Evaluation of Stockpiled Berseem Clover and Brown Midrib Sorghum x Sudangrass as Supplements for Grazed Cornstalks in Beef Cow Wintering Systems

Berseem clover and oats were incorporated into a corn-oat/berseem clover rotation in 1994-1996. Two cuttings of oat-berseem clover hay were harvested during the summer before forage was stockpiled for winter grazing. In 1995, brown midrib sorghum x sudangrass hybrid was seeded into a field adjacent to a corn field. This was repeated in 1996 with a standard sorghum x sudangrass hybrid. After corn harvest in 1994–1996, Charolais x Angus x Simmental cows and heifers in midgestation were allotted to corn crop residue, corn crop residue-berseem clover, and corn crop residue-sorghum x sudangrass fields at 2.5 acres/cow, or to a drylot. Berseem clover had greater concentration of digestible organic matter and crude protein than corn crop residues. Corn crop residue digestible organic matter concentration was lower than berseem clover and the brown midrib sorghum x sudangrass, but was higher than that of the standard sorghum x sudangrass hybrid in 1996. Cows grazing corn crop residues without complementary forages required an average of 2,374 less lb. hay per cow than cows maintained in a drylot in 1994-1996. In 1994 and 1996, simultaneous grazing of berseem clover with corn crop residues did not reduce hay feeding more than feeding corn crop residues alone, yet did significantly reduce the amount of hay needed in 1995 to maintain cows by 358 and 376 lb. hay per cow compared with grazing corn crop residues without complementary forage.

Evaluation of a Year-Round Grazing System: Winter Progress Report

The winter component of a year-round grazing system involving grazing of corn crop residues followed by grazing stockpiled grass legume forages was compared at the McNay Research Farm with that of the winter component of a minimal land system that maintained cows in drylot,. In the summer of 1995, two cuttings of hay were harvested from two 15-acre fields containing “Johnston” endophyte-free tall fescue and red clover, and two cuttings of hay were taken from two 15-acre fields of smooth bromegrass and red clover. Hay yields were 4,236 and 4,600 pounds of dry matter per acre for the tall fescue--red clover and smooth bromegrass--red clover. Following grain harvest four 7.5-acre fields containing corn crop residue were stocked with cows at midgestation at an allowance of 1.5 acres per cow. Forage yields at the initiation of corn crop grazing were 3,766pounds of dry matter per acre for corn crop residue, 1,748 pounds for tall fescue--red clover, and 1,.880 pounds for smooth bromegrass--red clover. Corn crop residues and stockpiled forages were grazed in a strip stocking system. For comparison, 20 cows were placed in two drylots simultaneously to the initiation of corn crop grazing where they remained throughout the winter and spring grazing seasons. Cows maintained in drylot or grazing corn crop residue and stockpiled forages were supplemented with hay as large round bales to maintain a body condition score of five. No seasonal differences in body weight and body condition were observed between grazing cows or cows maintained in drylot, but grazing cows required 87% and 84% less harvested hay than cows in drylot during the winter and spring respectively. Because less hay was needed to maintain grazing cows, an excess of 11,905 and 12,803 pounds of hay dry matter per cow remained in the year-round grazing system. During corn crop grazing, organic matter yield decreased at 27.3 pounds of organic matter per day from grazed areas of corn crop residue. Organic matter losses due to weathering were 9.4, 12.9, and 15.8 pounds per day in corn crop residue, tall fescue-red clover and smooth bromegrass-red clover. Organic matter losses from grazed and ungrazed areas during stockpiled grazing were 7.3 and 6.9 for tall fescue--red clover and 2.1, 2.9 for smooth bromegrass--red clover.

