Structural organization of Trypanosoma cruzi

Since the initial description of Trypanosoma cruzi by Carlos Chagas in 1909, several research groups have used different microscopic techniques to obtain detailed information about the various developmental stages found in the life cycle of this intracellular parasite. This review describes the present knowledge on the organization of the most important structures and organelles found in the protozoan, such as the cell surface, flagellum, cytoskeleton, kinetoplast-mitochondrion complex, glycosome, acidocalcisome, contractile vacuole, lipid inclusions, the secretory pathway, endocytic pathway and the nucleus.

Perspectives of auto-correcting lens distortions in mosaic-based underwater navigation

When unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) perform missions near the ocean floor, optical sensors can be used to improve local navigation. Video mosaics allow to efficiently process the images acquired by the vehicle, and also to obtain position estimates. We discuss in this paper the role of lens distortions in this context, proving that degenerate mosaics have their origin not only in the selected motion model or in registration errors, but also in the cumulative effect of radial distortion residuals. Additionally, we present results on the accuracy of different feature-based approaches for self-correction of lens distortions that may guide the choice of appropriate techniques for correcting distortions

Les troubles alimentaires atypiques : recherche qualitative auprès d'adolescentes suivies dans un groupe thérapeutique

RESUMELes troubles des conduites alimentaires atypiques (TCAA) représentent une catégorie diagnostique émergente, relativement peu décrite. Ils regroupent des tableaux cliniques ne satisfaisant pas entièrement aux critères des troubles alimentaires typiques anorexie et boulimie. Désignés par le terme de EDNOS' dans le DSM-IV2 (American Psychiatrie Association, 1994), ils sont appelés troubles atypiques dans la CIM-103 (World Health Organization, 1993).Les TCAA représentent la majorité des demandes dans les consultations pour troubles alimentaires, concernent une grande proportion de la population non-consultante et constituent un enjeu de santé publique prioritaire.Cette étude se penche sur le parcours de 24 jeunes filles présentant de tels troubles, qui ont été suivies dans le cadre d'un groupe thérapeutique à l'UMSA (Unité Multidisciplinaire de Santé des Adolescents, CHUV, Lausanne). Elle a pour but de mieux connaître ces troubles alimentaires atypiques.Deux axes de questions de recherche organisent ce travail: le premier, orienté autour du trouble alimentaire atypique, de sa définition (avec les questions de classification diagnostique) et de son évolution (avec les questions de passages d'une catégorie à une autre), le second autour du groupe thérapeutique, de son utilité et de ses indications.1. Résultats cliniquesLes résultats de l'analyse thématique décrivent un trouble important, qui induit une souffrance plus intense que ne tendraient à le laisser penser la relative banalité de la présentation clinique en comparaison des troubles typiques ainsi que la catégorisation en tant que troubles résiduels. Des moyens compensatoires -qui visent au maintien d'un poids stable en dépit des crises alimentaires ainsi qu'à la perte de poids, soit par des méthodes non-purgatives (restrictions massives, diètes, jeûnes, pratique du sport à outrance), soit par des méthodes purgatives (vomissements auto-induits, usage de laxatifs, diurétiques) - sont présents chez 15 participantes, sous forme de vomissements chez 6 d'entre elles. Seize participantes ont présenté des troubles des menstruations. Des difficultés de la lignée anxio-dépressive sont relevées chez la moitié des participantes, alliées à un perfectionnisme important. L'estime de soi apparaît globalement basse, excessivement influencée par l'insatisfaction attachée au poids et aux formes corporelles. L'analyse fait clairement apparaître le lien complexe unissant les attitudes face à l'alimentation et le désir de maigrir aux crises de frénésie alimentaire. Les crises permettent aux patientes de moduler leurs émotions, tant .positives que négatives. Le vécu de la maladie et des préoccupations pour le corps et l'alimentation semble généralisable. et «transcatégorique», bien que les troubles alimentaires de l'ordre de l'anorexie atypique restrictive, du fait de l'absence de crises de frénésie, semblent appartenir à un registre différent des troubles avec perte de contrôle sur