Dones directives i lideratge: el cas de les empreses gironines

L'objectiu de la tesi és l'anàlisi del accés de les dones a la direcció d'empreses, el seu estil de lideratge, Així com les dificultats que han trobat i tenen actualment per poder exercir la direcció. D'entrada s'ha fet una revisió de la literatura acadèmica sobre el lideratge i l'evolució de les seves característiques fins als dos grans estils: transaccional i transformacional. A partir d'aquest punt, es van recopilant una sèries d'estudis que analitzen les característiques diferencials de gènere i la influència que tenen en els estils de lideratge, per poder elaborar un model conceptual d'anàlisi que s'aplica en l'estudi empíric. Aquest fa referència a la realitat de les dones directives a les empreses de Girona i comarques. En primer lloc es fa una aproximació a les empreses per poder detectar on estan situades les dones directives i poder conèixer el seu perfil, així com l'estil de lideratge que tenen, com han accedit a la direcció i les dificultats que han de superar per poder exercir. Es fa especial referència a la conciliació de la vida laboral i la vida familiar, i també es fa una anàlisi de les motivacions que tenen per exercir la direcció i com veuen el futur per a les dones directives. La metodologia inclou anàlisi quantitativa i qualitativa: per a la quantitativa es varen fer servir dos qüestionaris, el primer dirigit als directius i directives d'una mostra de les empreses de Girona, en que es varen aconseguir 252 qüestionaris vàlids i el segon dirigit a dones directives de les empreses, amb l'obtenció de 100 qüestionaris vàlids. Posteriorment i en la recollida de dades de la fase qualitativa, es varen realitzar entrevistes a 19 dones directives, amb una posterior anàlisi del discurs. L'anàlisi de dades ens mostra que l'accés a la direcció és, en elevats percentatges, la via familiar o el fet de ser empresàries. S'ha de tenir en compte el context en el que estan aquestes empreses, que és de petita i mitjana i bàsicament familiar. L'estil de lideratge amb el que més s'identifiquen és el transformacional, però tenint també molt en compte la importància dels resultats. Les motivacions bàsiques manifestades són: autorrealització i desenvolupament personal. Pel que fa a les dificultats, les directives enquestades i entrevistades no han trobat gaires problemes importants, però el que sí han manifestat, ha estat la sensació de que pel fet de ser dones, han hagut de demostrat molt més la seva capacitat i vàlua en diferents circumstàncies de l'exercici de la direcció. També es té en compte que en les últimes investigacions sobre el tema, malgrat que és considera que les dones poden fer aportacions molt valuoses a les empreses i que poden ser molt positives per l'exercici de la direcció, encara no hi ha en les grans empreses un nombre de dones en càrrecs d'alta direcció que afavoreixi un accés més fàcil als consells d'administració, a no ser que siguin dones membres de la família accionarial.

Turismo: uma oportunidade para Óbidos

RESUMO: As abordagens tradicionais sobre o desenvolvimento dos locais, do ponto de vista económico, social e ambiental, referem o turismo como uma actividade a considerar, se tais espaços forem detentores de recursos e de património específicos (Pardelas et al., 2005). Esta visão permite sustentar que a actividade turística, submetido ao nível regional-local, poderá constituir uma alavanca de desenvolvimento baseado na diferenciação cultural, social e nos recursos turísticos existentes (Vera, 2002). Assim, este trabalho não só tem como objectivo analisar e discutir o papel do turismo para o desenvolvimento local, mas como também, perceber a sua aplicabilidade fazendo o cruzamento entre os conceitos analisados e o estudo de caso de Óbidos. ABSTRACT: Traditional approaches on the development of local economic point of view, social and environmental concern as a tourism business to consider, if such spaces are in possession of specific assets and resources (Pardelas et al., 2005). This view enables us to sustain the tourism industry, submitted to the regional-local level, and could provide a lever for development based on cultural differentiation, social and existing tourism resources (Vera, 2002). This work not only aims to analyze and discuss the role of tourism for local development, but also, to understand its applicability doing a cross between the concepts discussed and the case study of Óbidos.

