Processing and Composition Effects on the Fracture Behavior of Spray-Formed 7XXX Series Al Alloys

The fracture properties of high-strength spray-formed Al alloys were investigated, with consideration of the effects of elemental additions such as zinc,manganese, and chromium and the influence of the addition of SiC particulate. Fracture resistance values between 13.6 and 25.6 MPa (m)1/2 were obtained for the monolithic alloys in the T6 and T7 conditions, respectively. The alloys with SiC particulate compared well and achieved fracture resistance values between 18.7 and 25.6 MPa (m)1/2. The spray-formed materials exhibited a loss in fracture resistance (KI) compared to ingot metallurgy 7075 alloys but had an improvedperformance compared to high-solute powder metallurgy alloys of similar composition. Characterization of the fracture surfaces indicated a predominantly intergranular decohesion, possibly facilitated by the presence of incoherent particles at the grain boundary regions and by the large strength differentialbetween the matrix and precipitate zone. It is believed that at the slip band-grain boundary intersection, particularly in the presence of large dispersoids and/or inclusions, microvoid nucleation would be significantly enhanced. Differences in fracture surfaces between the alloys in the T6 and T7 condition were observed and are attributed to inhomogeneous slip distribution, which results in strain localization at grain boundaries. The best overall combination of fracture resistance properties were obtained for alloys with minimum amounts of chromium and manganese additions.

Zirconia for teeth and implants

This case series reports on the use of nonsilica-based high-strength full ceramics for different prosthetic indications. Fifty-two consecutive patients received tooth- or implant-supported zirconia reconstructions during a 2-year period. The observation period for reexamination was 12 to 30 months. The most frequent indications were single crowns and short-span fixed partial dentures. A few implant superstructures were screw-retained, whereas all remaining restorations were cemented on natural teeth or zirconia implant abutments. Clinical examination included biologic (probing depths, bleeding on probing) and esthetic (Papilla Index) parameters, as well as technical complications. No implant was lost or caused any problems, but two teeth were lost after horizontal fracture. Overall, the periodontal parameters were favorable. Fractures of frameworks or implant abutments were not observed. Abutment-screw loosening occurred once for one premolar single crown. Furthermore, five implant crowns in the posterior region exhibited chipping of the porcelain veneering material. With regard to esthetics, no reconstructions were considered unacceptable, but three crowns were remade shortly after delivery. In this short-term study, it was observed that biologic, esthetic, and mechanical properties of zirconia were favorable, and the material could be used in various prosthetic indications on teeth or implants.

Effect of microstructure and alloying elements on the resistance of fastener grade steels to hydrogen assisted cracking

Fastener grade steels with varying alloy contents and heat treatments were employed to measure changes in resistance to hydrogen assisted cracking. The testing procedure compared notched tension specimens fractured in air to threshold stress values obtained during hydrogen charging, utilizing a rising step load procedure. Bainitic structures improved resistance by 10-20% compared to tempered martensite structures. Dual phase steels with a tempered martensite matrix and 20% ferrite were more susceptible and notch sensitive. High strength, fully pearlitic structures showed an improvement in resistance. Carbon content, per se, had no effect on the resistance of steel to hydrogen assisted cracking. Chromium caused a deleterious effect but all other alloying elements studied did not cause much change in hydrogen assisted cracking susceptibility.

Boron nitride nanotubes : synthesis, characterization, functionalization, and potential applications

Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are structurally similar to carbon nanotubes (CNTs), but exhibit completely different physical and chemical properties. Thus, BNNTs with various interesting properties may be complementary to CNTs and provide an alternative perspective to be useful in different applications. However, synthesis of high quality of BNNTs is still challenging. Hence, the major goals of this research work focus on the fundamental study of synthesis, characterizations, functionalization, and explorations of potential applications. In this work, we have established a new growth vapor trapping (GVT) approach to produce high quality and quantity BNNTs on a Si substrate, by using a conventional tube furnace. This chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approach was conducted at a growth temperature of 1200 °C. As compared to other known approaches, our GVT technique is much simpler in experimental setup and requires relatively lower growth temperatures. The as-grown BNNTs are fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), Energy Filtered Mapping, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy, etc. Following this success, the growth of BNNTs is now as convenient as growing CNTs and ZnO nanowires. Some important parameters have been identified to produce high-quality BNNTs on Si substrates. Furthermore, we have identified a series of effective catalysts for patterned growth of BNNTs at desirable or pre-defined locations. This catalytic CVD technique is achieved based on our finding that MgO, Ni or Fe are the good catalysts for the growth of BNNTs. The success of patterned growth not only explains the role of catalysts in the formation of BNNTs, this technique will also become technologically important for future device fabrication of BNNTs. Following our success in controlled growth of BNNTs on substrates, we have discovered the superhydrophobic behavior of these partially vertically aligned BNNTs. Since BNNTs are chemically inert, resistive to oxidation up to ~1000°C, and transparent to UV-visible light, our discovery suggests that BNNTs could be useful as self-cleaning, insulating and protective coatings under rigorous chemical and thermal conditions. We have also established various approaches to functionalize BNNTs with polymeric molecules and carbon coatings. First, we showed that BNNTs can be functionalized by mPEG-DSPE (Polyethylene glycol-1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), a bio-compatible polymer that helps disperse and dissolve BNNTs in water solution. Furthermore, well-dispersed BNNTs in water can be cut from its original length of >10µm to(>20hrs). This success is an essential step to implement BNNTs in biomedical applications. On the other hand, we have also succeeded to functionalize BNNTs with various conjugated polymers. This success enables the dispersion of BNNTs in organic solvents instead of water. Our approaches are useful for applications of BNNTs in high-strength composites. In addition, we have also functionalized BNNTs with carbon decoration. This was performed by introducing methane (CH4) gas into the growth process of BNNT. Graphitic carbon coatings can be deposited on the side wall of BNNTs with thicknesses ranging from 2 to 5 nm. This success can modulate the conductivity of pure BNNTs from insulating to weakly electrically conductive. Finally, efforts were devoted to explore the application of the wide bandgap BNNTs in solar-blind deep UV (DUV) photo-detectors. We found that photoelectric current generated by the DUV light was dominated in the microelectrodes of our devices. The contribution of photocurrent from BNNTs is not significant if there is any. Implication from these preliminary experiments and potential future work are discussed.

Nano-engineering of composite material via reactive mechanical alloying/milling (RMA/M)

Attempts to strengthen a chromium-modified titanium trialuminide by a combination of grain size refinement and dispersoid strengthening led to a new means to synthesize such materials. This Reactive Mechanical Alloying/Milling process uses in situ reactions between the metallic powders and elements from a process control agent and/or a gaseous environment to assemble a dispersed small hard particle phase within the matrix by a bottom-up approach. In the current research milled powders of the trialuminide alloy along with titanium carbide were produced. The amount of the carbide can be varied widely with simple processing changes and in this case the milling process created trialuminide grain sizes and carbide particles that are the smallest known from such a process. Characterization of these materials required the development of x-ray diffraction means to determine particle sizes by deconvoluting and synthesizing components of the complex multiphase diffraction patterns and to carry out whole pattern analysis to analyze the diffuse scattering that developed from larger than usual highly defective grain boundary regions. These identified regions provide an important mass transport capability in the processing and not only facilitate the alloy development, but add to the understanding of the mechanical alloying process. Consolidation of the milled powder that consisted of small crystallites of the alloy and dispersed carbide particles two nanometers in size formed a unique, somewhat coarsened, microstructure producing an ultra-high strength solid material composed of the chromium-modified titanium trialuminide alloy matrix with small platelets of the complex carbides Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC2. This synthesis process provides the unique ability to nano-engineer a wide variety of composite materials, or special alloys, and has shown the ability to be extended to a wide variety of metallic materials.