l'alimentation et crises, notamment en termes d'implications dans la vie quotidienne.Lorsque les participantes sont revues (au minimum un an après la sortie du groupe thérapeutique), 15 d'entre elles sont indemnes de tout symptôme, 5 présentent encore un TCAA type boulimie atypique, et 4 ont parfois des crises résiduelles. Des préoccupations pour l'alimentation et le poids subsistent. Le pronostic d'évolution n'apparaît lié ni à la durée de participation au groupe, ni uniquement à la catégorie diagnostique ou aux seuls éléments de co-morbidité, mais davantage à un investissement rapidement positif du groupe, ainsi qu'à la qualité des prises en charge parallèles en présence d'éléments de co-morbidité importants ou d'antécédents d'autres troubles alimentaires.Notre collectif atteste de passages d'une catégorie de trouble à une autre (anorexie puis boulimie, comme décrit dans la littérature) et de changements d'intensité (trouble typique puis atypique) au cours de la maladie, confirmant un continuum possible, tant entre les troubles typiques, qu'entre les troubles typiques et atypiques. Néanmoins, la multiplicité des parcours possibles dans la maladie, ainsi que l'existence de formes stables, sans passages d'une catégorie à une autre, incite à la prudence et ne permet pas de confirmer en tout point l'hypothèse de la nature dimensionnelle (même nature, intensité différente) des troubles alimentaires.Le trouble atypique représente parfois une étape dans l'évolution à partir d'un trouble typique, pouvant être envisagé comme moment sur le chemin de la guérison, ce qui pose la question des critères de guérison.2. Nature des troubles alimentaires atypiquesDu collectif émergent 4 catégories diagnostiques de troubles alimentaires atypiques: hyperphagie boulimique, boulimie atypique non-purgative, boulimie atypique purgative et anorexie atypique restrictive. Le tableau clinique.de l'hyperphagie boulimique comporte des crises de boulimie, mais peu de préoccupations concernant le poids et les formes corporelles en compá= raison des 3 autres catégories, et pas de moyens de compensation des crises, ce qui induit fréquemment un surpoids voire une obésité pour les patientes concernées. Les moyens de compensation des crises de boulimie demeurent non-purgatives (jeûne, sport) dans la boulimie atypique non-purgative, alors que vomissements et usage de laxatifs suite aux crises caractérisent la boulimie atypique purgative. Le tableau clinique de l'anorexie atypique restrictive ne présente ni crises de boulimie ni moyens de compensation purgatifs type vomissements. Ces catégories sont retrouvées dans la littérature.Nos résultats rejoignent la littérature actuelle qui envisage la nécessité d'une reclassification des troubles alimentaires en vue du DSM-V. Dans l'intervalle, adopter la classification de la CIM et parler d'anorexie atypique, de -type restrictif ou avec crises, de boulimie atypique, purgative ou non, et y ajouter l'hyperphagie boulimique, rendrait mieux compte de la réalité clinique des troubles alimentaires atypiques que ne le fait la classe des EDNOS du DSM, peu différenciée, mêlant des tableaux très divers et au final insatisfaisante.3. Utilité et indication du groupeLe groupe recèle un fort pouvoir thérapeutique pour les patientes qui s'y impliquent. L'étayage sur les autres émerge comme facteur thérapeutique principal, ainsi que le décrit la littérature. Cette prise en charge thérapeutique convient particulièrement à des patientes présentant un trouble alimentaire sur le versant boulimique, comprenant l'hyperphagie boulimique, la boulimie atypique, purgative ou non, ainsi que certaines boulimies de moyenne gravité. Les patientes du collectif qui présentent des difficultés de l'ordre de l'anorexie atypique restrictive bénéficient moins du groupe que les participantes qui expérimentent des pertes de contrôle sur la nourriture.4. ImplicationsL'intensité de la souffrance, la complexité des tableaux symptomatiques, la diversité des parcours et les multiples répercussions sur la vie sociale démontrent l'importance de repérer et prendre en charge ces troubles alimentaires qui demeurent souvent banalisés. Dans cette perspective, la formation au dépistage, à l'évaluation et à la prise en charge des divers intervenants confrontés à ces troubles représente un enjeu majeur. .Enfin, dénoncer les pressions socioculturelles à la minceur et le dictat des régimes, promouvoir une notion de bien-être et une bonne estime de soi qui ne soient pas liées à l'apparence contribuera à prévenir les troubles alimentaires atypiques.

