of the somatosensory cortex correspond to the columnar representations of whisker follicles. In barrelless (BRL) mice, barrels are absent, but functionally, a columnar organization persists. Previously we characterized the aberrant geometry of thalamic projection of BRL mice using axonal reconstructions of individual neurons. Here we proceeded with the analysis of the intracortical projections from layer VI pyramidal neurons, to assess their contribution to the columnar organization. From series of tangential sections we reconstructed the axon collaterals of individual layer VI pyramidal neurons in the C2 barrel column that were labelled with biocytin [controls from normal (NOR) strain, 19 cells; BRL strain, nine cells]. Using six morphological parameters in a cluster analysis, we showed that layer VI neurons in NOR mice are distributed into four clusters distinguished by the radial and tangential extent of their intracortical projections. These clusters correlated with the cortical or subcortical projection of the main axon. In BRL mice, neurons were distributed within the same four clusters, but their projections to the granular and supragranular layers were significantly smaller and their tangential projection was less columnar than in NOR mice. However, in both strains the intracortical projections had a preference for the appropriate barrel column (C2), indicating that layer VI pyramidal cells could participate in the functional columnar organization of the barrel cortex. Correlative light and electron microscopy analyses provided morphometric data on the intracortical synaptic boutons and synapses of layer VI pyramidal neurons and revealed that projections to layer IV preferentially target excitatory dendritic spines and shafts.

Rôle des cellules souches épithéliales de la cornée et de leur micro-environnement dans le traitement des destructions de la surface oculaire [Darwin or Lamarck? Understanding the ocular surface and its normal or abnormal differentiation in order to cure ocular surface destruction with corneal opacification].

According to the World Health Organization, 5.1% of blindnesses or visual impairments are related to corneal opacification. Cornea is a transparent tissue placed in front of the color of the eye. Its transparency is mandatory for vision. The ocular surface is a functional unit including the cornea and all the elements involved in maintaining its transparency i.e., the eyelids, the conjunctiva, the lymphoid tissue of the conjunctiva, the limbus, the lacrymal glands and the tear film. The destruction of the ocular surface is a disease caused by : traumatisms, infections, chronic inflammations, cancers, toxics, unknown causes or congenital abnormalities. The treatment of the ocular surface destruction requires a global strategy including all the elements that are involved in its physiology. The microenvironnement of the ocular surface must first be restored, i.e., the lids, the conjunctiva, the limbus and the structures that secrete the different layers of the tear film. In a second step, the transparency of the cornea can be reconstructed. A corneal graft performed in a healthy ocular surface microenvironnement will have a better survival rate. To achieve these goals, a thorough understanding of the renewal of the epitheliums and the role of the epithelial stem cells are mandatory.

Normal weight obesity: relationship with lipids, glycaemic status, liver enzymes and inflammation

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as an excessive body fat associated with a normal body mass index (BMI) and has been associated with early inflammation, but its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors await investigation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cross-sectional study including 3213 women and 2912 men aged 35-75 years to assess the clinical characteristics of NWO in Lausanne, Switzerland. Body fat was assessed by bioimpedance. NWO was defined as a BMI<25 kg/m(2) and a % body fat ≥66(th) gender-specific percentiles. The prevalence of NWO was 5.4% in women and less than 3% in men, so the analysis was restricted to women. NWO women had a higher % of body fat than overweight women. After adjusting for age, smoking, educational level, physical activity and alcohol consumption, NWO women had higher blood pressure and lipid levels and a higher prevalence of dyslipidaemia (odds-ratio=1.90 [1.34-2.68]) and fasting hyperglycaemia (odds-ratio=1.63 [1.10-2.42]) than lean women, whereas no differences were found between NWO and overweight women. Conversely, no differences were found between NWO and lean women regarding levels of CRP, adiponectin and liver markers (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transferase). Using other definitions of NWO led to similar conclusions, albeit some differences were no longer significant. CONCLUSION: NWO is almost nonexistent in men. Women with NWO present with higher cardiovascular risk factors than lean women, while no differences were found for liver or inflammatory markers. Specific screening of NWO might be necessary in order to implement cardiovascular prevention.