The Age-Hardening of Duralumin

The development of wrought alloys of aluminum to which high strength and ductility can be imparted by heat treatment began with the work of Wilm and Claesser in Germany, 1905­-1911. During this time an alloy was developed which was later commercially produced in that country under the tradename of duralumin. The need for strong, light alloys for aircraft during the World War greatly hastened the development of duralumin.

The Effects of Some Percentages of Nickel on the Annealing of Cartridge Brass

The most important element in the alloying of steels, has also been used quite extensively as a third constituent in copper-zinc alloys. The chief characteristics of nickel which make it desirable as an alloying element are its toughness, high strength, and resistance to corrosion.

Opportunities in Materials Processing: Metal Casting

Revitalizing manufacturing in the US is a hot topic, and the $1B National Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NNMI) has three new centers focused on metal casting. For structural applications, magnesium casting, structural die-cast alloys, austempered ductile and compacted graphite cast iron, and high strength steel promise dramatic weight reduction and improved performance. Recent experiments and modeling at UAB focus on the development of such new materials and processing routes. A study of the rare earth content in an aerospace magnesium alloy is presented.

Entwicklung textiler Maschinenelemente für den Einsatz in Windkraftanlagen und Seilwinden

Es sollen hochfeste, gewichtreduzierte Zug- und Tragmittel aus hochmodularen (HM) und hochfesten (HT) Fasern validiert und dabei sowohl runde als auch flache, riemenartige Strukturen untersucht werden. Dadurch sind effizientere Fördersysteme und die Überwindung technischer Grenzen möglich. Darüber hinaus soll das Hauptkriterium für ein breites Anwendungsspektrum geschaffen werden: ein anerkanntes, zerstörungsfreies Prüfverfahren, mit dem der Austausch- bzw. Wartungszeitpunkt des textilen Tragmittels bestimmt werden kann. Können die o. g. Punkte erfolgreich bearbeitet werden, erfolgt eine Ausdehnung der textilen Strukturen in den Bereich kraftübertragender Maschinenelemente. Anhand von Feldversuchen in fördertechnischen Anlagen im Bergbau/ Intralogistik soll erstmals der vollständige Nachweis geführt werden, dass derartige textile Strukturen in technischen Anwendungen eingesetzt werden können. Der Nachweis umfasst die Validierung einer Vielzahl von Einzelschwerpunkten wie die Entwicklung einer Endlos-Herstellungstechnologie bzw. Endverbindung, die Tragmitteldimensionierung, die Erbringung von Festigkeitsnachweisen, die Erarbeitung von Vorschriften und die Erprobung der Verfahren zur Zustandsüberwachung.

Neue Generation von Aufzügen mit Faserseil

Energieeffiziente und leistungsfähige Zug- und Tragmittel aus hochmoduligen (HM) und hochfesten (HT) Fasern rücken seit einigen Jahren in den Fokus von Aufzugherstellern und Betreibern. Hauptgrund dafür ist, das die bisher eingesetzten Stahldrahtseile auf Grund ihrer vergleichsweise hohen Eigenmasse an technische Grenzen stoßen. Seile aus hochfesten Polymerfasern haben gegenüber Stahldrahtseilen eine vergleichbare oder sogar höhere Zugfestigkeit und ein vier- bis sechsfach geringeres Gewicht. Um das Potential dieser Fasern optimal auszunutzen, sind sowohl die Anordnung der Fasern als auch die Schmierstoffeinbringung zu untersuchen. Diesbezüglich wurden verschiedenen Seilkonstruktions- und Schmierstoffvarianten entwickelt und im Dauerbiegeversuch validiert.