High throughput 3D super-resolution microscopy reveals Caulobacter crescentus in vivo Z-ring organization.

We created a high-throughput modality of photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) that enables automated 3D PALM imaging of hundreds of synchronized bacteria during all stages of the cell cycle. We used high-throughput PALM to investigate the nanoscale organization of the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ in live Caulobacter crescentus. We observed that FtsZ predominantly localizes as a patchy midcell band, and only rarely as a continuous ring, supporting a model of "Z-ring" organization whereby FtsZ protofilaments are randomly distributed within the band and interact only weakly. We found evidence for a previously unidentified period of rapid ring contraction in the final stages of the cell cycle. We also found that DNA damage resulted in production of high-density continuous Z-rings, which may obstruct cytokinesis. Our results provide a detailed quantitative picture of in vivo Z-ring organization.

Monoclonal auto-antibodies and sera of autoimmune patients react with Plasmodium falciparum and inhibit its in vitro growth

The relationship between autoimmunity and malaria is not well understood. To determine whether autoimmune responses have a protective role during malaria, we studied the pattern of reactivity to plasmodial antigens of sera from 93 patients with 14 different autoimmune diseases (AID) who were not previously exposed to malaria. Sera from patients with 13 different AID reacted against Plasmodium falciparum by indirect fluorescent antibody test with frequencies varying from 33-100%. In addition, sera from 37 AID patients were tested for reactivity against Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL and the asexual blood stage forms of three different P. falciparum strains. In general, the frequency of reactive sera was higher against young trophozoites than schizonts (p < 0.05 for 2 strains), indicating that the antigenic determinants targeted by the tested AID sera might be more highly expressed by the former stage. The ability of monoclonal auto-antibodies (auto-Ab) to inhibit P. falciparum growth in vitro was also tested. Thirteen of the 18 monoclonal auto-Ab tested (72%), but none of the control monoclonal antibodies, inhibited parasite growth, in some cases by greater than 40%. We conclude that autoimmune responses mediated by auto-Ab may present anti-plasmodial activity.

Organisation des secours extrahospitaliers lors du sommet 2003 du G8: nouveau concept de poste médical mobile (PMM) [Prehospital medical care organization during the 2003 G8 summit: a new concept of Mobile Medical Squadrons (MMS)].

OBJECTIVE: The occurrence of the 2003 G8 summit in Evian and the threat of major civil riots or even terrorist attacks in the Swiss neighbourhood forced us to imagine a new system of rescue and medical care in case of numerous victims. Previous occurrences of the G8 in Europe or America have demonstrated the need of flexible and mobile structures, able to respond quickly to crowd movements, unlike the usual static structure of rescue systems designed for major accidents. METHODS: We developed a new concept of Mobile Medical Squadrons (MMS) consisting of several vehicles and medical care and rescue human resources. In our concept, each MMS consisted of 3 emergency doctors, 5 paramedics and 9 first-aid workers. They were designed to handle 15 patients, with a large autonomy in terms of rescue, medical care, evacuation and medical authority. The equipment included medical, resuscitation, simple decontamination, evacuation and communication materials. RESULTS: The MMS were dispatched four times during the G8 summit following civil riots. They took care of 12 injured patients. CONCLUSION: The concept of MMS as a reinforcement of the existing rescue and health care resources appears as a new flexible, a modular and useful concept for the medical management of collective prehospital emergency situations. Its use is suggested instead of the traditional static concept of rescue systems designed for major accidents.

Auto-enregistrament del dolor a través de telefonia mòbil per a pacients menors

Aquest projecte s'inclou dins del marc del projecte Fibroline, desenvolupat pel grup de recerca 'Algos' de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili.El projecte Fibroline consisteix en el desenvolupament d'un protocol d'intervenció cognitivo-conductual (TCC) autoadministrat mitjançant tecnologia mòbil intel·ligent, de baix cost, accessible, i eficaç, per a prevenir i/o reduir el dolor i les conseqüències negatives associades amb la fibromiàlgia en adolescents i joves adults.