Razões e dificuldades para se implantar setor de recursos humanos nas médias empresas de material de construção em Macapá

A dissertação tem a finalidade de identificar as razões e dificuldades para implantar departamento de Recursos Humanos em cinco empresas de porte médio comercializadoras de material de construção localizadas nos bairros da cidade de Macapá, capital do Estado do Amapá, Brasil. Para tanto, foi realizado um Levantamento (Survey) com empresários do ramo e representante do Sindicato de Materiais de Construção do Amapá (SINDMAT). Para a coleta de dados, participaram da pesquisa por meio de preenchimento de questionários semi-estruturados. Os dados obtidos confirmam que as razões e dificuldades para implantar esse departamento se devem ao alto custo para ser mantido, falta de experiencia em RH, desconhecimento de técnicas (know how) e acham desnecessário conhecer suas ferramentas de gestão. Os dados expuseram a existencia de obstáculos principalmente nos pontos fortes e pontos fracos do negócio para incentivar a qualidade do serviço e o aumento na venda dos produtos. Concluiu-se que para despertar nos empresários a necessidade de reflexão sobre a criação do Setor de RH, com a finalidade de aprimorar o negócio e, consequentemente, colaborar para uma aprendizagem consciente dos seus colaboradores. A falta de conhecimento e de assessoria dos empresário deste setor está retardando a implantação de um setor de RH. Com essa estrutura montada as empresas tem condições ao seu modo, no seu tempo implantarem uma área RH, para cuidar da gestão de pessoas, e com isso, crescerem e melhorarem e desenvolverem-se em todos os níveis. Com essas definições e a formatação correta dos RH na empresa, podemos resolver a maioria dos problemas inerentes a organização.

Improved and optimal dual circular 32-QAM for MB-OFDM

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) are currently used as the modulation schemes for Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) in the ECMA-368 defined Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radio platform. ECMA-368 has been chosen as the physical radio platform for many systems including Wireless USB (W-USB), Bluetooth 3.0 and Wireless HDMI; hence ECMA-368 is an important issue to consumer electronics and the users’ experience of these products. To enable the transport of high-rate USB, ECMA-368 offers up to 480 Mb/s instantaneous bit rate to the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, but depending on radio channel conditions dropped packets unfortunately result in a lower throughput. This paper presents improvement on a high data rate modulation scheme that fits within the configuration of the current standard increasing system throughput by achieving 600 Mb/s (reliable to 3.2 meters) thus maintaining the high rate USB throughput even with a moderate level of dropped packets. The modulation system is termed improved and optimal Dual Circular 32-QAM (DC 32-QAM). The system performance for improved and optimal DC 32-QAM modulation is presented and compared with previous DC 32- QAM, 16-QAM and DCM.

Fixed point dual carrier modulation performance for wireless USB

Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) is currently used as the higher data rate modulation scheme for Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) in the ECMA-368 defined Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radio platform. ECMA-368 has been chosen as the physical radio platform for many systems including Wireless USB (W-USB), Bluetooth 3.0 and Wireless HDMI; hence ECMA-368 is an important issue to consumer electronics and the user’s experience of these products. In this paper, Log Likelihood Ratio (LLR) demapping method is used for the DCM demaper implemented in fixed point model. Channel State Information (CSI) aided scheme coupled with the band hopping information is used as the further technique to improve the DCM demapping performance. The receiver performance for the fixed point DCM is simulated in realistic multi-path environments.