Schadensanalyse hochfester Faserseile

Bis heute werden in Unstetigförderern, wie Kränen und Aufzügen, fast ausschließlich Stahldrahtseile und Stahlketten eingesetzt. Gleichwohl weisen diese Zugmittel wesentliche Nachteile, wie z. B. eine hohe Ei-genmasse, geringe Biegeflexibilität und Korrosionsempfindlichkeit, auf. Um den stetig wachsenden Anforderungen insbesondere im Bereich der „laufenden Seile“ gerecht werden zu können, müssen alternative Zugmittel, unter Verwendung neuer Technologien und Werkstoffe, entwickelt und durch systematische Untersuchungen zur Serienreife geführt werden. Hochfeste Faserseile weisen bereits heute vielversprechende mechanische Eigenschaften hinsichtlich Zugfestigkeit, Schwingungsverhalten und Biegewechselfestigkeit auf. Dennoch ist ihr Einsatz aufgrund fehlender systematischer Untersuchungen, unzureichender Dimensionierungsgrundlagen sowie fehlender Verfahren zur Ablegereifeerkennung, zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt nicht möglich. Mit Hilfe neuer Techniken und Verfahren, wie beispielsweise einer Mehrzonenbiegewechselmaschine für die Seilprüfung und der Computertomographie für die Seilanalyse sollen neue Erkenntnisse über das Ver-schleißverhalten von Faserseilen gewonnen und daraus abgeleitet neue Seilkonstruktionen sowie Ablegekriterien entstehen.

Performance enhancement of large industrial wastewater stabilization ponds

A 6-month-long, bench-scale simulation of an industrial wastewater stabilization pond (WSP) system was conducted to evaluate responses to several potential performance-enhancing treatments. The industrial WSP system consists of an anaerobic primary (1ry) WSP treating high-strength wastewater, followed by facultative secondary (2ry) and aerobic tertiary (3ry) WSPs in series treating lower-strength wastewater. The 1ry WSP was simulated with four glass aquaria which were fed with wastewater from the actual WSP system. The treatments examined were phosphorus supplementation (PHOS), phosphorus supplementation with pH control (PHOS+ALK), and phosphorus supplementation with pH control and effluent recycle (PHOS+ALK+RCY). The supplementary phosphorus treatment alone did not yield any significant change versus the CONTROL 1ry model pond. The average carbon to phosphorus ratio of the feed wastewater received from the WSP system was already 100:0.019 (i.e., 2,100 mg/l: 0.4 mg/l). The pH-control treatments (PHOS+ALK and PHOS+ALK+RCY) produced significant results, with 9 to 12 percent more total organic carbon (TOC) removal, 43 percent more volatile organic acid (VOA) generation, 78 percent more 2-ethoxyethanol and 14 percent more bis(2-chloroethyl)ether removal, and from 100- to 10,000-fold increases in bacterial enzyme activity and heterotrophic bacterial numbers. Recycling a 10-percent portion of the effluent yielded less variability for certain physicochemical parameters in the PHOS+ALK+RCY 1ry model pond, but overall there was no statistically-detectable improvement in performance versus no recycle. The 2ry and 3ry WSPs were also simulated in the laboratory to monitor the effect and fate of increased phosphorus loadings, as might occur if supplemental phosphorus were added to the 1ry WSP. Noticeable increases in algal growth were observed at feed phosphorus concentrations of 0.5 mg/l; however, there were no significant changes in the monitored physicochemical parameters. The effluent phosphorus concentrations from both the 2ry and 3ry model ponds did increase notably when feed phosphorus concentrations were increased from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l. ^

Development of Robotized Laser Welding Applications for Joining Thin Sheets

Laser Welding (LW) is more often used in manufacturing due to its advantages, such as accurate control, good repeatability, less heat input, opportunities for joining of special materials, high speed, capability to join small dimension parts etc. LW is dedicated to robotized manufacturing, and the fabrication cells are using various level of flexibility, from specialized robots to very flexible setups. This paper features several LW applications using two industrially-scaled manufacturing cells at UPM Laser Centre (CLUPM) of Polytechnical University of Madrid (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid). The one dedicated to Remote Laser Welding (RLW) of thin sheets for automotive and other sectors uses a CO2 laser of 3500 W. The second has a high flexibility, is based on a 6-axis ABB robot and a Nd:YAG laser of 3300 W, and is meant for various laser processing methods, including welding. After a short description of each cell, several LW applications experimented at CLUPM and recently implemented in industry are briefly presented: RLW of automotive coated sheets, LW of high strength automotive sheets, LW vs. laser hybrid welding (LHW) of Double Phase steel thin sheets, and LHW of thin sheets of stainless steel and carbon steel (dissimilar joints). The main technological issues overcame and the critical process parameters are pointed out. Conclusions about achievements and trends are provided.