Prophylactic isolated limb perfusion for localized, high-risk limb melanoma: results of a multicenter randomized phase III trial. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Malignant Melanoma Cooperative Group Protocol 18832, the World Health Organization Melanoma Program Trial 15, and the North American Perfusion Group Southwest Oncology Group-8593.

PURPOSE: Patients with primary cutaneous melanoma > or = 1.5 mm in thickness are at high risk of having regional micrometastases at the time of initial surgical treatment. A phase III international study was designed to evaluate whether prophylactic isolated limb perfusion (ILP) could prevent regional recurrence and influence survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 832 assessable patients from 16 centers entered the study; 412 were randomized to wide excision (WE) only and 420 to WE plus ILP with melphalan and mild hyperthermia. Median age was 50 years, 68% of patients were female, 79% of melanomas were located on a lower limb, and 47% had a thickness > or = 3 mm. RESULTS: Median follow-up duration is 6.4 years. There was a trend for a longer disease-free interval (DFI) after ILP. The difference was significant for patients who did not undergo elective lymph node dissection (ELND). The impact of ILP was clearly on the occurrence-as first site of progression - of in-transit metastases (ITM), which were reduced from 6.6% to 3.3%, and of regional lymph node (RLN) metastases, with a reduction from 16.7% to 12.6%. There was no benefit from ILP in terms of time to distant metastasis or survival. Side effects were higher after ILP, but transient in most patients. There were two amputations for limb toxicity after ILP. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic ILP with melphalan cannot be recommended as an adjunct to standard surgery in high-risk primary limb melanoma.

Accès aux soins d'urgence: organisation et utilité de la chaîne des secours [Access to prehospital medical care: organization and utility of the chain of survival].

In order to be effective, access to prehospital care must be integrated into a system described as "the chain of survival". This system is composed of 5 essential phases: 1) basic help by witnesses; 2) call for help; 3) basic life support; 4) professional rescue and transport to the appropriate institution and 5) access to emergency ward and hospital management. Each phase is characterized by a specific organization, dedicated skills and means in order to increase the level of care brought to the patient. This article describes the organization, the utility and the specificity of the chain of survival allowing access to prehospital medical care in the western part of Switzerland.

A temporal hierarchy for conspecific vocalization discrimination in humans.

Introduction: Discrimination of species-specific vocalizations is fundamental for survival and social interactions. Its unique behavioral relevance has encouraged the identification of circumscribed brain regions exhibiting selective responses (Belin et al., 2004), while the role of network dynamics has received less attention. Those studies that have examined the brain dynamics of vocalization discrimination leave unresolved the timing and the inter-relationship between general categorization, attention, and speech-related processes (Levy et al., 2001, 2003; Charest et al., 2009). Given these discrepancies and the presence of several confounding factors, electrical neuroimaging analyses were applied to auditory evoked-potential (AEPs) to acoustically and psychophysically controlled non-verbal human and animal vocalizations. This revealed which region(s) exhibit voice-sensitive responses and in which sequence. Methods: Subjects (N=10) performed a living vs. man-made 'oddball' auditory discrimination task, such that on a given block of trials 'target' stimuli occurred 10% of the time. Stimuli were complex, meaningful sounds of 500ms duration. There were 120 different sound files in total, 60 of which represented sounds of living objects and 60 man-made objects. The stimuli that were the focus of the present investigation were restricted to those of living objects within blocks where no response was required. These stimuli were further sorted between human non-verbal vocalizations and animal vocalizations. They were also controlled in terms of their spectrograms and formant distributions. Continuous 64-channel EEG was acquired through Neuroscan Synamps referenced to the nose, band-pass filtered 0.05-200Hz, and digitized at 1000Hz. Peri-stimulus epochs of continuous EEG (-100ms to 900ms) were visually inspected for artifacts, 40Hz low-passed filtered and baseline corrected using the pre-stimulus period . Averages were computed from each subject separately. AEPs in response to animal and human vocalizations were analyzed with respect to differences of Global Field Power (GFP) and with respect to changes of the voltage configurations at the scalp (reviewed in Murray et al., 2008). The former provides a measure of the strength of the electric field irrespective of topographic differences; the latter identifies changes in spatial configurations of the underlying sources independently of the response strength. In addition, we utilized the local auto-regressive average distributed linear inverse solution (LAURA; Grave de Peralta Menendez et al., 2001) to visualize and statistically contrast the likely underlying sources of effects identified in the preceding analysis steps. Results: We found differential activity in response to human vocalizations over three periods in the post-stimulus interval, and this response was always stronger than that to animal vocalizations. The first differential response (169-219ms) was a consequence of a modulation in strength of a common brain network localized into the right superior temporal sulcus (STS; Brodmann's Area (BA) 22) and extending into the superior temporal gyrus (STG; BA 41). A second difference (291-357ms) also followed from strength modulations of a common network with statistical differences localized to the left inferior precentral and prefrontal gyrus (BA 6/45). These two first strength modulations correlated (Spearman's rho(8)=0.770; p=0.009) indicative of functional coupling between temporally segregated stages of vocalization discrimination. A third difference (389-667ms) followed from strength and topographic modulations and was localized to the left superior frontal gyrus (BA10) although this third difference did not reach our spatial criterion of 12 continuous voxels. Conclusions: We show that voice discrimination unfolds over multiple temporal stages, involving a wide network of brain regions. The initial stages of vocalization discrimination are based on modulations in response strength within a common brain network with no evidence for a voice-selective module. The latency of this effect parallels that of face discrimination (Bentin et al., 2007), supporting the possibility that voice and face processes can mutually inform one another. Putative underlying sources (localized in the right STS; BA 22) are consistent with prior hemodynamic imaging evidence in humans (Belin et al., 2004). Our effect over the 291-357ms post-stimulus period overlaps the 'voice-specific-response' reported by Levy et al. (Levy et al., 2001) and the estimated underlying sources (left BA6/45) were in agreement with previous findings in humans (Fecteau et al., 2005). These results challenge the idea that circumscribed and selective areas subserve con-specific vocalization processing.