Technical note: Comparison of automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to assess bacterial diversity in the rumen of sheep

The aim of this study was to compare automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) techniques to assess bacterial diversity in the rumen of sheep. Sheep were fed 2 diets with 70% of either alfalfa hay or grass hay, and the solid (SOL) and liquid (LIQ) phases of the rumen were sampled immediately before feeding (0 h) and at 4 and 8 h postfeeding. Both techniques detected similar differences between forages, with alfalfa hay promoting greater (P < 0.05) bacterial diversity than grass hay. In contrast, whereas ARISA analysis showed a decrease (P < 0.05) of bacterial diversity in SOL at 4 h postfeeding compared with 0 and 8 h samplings, no variations (P > 0.05) over the postfeeding period were detected by DGGE. The ARISA technique showed lower (P < 0.05) bacterial diversity in SOL than in LIQ samples at 4 h postfeeding, but no differences (P > 0.05) in bacterial diversity between both rumen phases were detected by DGGE. Under the conditions of this study, the DGGE was not sensitive enough to detect some changes in ruminal bacterial communities, and therefore ARISA was considered more accurate for assessing bacterial diversity of ruminal samples. The results highlight the influence of the fingerprinting technique used to draw conclusions on factors affecting ruminal bacterial diversity.

Estrategias de desarrollo sostenible de la arquitectura del oasis de M’hamid, desierto del Sahara