Estudio de la tolerancia al daño de los materiales y sistemas de pretensado

La mayoría de las estructuras de hormigón pretensadas construidas en los últimos 50 años han demostrado una excelente durabilidad cuando su construcción se realiza atendiendo las recomendaciones de un buen diseño así como una buena ejecución y puesta en obra de la estructura. Este hecho se debe en gran parte al temor que despierta el fenómeno de la corrosión bajo tensión típico de las armaduras de acero de alta resistencia. Menos atención se ha prestado a la susceptibilidad a la corrosión bajo tensión de los anclajes de postensado, posiblemente debido a que se han reportado pocos casos de fallos catastróficos. El concepto de Tolerancia al Daño y la Mecánica de la Fractura en estructuras de Ingeniería Civil ha empezado a incorporarse recientemente en algunas normas de diseño y cálculo de estructuras metálicas, sin embargo, aún está lejos de ser asimilado y empleado habitualmente por los ingenieros en sus cálculos cuando la ocasión lo requiere. Este desconocimiento de los aspectos relacionados con la Tolerancia al Daño genera importantes gastos de mantenimiento y reparación. En este trabajo se ha estudiado la aplicabilidad de los conceptos de la Mecánica de la Fractura a los componentes de los sistemas de postensado empleados en ingeniería civil, empleándolo para analizar la susceptibilidad de las armaduras activas frente a la corrosión bajo tensiones y a la pérdida de capacidad portante de las cabezas de anclajes de postensado debido a la presencia de defectos. Con este objeto se han combinado tanto técnicas experimentales como numéricas. Los defectos superficiales en los alambres de pretensado no se presentan de manera aislada si no que existe una cierta continuidad en la dirección axial así como un elevado número de defectos. Por este motivo se ha optado por un enfoque estadístico, que es más apropiado que el determinístico. El empleo de modelos estadísticos basados en la teoría de valores extremos ha permitido caracterizar el estado superficial en alambres de 5,2 mm de diámetro. Por otro lado la susceptibilidad del alambre frente a la corrosión bajo tensión ha sido evaluada mediante la realización de una campaña de ensayos de acuerdo con la actual normativa que ha permitido caracterizar estadísticamente su comportamiento. A la vista de los resultados ha sido posible evaluar como los parámetros que definen el estado superficial del alambre pueden determinar la durabilidad de la armadura atendiendo a su resistencia frente a la corrosión bajo tensión, evaluada mediante los ensayos que especifica la normativa. En el caso de las cabezas de anclaje de tendones de pretensado, los defectos se presentan de manera aislada y tienen su origen en marcas, arañazos o picaduras de corrosión que pueden producirse durante el proceso de fabricación, transporte, manipulación o puesta en obra. Dada la naturaleza de los defectos, el enfoque determinístico es más apropiado que el estadístico. La evaluación de la importancia de un defecto en un elemento estructural requiere la estimación de la solicitación local que genera el defecto, que permite conocer si el defecto es crítico o si puede llegar a serlo, si es que progresa con el tiempo (por fatiga, corrosión, una combinación de ambas, etc.). En este trabajo los defectos han sido idealizados como grietas, de manera que el análisis quedara del lado de la seguridad. La evaluación de la solicitación local del defecto ha sido calculada mediante el empleo de modelos de elementos finitos de la cabeza de anclaje que simulan las condiciones de trabajo reales de la cabeza de anclaje durante su vida útil. A partir de estos modelos numéricos se ha analizado la influencia en la carga de rotura del anclaje de diversos factores como la geometría del anclaje, las condiciones del apoyo, el material del anclaje, el tamaño del defecto su forma y su posición. Los resultados del análisis numérico han sido contrastados satisfactoriamente mediante la realización de una campaña experimental de modelos a