Characterisation of cell death in bagged baby salad leaves

Baby leaf salads are gaining in popularity over traditional whole head lettuce salads in response to consumer demand for greater variety and convenience in their diet. Baby lettuce leaves are mixed, washed and packaged as whole leaves, with a shelf-life of approximately 10 days post-processing. End of shelf-life, as determined by the consumer, is typified by bruising, water-logging and blackening of the leaves, but the biological events causing this phenotype have not been studied to date. We investigated the physiological and ultrastructural characteristics during postharvest shelf-life of two lettuce varieties with very different leaf morphologies. Membrane disruption was an important determinant of cell death in both varieties. although the timing and characteristics of breakdown was different in each with Lollo rossa showing signs of aging such as thylakoid disruption and plastoglobuli accumulation earlier than Cos. Membranes in Lollo rossa showed a later, but more distinct increase in permeability than in Cos. as indicated by electrolyte leakage and the presence of cytoplasmic fragments in the vacuole, but Cos membranes show distinct fractures towards the end of shelf-life. The tissue lost less than 25% fresh weight during shelf-life and there was little protein loss compared to developmentally aging leaves in an ambient environment. Biophysical measurements showed that breakstrength was significantly reduced in Lollo rossa, whereas irreversible leaf plasticity was significantly reduced in Cos leaves. The reversible elastic properties of both varieties changed throughout shelf-life. We compared the characteristics of shelf-life in both varieties of bagged lettuce leaves with other leafy salad crops and discuss the potential targets for future work to improve postharvest quality of baby leaf lettuce. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Enhancing MB-OFDM throughput with dual circular 32-QAM

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) are currently used as the modulation schemes for Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) in the ECMA-368 defined Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radio platform. ECMA-368 has been chosen as the physical radio platform for many systems including Wireless USB (W-USB), Bluetooth 3.0 and Wireless HDMI; hence ECMA-368 is an important issue to consumer electronics and the users experience of these products. To enable the transport of high-rate USB, ECMA-368 offers up to 480 Mb/s instantaneous bit rate to the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, but depending on radio channel conditions dropped packets unfortunately result in a lower throughput. This paper presents an alternative high data rate modulation scheme that fits within the configuration of the current standard increasing system throughput by achieving 600 Mb/s (reliable to 3.1 meters) thus maintaining the high rate USB throughput even with a moderate level of dropped packets. The modulation system is termed Dual Circular 32-QAM (DC 32-QAM). The system performance for DC 32-QAM modulation is presented and compared with 16-QAM and DCM1.

Development of colour and firmness in strawberry crops is UV light sensitive, but colour is not a good predictor of several quality parameters

BACKGROUND: Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne var. Elsanta) plants were grown in polytunnels covered with three polythene films that transmitted varying levels of ultraviolet (UV) light. Fruit were harvested under near-commercial conditions and quality and yield were measured. During ripening, changes in the colour parameters of individual fruit were monitored, and the accuracy of using surface colour to predict other quality parameters was determined by analysing the correlation between colour and quality parameters within UV treatments. RESULTS: Higher exposure to UV during growth resulted in the fruit becoming darker at harvest and developing surface colour more quickly; fruit were also firmer at harvest, but shelf life was not consistently affected by the UV regime. Surface colour measurements were poorly correlated to firmness, shelf life or total phenolics, anthocyanins and ellagic acid contents. CONCLUSION: Although surface colour of strawberry fruits was affected by the UV regime during growth, and this parameter is an important factor in consumer perception, we concluded that the surface colour at the time of harvest was, contrary to consumer expectations, a poor indicator of firmness, potential shelf life or anthocyanin content. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry

A framework of brand value in B2B markets: the contributing role of functional and emotional components

The creation of value is admittedly a critical task for marketers regardless of industry. This paper focuses on a type of value that has traditionally been perceived as irrelevant to industrial markets and argues that brand value facilitates the progression from goods and services value to relationship value. To address the limited amount of research on B2B branding from the suppliers' point of view, we complement insights gained from a literature review with ten exploratory interviews with B2B supplier managers, and develop a framework of brand value applicable to industrial markets. This identifies both the functional (i.e., quality, technology, capacity, infrastructure, after sales service, capabilities, reliability, innovation) and emotional qualities (i.e., risk reduction, reassurance, trust) important for the development of industrial brand equity. Situational (e.g. nature of the purchase) and environmental factors (e.g. the economic situation) affecting suppliers' perceptions of the importance of brand in a B2B context and the role of functional versus emotional brand qualities are discussed. The value of the brand as a driver for the development of business to business relationships is also highlighted. The framework provides a basis for B2B practitioners to build their brands in such a way as to make a functional as well as an emotional connection with buyers that is more likely to lead to a supplier–buyer relationship.