Esta investigación se plantea con la hipótesis radical de cómo habitar el desierto de forma sostenible, desde una actitud pragmática y experimental basada en el progreso. La justificación se basa en primer lugar en los 2.000 millones de personas en el mundo que viven en entornos desérticos, el 80% de ellas, en países en desarrollo, porque el 40% de la superficie terrestre está bajo amenaza de desertificación afectando al 37% de la población mundial, con 12 millones de hectáreas al año perdidas por esa causa, y por último, porque se considera el desierto como un entorno de gran atractivo y potencial. El contenido de la investigación se estructura en tres movimientos: posicionamiento, mirada y acción: Desde el posicionamiento se define en primer lugar la sostenibilidad, aportando un nuevo diagrama donde se incorpora el ámbito arquitectónico como uno de los pilares principales, y, posteriormente, se establecen los criterios de evaluación de la sostenibilidad, aportando un sistema de indicadores donde se incorporan parámetros adecuados a las circunstancias del oasis. Del mismo modo, se estudian y analizan metodologías de actuación y proyectos de desarrollo sostenible existentes que enmarcan el estado del arte, constatando la dificultad de adaptación de los mismos a las condiciones de los oasis, por lo que se elabora una metodología propia donde se modifica la dinámica estratégica, de forma que el impulso se plantea desde la acción social, a través de hipótesis de estrategias basadas en sistemas low-cost, autoconstruidas, asumibles económicamente y de implantación factible. El caso de estudio específico radica en la situación extrema de las condiciones en el oasis de M’hamid, donde se evidencia un proceso de desintegración y abandono. Esto es debido a una acumulación de circunstancias externas e internas, de múltiples factores: naturales y antrópicos que afectan al oasis, llevando al extremo las condiciones climáticas y la escasez de recursos, naturales y artificiales. Factores como el cambio climático, la sequía, los cambios en las políticas del agua, la amenaza de desertificación, los conflictos sociales, el desequilibrio ecológico, la escasez económica, la crisis energética, la obsolescencia arquitectónica, el patrimonio construido prácticamente destruido, y la malentendida nueva arquitectura. Es importante constatar la escasa documentación gráfica existente sobre la zona de actuación lo que ha conllevado un amplio trabajo de documentación, tanto cartográfica como de observación directa, aportada a la tesis como investigación de elaboración propia. La mirada analítica al caso de estudio permite conocer los recursos disponibles y las potencialidades latentes del oasis de M’hamid, que permitirán actuar para subvertir la dinámica involutiva imperante, de forma que los dibujos iniciales de apropiación contextual y análisis críticos derivan en mapas de acción diagramados conformados por un sistema de objetos y la definición de estrategias transversales, deconstruyendo el pasado y reconstruyendo el futuro, incorporando sistemas alternativos que se definen en 7 líneas estratégicas de acción formuladas desde los 3 ámbitos relacionados con el ecosistema: ecológico, socio- económico y arquitectónico. Así, la tesis defiende la acción arquitectónica como impulsora del desarrollo sostenible, apoyada en 3 elementos: - la creación de objetos “tecnoartesanos”, para el aprovechamiento de los recursos energéticos - las transformaciones arquitectónicas, para reformular el hábitat desde la eficiencia energética y el progreso - y el impulso de acciones cotidianas, que redefinan las relaciones sociales, creando entornos cooperativos y colaborativos. En el ámbito ecológico se proponen actuaciones anti desertificación mediante incubadoras de árboles; sistemas alternativos de gestión del agua, como la lluvia sólida; estrategias de potenciación de la producción agrícola; la construcción de mecanismos de obtención de energía a partir de residuos, como los paneles solares con botellas PET. En el ámbito socioeconómico se plantean nuevas formas de acción social y de reactivación económica. Por último, en el ámbito urbano-arquitectónico, se incorporan modificaciones morfológicas a la arquitectura existente y una relectura contemporánea de la tierra, como material que permite nuevas geometrías, obteniendo arena petrificada por procesos microbiológicos, y potenciando la tierra como recurso artístico. Esta tesis es un punto de partida, recoge sistemas, estrategias y experiencias, para funcionar como un estímulo o impulso dinamizador del futuro desarrollo sostenible del oasis, abriendo vías de investigación y experimentación. ABSTRACT This research puts forth the radical hypothesis of how to inhabit the desert in a sustainable way, using a pragmatic and experimental approach based on progress. The justification for this resides in the fact that there are 2,000 million people in the world living in desert environments, 80% of them in developing countries. Forty percent of the earth’s surface is under threat of desertification, affecting 37% of the world population and with 12 million hectares being lost each year. And finally, the desert is considered as an attractive environment and therefore, with great potential. The content of the research is structured in three main sections: positioning, observation and action: As a point of departure, sustainability is defined, proposing a new framework where architecture is incorporated as one of the main pillars. Then, the criteria for evaluating sustainability are established. These provide a system of indicators, which incorporate parameters based on the specific circumstances of the oasis. Methodologies and existing sustainable development projects that represent the state-of-the-art are analyzed, discussing the difficulty of adapting them to conditions of oases. A methodology that modifies strategic concepts is developed, whereby the catalyst is social action, and strategies are developed based on low-cost, self-built, and feasible implementation systems. The specific case study lies in the extreme conditions in the oasis of M'hamid, where a process of decay and neglect is evident. This deterioration is due to an accumulation of external and internal circumstances, and of natural and anthropogenic factors that affect the oasis, leading to extreme weather conditions and a shortage of both natural and artificial resources. Factors include; climate change, drought, changes in water policies, the threat of desertification, social conflicts, ecological imbalance, economic shortage, the energy crisis, architectural obsolescence, destruction of built heritage, and misunderstood new architecture. It is important to note the extremely limited graphic information about the area has led me to produce an extensive archive of maps and drawings, many developed by direct observation, that contribute to