escala de cabezas de anclaje de Polimetil-metacrilato en los que artificialmente se han introducido defectos de diversos tamaños y en distintas posiciones. ABSTRACT Most of the prestressed concrete structures built in the last 50 years have demonstrated an excellent durability when they are constructed in accordance with the rules of good design, detailing and execution. This is particularly true with respect to the feared stress corrosion cracking, which is typical of high strength prestressing steel wires. Less attention, however, has been paid to the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of anchorages for steel tendons for prestressing concrete, probably due to the low number of reported failure cases. Damage tolerance and fracture mechanics concepts in civil engineering structures have recently started to be incorporated in some design and calculation rules for metallic structures, however it is still far from being assimilated and used by civil engineers in their calculations on a regular basis. This limited knowledge of the damage tolerance basis could lead to significant repair and maintenance costs. This work deals with the applicability of fracture mechanics and damage tolerance concepts to the components of prestressed systems, which are used in civil engineering. Such concepts have been applied to assess the susceptibility of the prestressing steel wires to stress corrosion cracking and the reduction of load bearing capability of anchorage devices due to the presence of defects. For this purpose a combination of experimental work and numerical techniques have been performed. Surface defects in prestressing steel wires are not shown alone, though a certain degree of continuity in the axial direction exist. A significant number of such defects is also observed. Hence a statistical approach was used, which is assumed to be more appropriate than the deterministic approach. The use of statistical methods based in extreme value theories has allowed the characterising of the surface condition of 5.2 mm-diameter wires. On the other hand the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of the wire has been assessed by means of an experimental testing program in line with the current regulations, which has allowed statistical characterisasion of their performances against stress corrosion cracking. In the light of the test results, it has been possible to evaluate how the surface condition parameters could determine the durability of the active metal armour regarding to its resistance against stress corrosion cracking assessed by means of the current testing regulations. In the case of anchorage devices for steel tendons for prestressing concrete, the damage is presented as point defects originating from dents, scratches or corrosion pits that could be produced during the manufacturing proccess, transport, handling, assembly or use. Due to the nature of these defects, in this case the deterministic approach is more appropriate than the statistical approach. The assessment of the relevancy of defect in a structural component requires the computation of the stress intensity factors, which in turn allow the evaluation of whether the size defect is critical or could become critical with the progress of time (due to fatigue, corrosion or a combination of both effects). In this work the damage is idealised as tiny cracks, a conservative hypothesis. The stress intensity factors have been calculated by means of finite element models of the anchorage representing the real working conditions during its service life. These numeric models were used to assess the impact of some factors on the rupture load of the anchorage, such the anchorage geometry, material, support conditions, defect size, shape and its location. The results from the numerical analysis have been succesfully correlated against the results of the experimental testing program of scaled models of the anchorages in poly-methil methacrylate in which artificial damage in several sizes and locations were introduced.