Policy making without legislating: the self-regulation of commercial property leasing

The terms of a commercial property lease covers aspects such as rent, alterations to premises and the ability to leave; consequently they have a significant impact on cash flow and the ability of a business to develop. In contrast to the heavily-legislated residential sector, commercial landlords and tenants in the UK are largely free to negotiate the terms of their contract. Yet, since the property crash of 1989/90, successive governments have taken an interest in commercial leasing; in particular there is a desire to see landlords being more flexible. UK Government policy in this area has been pursued through industry self-regulation rather than legislation; since 1995 there have been three industry codes of practice on leasing. These codes are sanctioned by government and monitored by them. Yet, 15 years after the first code was launched, many in the industry see the whole code concept as ineffective and unlikely to ever achieve changes to certain aspects of landlord behaviour. This paper is the first step in considering the lease codes in the wider context of industry self-regulation. The aim of the paper is twofold: First a framework is created using the literature on industry self-regulation from various countries and industries which suggests key criteria to explain the effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of self-regulation. This is then applied to the UK lease codes based on research carried out by the authors for the UK Government to monitor the success of all three codes. The outcome is a clearer understanding of the possibilities and limitations of using a voluntary solution to achieve policy aims within the property industry.

Food health claims – What consumers understand

Issues pertaining to consumer understanding of food health claims are complex and difficult to disentangle because there is a surprising lack of multidisciplinary research aimed at evaluating how consumers are influenced by factors impacting on the evaluation process. In the EU, current legislation is designed to protect consumers from misleading and false claims but there is much debate about the concept of the ‘average consumer’ referred to in the legislation. This review provides an overview of the current legislative framework, discusses the concept of the ‘average consumer’ and brings together findings on consumer understanding from an international perspective. It examines factors related to the personal characteristics of individuals such as socio-demographic status, knowledge, and attitudes, and factors pertaining to food and food supplement products such as the wording of claims and the communication of the strength and consistency of the scientific evidence. As well as providing insights for future research, the conclusions highlight the importance of enhancing the communication of scientific evidence to improve consumer understanding of food health claims.

Developing construction professional services in the international market: SWOT analysis of China

Construction professional services (CPSs), such as architecture, engineering, and consultancy, are not only high value-added profit centers in their own right but also have a knock-on effect on other businesses, such as construction and the export of materials and machinery. Arguably, competition in the international construction market has shifted to these knowledge-intensive CPS areas. Yet CPSs represent a research frontier that has received scant attention. This research aims to enrich the body of knowledge on CPSs by examining strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of Chinese CPSs (CCPSs) in the international context. It does so by triangulating theories with quantitative and qualitative data gleaned from yearbooks, annual reports, interviews, seminars, and interactions with managers in major CCPS companies. It is found that CCPSs present both strengths and weaknesses in talents, administration systems, and development strategies in dealing with the external opportunities and threats brought about by globalization and market evolution. Low price, which has helped the Chinese construction business to succeed in the international market, is also a major CCPS strength. An opportunity for CCPSs is the relatively strong delivery capability possessed by Chinese contractors; by partnering with them CCPSs can better establish themselves in the international arena. This is probably the first ever comprehensive study on the performance of CCPSs in the international marketplace. The research is conducted at an opportune time, particularly when the world is witnessing the burgeoning force of Chinese businesses in many areas including manufacturing, construction, and, potentially, professional services. It adds new insights to the knowledge body of CPSs and provides valuable references to other countries faced with the challenge of developing CPS business efficiently in the international market.