the research. The case study analysis of the oasis of M'hamid examines the resources available and the latent potential to slow the prevailing trend towards deterioration. The initial drawings of contextual appropriation and critical analysis result in maps and diagrams of action, which are formed by a system of objects and the definition of strategies. These can be thought of as understanding or “deconstructing” the past to reconstruct the future. Alternative approaches defined in seven strategies for action are based on three fields related to the ecosystem: ecological, socioeconomic and architectural. Thus, the thesis defends architectural action to promote sustainable development, based on three elements: - The creation of "techno-artisans", to make use of energy resources - Architectural changes, to reformulate habitat in terms of energy efficiency and progress - And the promotion of everyday actions, to redefine social relations, creating cooperative and collaborative environments. In the ecological field, I propose anti-desertification actions such as; tree incubators, alternative water management systems(such as solid rain),; strategies to empower the agricultural production, energy from low-cost systems made out from recycled materials(such as solar panels from PET bottles or wind turbine from bicycle wheels). In the socioeconomic sphere, I propose to implement new forms of social action and economic regeneration. Finally, within the urban and architectural field, I propose morphological changes to the existing architecture and a contemporary reinterpretation of the earth as a material that allows new geometries, creating petrified sand by microbiological processes or enhancing nature as an artistic and energy resource. This thesis is a starting point. It collects systems, strategies and experiences to serve as a stimulus or dynamic momentum for future sustainable development of the oasis, opening new avenues of research and experimentation. RÉSUMÉ Cette recherche part d'une hypothèse radicale : comment habiter le désert de façon durable, et ce à partir d'une approche pragmatique et expérimentale basée sur le progrès. Cette hypothèse se justifie en raison des 2 milliards de personnes qui dans le monde habitent des environnements désertiques, 80% d'entre eux dans des pays en voie de développement, mais aussi parce que 40% de la surface de la planète est sous menace de désertification, un phénomène affectant 37% de la population mondiale et qui cause la perte de 12 millions d'hectares par an; et enfin parce que le désert est considéré comme un environnement très attrayant et fort d’un grand potentiel. Le contenu de la recherche se divise en trois mouvements: le positionnement, le regard et l'action : Du point de vue du positionnement on définit tout d'abord la durabilité, présentant un nouveau schéma où le domaine de l'architecture devient un des principaux piliers, et, par la suite, des critères d'évaluation de la durabilité sont établis, en fournissant un système d’indicateurs qui intègre les paramètres appropriés aux circonstances de l'oasis. De même, des méthodologies et des projets de développement durable existants sont étudiés et analysés, ce qui encadre l'état de l'art, remarquant la difficulté de les adapter aux conditions des oasis. De cette difficulté découle l'élaboration d'une méthodologie qui modifie la dynamique stratégique, de sorte que l'impulsion provient de l'action sociale, à travers des hypothèses de stratégie basées sur des systèmes low-cost, auto-construits, et de mise en oeuvre économiquement viable. Le cas d'étude spécifique réside en la situation extrême des conditions de l'oasis de M’hamid, où un processus de décadence et de négligence est évident. Cela est dû à une accumulation de circonstances externes et internes, de multiples facteurs: les facteurs naturels et anthropiques qui affectent l'oasis, menant à l'extrême les conditions météorologiques et la pénurie de ressources, autant naturelles qu'artificielles. Des facteurs tels que le changement climatique, la sécheresse, les changements dans les politiques de l'eau, la menace de la désertification, les conflits sociaux, le déséquilibre écologique, la pénurie économique, la crise de l'énergie, l'obsolescence architecturale, le patrimoine bâti pratiquement détruit et une mauvais compréhensif de la nouvelle architecture. Il est important de de faire remarquer le peu d'informations graphiques du domaine d'action, ce qui a conduit à un vaste travail de documentation, autant cartographique que relative à l'observation directe. Cette documentation s'ajoute à la thèse en tant que recherche propre. Le regard analytique sur le cas d'étude permet de connaître les ressources disponibles et le potentiel latent de l'oasis de M’hamid, qui agiront pour renverser la dynamique d'involution en vigueur. Ainsi, les premiers dessins d'appropriation contextuelle et analyse critique deviennent des cartes d'action schématisées formées par un système d'objets et la définition de stratégies transversales, qui déconstruisent le passé et reconstruisent l'avenir, en incorporant des systèmes alternatifs qui se définissent sur 7 lignes stratégiques d'action formulées à partir des 3 domaines en relation avec l’écosystème: l’écologique, le socio-économique et l'architectural. Ainsi, la thèse défend l'action architecturale en tant que promotrice du développement durable, et ce basé sur 3 éléments: - la création d'objets "technoartisans" pour l'exploitation des ressources énergétiques - les modifications architecturales, pour reformuler l'habitat du point de vue de l'efficacité énergétique et le progrès - et la promotion des actions quotidiennes, pour redéfinir les relations sociales, et la création d'environnements de coopération et collaboration. Dans le domaine de l'écologie des actions de lutte contre la désertification sont proposées à travers des pépinières d'arbres, des systèmes alternatifs de gestion de l'eau comme par exemple la pluie solide, des stratégies de mise en valeur de la production agricole, la construction de mécanismes de production d'énergie à partir de résidus, tels que les panneaux solaires ou les bouteilles en PET. Dans le domaine socio-économique, l'on propose de nouvelles formes d'action sociale et de reprise économique. Enfin, dans le domaine de l'urbain et de l'architectural, on incorpore des changements morphologiques à l'architecture existante et une relecture contemporaine de la terre, comme matériau qui permet de nouvelles géométries, en obtenant du sable pétrifié par des procédés microbiologiques et en mettant en valeur la terre comme une ressource artistique. Cette thèse n'est qu'un point de départ. Elle recueille des systèmes, des stratégies et des expériences pour servir de stimulus ou d'impulsion dynamisatrice du futur développement durable de l'oasis, en ouvrant des voies de recherche et d'expérimentation.