Estudio de la rotura en barras de acero : aspectos experimentales y numéricos

El acero es, junto con el hormigón, el material más ampliamente empleado en la construcción de obra civil y de edificación. Además de su elevada resistencia, su carácter dúctil resulta un aspecto de particular interés desde el punto de vista de la seguridad estructural, ya que permite redistribuir esfuerzos a elementos adyacentes y, por tanto, almacenar una mayor energía antes del colapso final de la estructura. No obstante, a pesar de su extendida utilización, todavía existen aspectos relacionados con su comportamiento en rotura que necesitan una mayor clarificación y que permitirían un mejor aprovechamiento de sus propiedades. Cuando un elemento de acero es ensayado a tracción y alcanza la carga máxima, sufre la aparición de un cuello de estricción que plantea dificultades para conocer el comportamiento del material desde dicho instante hasta la rotura. La norma ISO 6892-1, que define el método a emplear en un ensayo de tracción con materiales metálicos, establece procedimientos para determinar los parámetros relacionados con este tramo último de la curva F − E. No obstante, la definición de dichos parámetros resulta controvertida, ya que éstos presentan una baja reproducibilidad y una baja repetibilidad que resultan difíciles de explicar. En esta Tesis se busca profundizar en el conocimiento del último tramo de la curva F − E de los aceros de construcción. Para ello se ha realizado una amplia campaña experimental sobre dos aceros representativos en el campo de la construcción civil: el alambrón de partida empleado en la fabricación de alambres de pretensado y un acero empleado como refuerzo en hormigón armado. Los dos materiales analizados presentan formas de rotura diferentes: mientras el primero de ellos presenta una superficie de rotura plana con una región oscura claramente apreciable en su interior, el segundo rompe según la clásica superficie en forma de copa y cono. La rotura en forma de copa y cono ha sido ampliamente estudiada en el pasado y existen modelos de rotura que han logrado reproducirla con éxito, en especial el modelo de Gurson- Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN). En cuanto a la rotura exhibida por el primer material, en principio nada impide abordar su reproducción numérica con un modelo GTN, sin embargo, las diferencias observadas entre ambos materiales en los ensayos experimentales permiten pensar en otro criterio de rotura. En la presente Tesis se realiza una amplia campaña experimental con probetas cilíndricas fabricadas con dos aceros representativos de los empleados en construcción con comportamientos en rotura diferentes. Por un lado se analiza el alambrón de partida empleado en la fabricación de alambres de pretensado, cuyo frente de rotura es plano y perpendicular a la dirección de aplicación de la carga con una región oscura en su interior. Por otro lado, se estudian barras de acero empleadas como armadura pasiva tipo B 500 SD, cuyo frente de rotura presenta la clásica superficie en forma de copa y cono. Estos trabajos experimentales han permitido distinguir dos comportamientos en rotura claramente diferenciados entre ambos materiales y, en el caso del primer material, se ha identificado un comportamiento asemejable al exhibido por materiales frágiles. En este trabajo se plantea la hipótesis de que el primer material, cuya rotura provoca un frente de rotura plano y perpendicular a la dirección de aplicación de la carga, rompe de manera cuasifrágil como consecuencia de un proceso de decohesión, de manera que la región oscura que se observa en el centro del frente de rotura se asemeja a una entalla circular perpendicular a la dirección de aplicación de la carga. Para la reproducción numérica de la rotura exhibida por el primer material, se plantea un criterio de rotura basado en un modelo cohesivo que, como aspecto novedoso, se hace depender de la triaxialidad de tensiones, parámetro determinante en el fallo de este tipo de materiales. Este tipo de modelos presenta varias ventajas respecto a los modelos GTN habitualmente empleados. Mientras los modelos GTN precisan de numerosos parámetros para su calibración, los modelos cohesivos precisan fundamentalmente de dos parámetros para definir su curva de ablandamiento: la tensión de decohesión ft y la energía de fractura GF . Además, los parámetros de los modelos GTN no son medibles de manera experimental, mientras que GF sí lo es. En cuanto a ft, aunque no existe un método para su determinación experimental, sí resulta un parámetro más fácilmente interpretable que los empleados por los modelos GTN, que utilizan valores como el porcentaje de huecos presentes en el material para iniciar el fenómeno de coalescencia o el porcentaje de poros que provoca una pérdida total de la capacidad resistente. Para implementar este criterio de rotura se ha desarrollado un elemento de intercara cohesivo dependiente de la triaxialidad de tensiones. Se han reproducido con éxito los ensayos de tracción llevados a cabo en la campaña experimental empleando dicho elemento de intercara. Además, en estos modelos la rotura se produce fenomenológicamente de la misma manera observada en los ensayos experimentales: produciéndose una decohesión circular en torno al eje de la probeta. En definitiva, los trabajos desarrollados en esta Tesis, tanto experimentales como numéricos, contribuyen a clarificar el comportamiento