Developing construction professional services in the international market: a SWOT analysis of China

In contrast to their bustling construction counterparts, Chinese construction professional services (CPS) such as architecture, engineering, and consultancy, seem still to be stagnant in the international market. CPS are not only high value-added profit centers in their own right, but also have a knock-on effect on subsequent businesses such as construction, and the export of materials and machinery. Arguably, competition in the international construction market has shifted to knowledge-intensive CPS. Yet,CPS represent a research area that has been paid scant attention. This research aims to add to the body of knowledge of CPS by examining strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of Chinese CPS (CCPS) in the international context. It does so by triangulating theories with quantitative and qualitative data gleaned from yearbooks, annual reports, interviews, seminars, and interactions with managers in major CCPS companies. It is found that CCPS present both strengths and weaknesses in talents, administration systems, and development strategies in dealing with the external opportunities and threats brought about by globalization and market evolvement. Low price, which has helped the Chinese construction business to succeed in the international market, is also a CCPS major strength. An opportunity for CCPS is the relatively strong delivery capability possessed by Chinese contractors. By partnering with them CCPS can better edge into the international arena. This is probably the first ever comprehensive study in investigating the performance of CCPS in the international market. The research is also timely, particularly when the world is witnessing the burgeoning force of Chinese businesses in many areas including manufacturing, construction, and potentially, professional services.

Achieving market segmentation from B2B sectorisation

Purpose – The creation of a target market strategy is integral to developing an effective business strategy. The concept of market segmentation is often cited as pivotal to establishing a target market strategy, yet all too often business-to-business marketers utilise little more than trade sectors or product groups as the basis for their groupings of customers, rather than customers' characteristics and buying behaviour. The purpose of this paper is to offer a solution for managers, focusing on customer purchasing behaviour, which evolves from the organisation's existing criteria used for grouping its customers. Design/methodology/approach – One of the underlying reasons managers fail to embrace best practice market segmentation is their inability to manage the transition from how target markets in an organisation are currently described to how they might look when based on customer characteristics, needs, purchasing behaviour and decision-making. Any attempt to develop market segments should reflect the inability of organisations to ignore their existing customer group classification schemes and associated customer-facing operational practices, such as distribution channels and sales force allocations. Findings – A straightforward process has been derived and applied, enabling organisations to practice market segmentation in an evolutionary manner, facilitating the transition to customer-led target market segments. This process also ensures commitment from the managers responsible for implementing the eventual segmentation scheme. This paper outlines the six stages of this process and presents an illustrative example from the agrichemicals sector, supported by other cases. Research implications – The process presented in this paper for embarking on market segmentation focuses on customer purchasing behaviour rather than business sectors or product group classifications - which is true to the concept of market segmentation - but in a manner that participating managers find non-threatening. The resulting market segments have their basis in the organisation's existing customer classification schemes and are an iteration to which most managers readily buy-in. Originality/value – Despite the size of the market segmentation literature, very few papers offer step-by-step guidance for developing customer-focused market segments in business-to-business marketing. The analytical tool for assessing customer purchasing deployed in this paper originally was created to assist in marketing planning programmes, but has since proved its worth as the foundation for creating segmentation schemes in business marketing, as described in this paper.

Diagnosing and treating operational and implementation barriers in synoptic marketing planning

Strategic marketing planning is now widely adopted by business-to-business organizations. While marketing planning principles are well established, practitioners attempting to implement the process often find their progress impeded by a variety of barriers. These barriers are explored through a review of published evidence and case study analysis of several organizations. This analysis exposes three levels of barriers to effective business-to-business marketing planning, relating to (i) organizational infrastructure, (ii) the planning process and (iii) implementation. These barriers reflect the synoptic nature of planning in many organizations. The findings lead to the development of a practitioner-oriented diagnostic and treatment tool which guides managers through the marketing planning process. Although this diagnostic deals specifically with issues which are relevant to the marketing planner, its wider implications for strategic planning are also explored.