Otimização do método lignina brometo de acetila na determinação do teor de lignina em plantas forrageiras e comparação com os métodos lignina detergente ácido e lignina Klason

Técnicas analíticas empregadas para a quantificação do teor de lignina em plantas forrageiras, atualmente em uso, são questionáveis quanto às suas acurácias. O método lignina detergente ácido (LDA), que é um dos métodos mais utilizado em Ciência Animal e Agronomia, apresenta algumas falhas, particularmente devido à parcial solubilização da lignina durante a preparação da fibra em detergente ácido (FDA). A lignina Klason (LK), outro método muito usado, apresenta o inconveniente de mensurar a proteína da parede celular como sendo lignina. Em ambos os procedimentos recomenda-se também mensurar cinzas nos resíduos de lignina. A quantificação da concentração de lignina pelo método espectrofotométrico lignina brometo de acetila (LBA) vem ganhando interesse de pesquisadores no Brasil e no exterior. Nesta metodologia, a lignina da planta contida na preparação parede celular (PC) é solubilizada numa solução a 25% de brometo de acetila em ácido acético e a absorbância mensurada é com luz UV a 280 nm. O valor da absorbância é inserido numa equação de regressão e a concentração de lignina é obtida. Para que esta técnica analítica seja mais aceita pelos pesquisadores, ela deve ser, obviamente, convincente e atrativa. O presente trabalho analisou alguns parâmetros relacionados à LBA em 7 gramíneas e 6 leguminosas, em dois estádios de maturidade. Dentre as diferentes temperaturas de pré-secagem, os resultados indicaram que os procedimentos de 55°C com ventilação e liofilização podem ser utilizados com a mesma eficácia. As temperaturas de 55°C sem ventilação e 80°C sem ventilação não são recomendadas, pois aumentaram os valores de FDA e LDA, possivelmente devido ao surgimento de artefatos de técnica como os compostos de Maillard. No método LBA os valores menores das amostras de leguminosas chamaram a atenção e colocaram em questão se a lignina destas plantas seria menos solúvel no reagente brometo de acetila. Dentre algumas alterações na metodologia da técnica LBA, a utilização do moinho de bolas (para diminuir o tamanho particular) nas amostras de PC não mostrou efeito; a hipótese era melhorar a solubilização da lignina usando partículas menores. O uso de um ultrasonicador, que aumenta a vibração das moléculas e assim, facilitaria a solubilização da lignina no reagente brometo de acetila, melhorou a solubilização da lignina em cerca de 10%, tanto nas gramíneas como nas leguminosas. Foi acoplado um ensaio biológico como referência, a degradabilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS); e como a lignina está intimamente associada à estrutura fibrosa da parede celular, também foi feito um ensaio de degradabilidade in vitro da fibra em detergente neutro (DIVFDN). Os resultados confirmaram o efeito da maturidade, reduzindo a degradabilidade nas plantas mais maduras, e que o teor de lignina de leguminosas é realmente inferior ao de gramíneas. Os resultados de degradabilidade apresentaram coeficientes de correlação mais elevados com o método LBA, quando foi empregada a técnica do ultrasom; o método LK mostrou os menores coeficientes. Também testou-se, com sucesso, a utilização da FDN, como preparação fibrosa, ao invés de PC. A razão é simples: enquanto que a FDN é amplamente conhecida, a preparação PC não o é. Inquestionável que esta manobra facilitará substancialmente a divulgação desse método, tornando-a mais aceitável pela comunidade científica