de los aceros de construcción en el último tramo de la curva F − E y los mecanismos desencadenantes de la rotura final del material, aspecto que puede contribuir a un mejor aprovechamiento de las propiedades de estos aceros en el futuro y a mejorar la seguridad de las estructuras construidas con ellos. Steel is, together with concrete, the most widely used material in civil engineering works. Not only its high strength, but also its ductility is of special interest from the point of view of the structural safety, since it enables stress distribution with adjacent elements and, therefore, more energy can be stored before reaching the structural failure. However, despite of being extensively used, there are still some aspects related to its fracture behaviour that need to be clarified and that will allow for a better use of its properties. When a steel item is tested under tension and reaches the maximum load point, necking process begins, which makes difficult to define the material behaviour from that moment onward. The ISO standard 6892-1, which defines the tensile testing method for metallic materials, describes the procedures to obtain some parameters related to this last section of the F − E curve. Nevertheless, these parameters have proved to be controversial, since they have low reproducibility and repeatibility rates that are difficult to explain. This Thesis tries to deepen the knowledge of the last section of the F − E curve for construction steels. An extensive experimental campaign has been carried out with two representative steels used in civil engineering works: a steel rod used for manufacturing prestressing steel wires, before the cold-drawing process is applied, and steel bars used in reinforced concrete structures. Both materials have different fracture surfaces: while the first of them shows a flat fracture surface, perpendicular to the loading direction with a dark region in the centre of it, the second one shows the classical cup-cone fracture surface. The cup-cone fracture surface has been deeply studied in the past and different numerical models have been able to reproduce it with success, with a special mention to the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman model (GTN). Regarding the failure surface shown by the first material, in principle it can be numerically reproduced by a GTN model, but the differences observed between both materials in the experimental campaign suggest thinking of a different failure criterium. In the present Thesis, an extensive experimental campaign has been carried out using cylindrical specimens made of two representative construction steels with different fracture behaviours. On one hand, the initial eutectoid steel rod used for manufacturing prestressing steel wires is analysed, which presents a flat fracture surface, perpendicular to the loading direction, and with a dark region in the centre of it. On the other hand, B 500 SD steel bars, typically used in reinforced concrete structures and with the typical cup-cone fracture surface, are studied. These experimental works have allowed distinguishing two clearly different fracture behaviours between both materials and, in the case of the first one, a fragile-like behaviour has been identified. For the first material, which shows a flat fracture surface perpendicular to the loading direction, the following hypothesis is proposed in this study: a quasi-brittle fracture is developed as a consequence of a decohesion process, with the dark region acting as a circular crack perpendicular to the loading direction. To reproduce numerically the fracture behaviour shown by the first material, a failure criterium based on a cohesive model is proposed in this Thesis. As an innovative contribution, this failure criterium depends on the stress triaxiality state of the material, which is a key parameter when studying fracture in this kind of materials. This type of models have some advantages when compared to the widely used GTN models. While GTN models need a high number of parameters to be defined, cohesive models need basically two parameters to define the softening curve: the decohesion stress ft and the fracture energy GF . In addition to this, GTN models parameters cannot be measured experimentally, while GF is indeed. Regarding ft, although no experimental procedure is defined for its obtention, it has an easier interpretation than the parameters used by the GTN models like, for instance, the void volume needed for the coalescence process to start or the void volume that leads to a total loss of the bearing capacity. In order to implement this failure criterium, a triaxiality-dependent cohesive interface element has been developed. The experimental results obtained in the experimental campaign have been successfully reproduced by using this interface element. Furthermore, in these models the failure mechanism is developed in the same way as observed experimentally: with a circular decohesive process taking place around the longitudinal axis of the specimen. In summary, the works developed in this Thesis, both experimental and numerical, contribute to clarify the behaviour of construction steels in the last section of the F − E curve and the mechanisms responsible for the eventual material failure, an aspect that can lead to a better use of the properties of these steels in the future and a safety improvement in the structures built with them.