Structural determinants for membrane association and dynamic organization of the hepatitis C virus NS3-4A complex.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3-4A is a membrane-associated multifunctional protein harboring serine protease and RNA helicase activities. It is an essential component of the HCV replication complex and a prime target for antiviral intervention. Here, we show that membrane association and structural organization of HCV NS3-4A are ensured in a cooperative manner by two membrane-binding determinants. We demonstrate that the N-terminal 21 amino acids of NS4A form a transmembrane alpha-helix that may be involved in intramembrane protein-protein interactions important for the assembly of a functional replication complex. In addition, we demonstrate that amphipathic helix alpha(0), formed by NS3 residues 12-23, serves as a second essential determinant for membrane association of NS3-4A, allowing proper positioning of the serine protease active site on the membrane. These results allowed us to propose a dynamic model for the membrane association, processing, and structural organization of NS3-4A on the membrane. This model has implications for the functional architecture of the HCV replication complex, proteolytic targeting of host factors, and drug design.

Mutation of yeast Ku genes disrupts the subnuclear organization of telomeres.

The mammalian Ku70 and Ku86 proteins form a heterodimer that binds to the ends of double-stranded DNA in vitro and is required for repair of radiation-induced strand breaks and V(D)J recombination [1,2]. Deletion of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes HDF1 and HDF2--encoding yKu70p and yKu80p, respectively--enhances radiation sensitivity in a rad52 background [3,4]. In addition to repair defects, the length of the TG-rich repeat on yeast telomere ends shortens dramatically [5,6]. We have shown previously that in yeast interphase nuclei, telomeres are clustered in a limited number of foci near the nuclear periphery [7], but the elements that mediate this localization remained unknown. We report here that deletion of the genes encoding yKu70p or its partner yKu80p altered the positioning of telomeric DNA in the yeast nucleus. These are the first mutants shown to affect the subnuclear localization of telomeres. Strains deficient for either yKu70p or yKu80p lost telomeric silencing, although they maintained repression at the silent mating-type loci. In addition, the telomere-associated silencing factors Sir3p and Sir4p and the TG-repeat-binding protein Rap1p lost their punctate pattern of staining and became dispersed throughout the nucleoplasm. Our results implicate the yeast Ku proteins directly in aspects of telomere organization, which in turn affects the repression of telomere-proximal genes.