Carbon assimilation, herbage accumulation, nutritive value, and grazing efficiency of Mulato II brachiariagrass under continuous stocking

Grazed pastures are the backbone of the Brazilian livestock industry and grasses of the genus Brachiaria (syn. Urochloa) are some of most used tropical forages in the country. Although the dependence on the forage resource is high, grazing management is often empirical and based on broad and non-specific guidelines. Mulato II brachiariagrass (Convert HD 364, Dow AgroSciences, São Paulo, Brazil) (B. brizantha × B. ruziziensis × B. decumbens), a new Brachiaria hybrid, was released as an option for a broad range of environmental conditions. There is no scientific information on specific management practices for Mulato II under continuous stocking in Brazil. The objectives of this research were to describe and explain variations in carbon assimilation, herbage accumulation (HA), plant-part accumulation, nutritive value, and grazing efficiency (GE) of Mulato II brachiariagrass as affected by canopy height and growth rate, the latter imposed by N fertilization rate, under continuous stocking. An experiment was carried out in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, during two summer grazing seasons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement, corresponding to three steady-state canopy heights (10, 25 and 40 cm) maintained by mimicked continuous stocking and two growth rates (imposed as 50 and 250 kg N ha-1 yr-1), with three replications. There were no height × N rate interactions for most of the responses studied. The HA of Mulato II increased linearly (8640 to 13400 kg DM ha-1 yr-1), the in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) decreased linearly (652 to 586 g kg-1), and the GE decreased (65 to 44%) as canopy height increased. Thus, although GE and IVDOM were greatest at 10 cm height, HA was 36% less for the 10- than for the 40-cm height. The leaf carbon assimilation was greater for the shortest canopy (10 cm), but canopy assimilation was less than in taller canopies, likely a result of less leaf area index (LAI). The reductions in HA, plant-part accumulation, and LAI, were not associated with other signs of stand deterioration. Leaf was the main plant-part accumulated, at a rate that increased from 70 to 100 kg DM ha-1 d-1 as canopy height increased from 10 to 40 cm. Mulato II was less productive (7940 vs. 13380 kg ha-1 yr-1) and had lesser IVDOM (581 vs. 652 g kg-1) at the lower N rate. The increase in N rate affected plant growth, increasing carbon assimilation, LAI, rates of plant-part accumulation (leaf, stem, and dead), and HA. The results indicate that the increase in the rate of dead material accumulation due to more N applied is a result of overall increase in the accumulation rates of all plant-parts. Taller canopies (25 or 40 cm) are advantageous for herbage accumulation of Mulato II, but nutritive value and GE was greater for 25 cm, suggesting that maintaining ∼25-cm canopy height is optimal for continuously stocked Mulato II.

Contribution a l’identification des principaux facteurs de degradation des steppes a Stipa tenacissima du sud-ouest Algerien

La steppe algérienne est confrontée depuis plusieurs décennies à un problème de dégradation induit par l’effet combiné de facteurs anthropiques et naturels. Les résultats obtenus dans la lutte contre ce phénomène, malgré les moyens mobilisés, restent très mitigés et révèlent l’inefficacité des approches et méthodes adoptées. Toute action de préservation et de réhabilitation de la steppe doit reposer dans un premier temps sur un diagnostic permettant d’identifier et d’évaluer le poids de chaque facteur dégradant. Parmi les facteurs souvent soulignés on note le climat, le parcours, le défrichement et la pratique d’une agriculture pluviale sans une justification ni estimation de cet impact. Le diagnostic ciblant et classant les principaux facteurs de régression des formations steppique de Stipa tenacissima est l’objectif assigné à cette publication. La démarche retenue traitera de l’état des formations steppiques face aux pressions pour une identification des facteurs causaux de cette situation et une évaluation de leur impact futur.

La valorización de los espacios naturales como pretexto para el desarrollo urbanístico en el sudeste de España

El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer algunas de las claves que explican los impactos ambientales de la actividad turística en la costa mediterránea española. Se analiza la instrumentalización del turismo por parte de la industria de la construcción a partir de la implementación de una serie de pautas de actuación puestas al servicio de un principio básico: el sometimiento de la conservación de los espacios naturales más frágiles y valorados a los intereses del capitalismo inmobiliario. Este argumento se ilustra mediante la exposición, desde una perspectiva histórica, geográfica y sociológica, de las dinámicas presentes en Calpe y Torrevieja: dos municipios de la Provincia de Alicante, situada en la Comunidad Valenciana, en el sudeste de España.

Ecological gradients and landscape structure affecting seasonal woodpigeon Columba palumbus densities in a coastal region (South-East Spain)

The aim of the present study is to identify and evaluate the relationship between Woodpigeon (Columba palumbus, Linnaeus, 1758) density and different environmental gradients (thermotype, ombrotype, continentality and latitudinal), land use and landscape structure, using geographic information systems and multivariate modelling. Transects (n = 396) were developed to estimate the density of Woodpigeon in the Marina Baja (Alicante, Spain) from 2006 to 2008. The highestdensity for Woodpigeon was in September-October (1.28birds/10ha) and the lowest inFebruary-March (0.34birds/10ha). Moreover, there were more Woodpigeons in areas with a mesomediterranean thermotypethan in thermomediterranean or supramediterranean ones. There was greater densityinthe intermediate zones compared to thecoast and interior. The natural or cultural landscape had the highest Woodpigeon density (1.53birds/10ha), with both denseand clear pine forest values standing out. Therefore, it is very important to conserve these traditional landscapes with adequate management strategies in order to maintain, resident and transient Woodpigeon populations. These natural areas are open places where the Woodpigeons find food and detect the presence ofpredators. Thus, this study will enable more precise knowledge of the ecological factors (habitat variables) that intervene in the distribution of Woodpigeon populations and their density.

La québécité comme élément fondateur d'une pensée musicale électroacoustique

Le projet de recherche-création proposé survole la québécité à travers un pan majeur de l’étude des Amériques : le territoire. L’adoption du territoire québécois, de son espace, et de sa densité – effectué à la fois sous un axe méridional (le Saint-Laurent) et septentrional (le Nord) –, s’effectue dans mon corpus acousmatique à travers l’utilisation de concepts théoriques établis par plusieurs figures québécoises et internationales. La description des sources d'inspiration du cycle d’œuvres acousmatique proposé, étant principalement issues de sphères extramusicales — la démarche de divers artistes et chercheurs québécois ayant contribué à l’émergence poétique de mon corpus tels que Pierre Perrault, René Derouin, Daniel Chartier, et Louis-Edmond Hamelin — y tient une place importante. La portion musicale est effectuée de façon analytique à l’aide de deux méthodes propres au genre électroacoustique – analyse typologique de Pierre Schaeffer, et fonctionnelle de Stéphane Roy –, qui, à travers l’œuvre de certains compositeurs de musiques électroniques internationaux permettent de souligner la pluralité des conceptions territoriales et le réseau sémantique universel sous-jacent, laissant place à une lecture plus large de cette thématique. La méthodologie proposée permet donc à la fois de cerner l’universel – modèles naturels, références psychoacoustiques –, le local – utilisation de poèmes québécois, référents animaux ou anecdotiques précis tels que des cris d’oiseaux et des prises sonores du Saint-Laurent –, et la relation dichotomique entre la nature et la culture dans mon corpus, afin qu’émerge un discours musical cohérent basé sur le territoire québécois.