Cuidados de Enfermagem à criança com Paralisia Cerebral e à família

Este trabalho, “Os Cuidados de Enfermagem à criança/família com Paralisia Cerebral no Centro de Reabilitação Infantil”, advêm de uma pesquisa da literatura científica da área, e do diálogo construído desta, com os registos feitos das entrevistas, numa lógica de questionamento e propostas a desenvolver. Recorreu-se ao Centro de Reabilitação Infantil do Centro de Saúde Reprodutiva em Bela Vista, São Vicente, tendo os pais destas crianças que frequentam este Centro dado o seu testemunho em entrevista semi-directiva. Esta abordagem de colheita de informação inscreve-se num olhar e numa intervenção holísticos por se preocupar e deixar espaço aos entrevistados respeitando o seu ambiente, o seu tempo, em toda a sua complexidade e por não impor limitação ou controle. A pergunta de partida, “Como ajudar /cuidar das crianças com Paralisia Cerebral e das suas famílias?”, orientou todo este percurso e levou à formulação dos objectivos. A finalidade do percurso relativo ao desenvolvimento deste trabalho é identificar o que a literatura científica recomenda como linhas orientadoras para a construção de um manual de intervenção junto de famílias cuidadores de crianças com Paralisia Cerebral. Esta monografia enquadra-se na problemática de teorias explicativas, e tenta perceber a influência destas na planificação e intervenção dos enfermeiros. Sustenta a reflexão realizada no modelo de Virgínia Henderson – Necessidades Humanas Fundamentais. Propõe-se que o cuidado específico de enfermagem à criança com Paralisia Cerebral, se estruture em: - saber avaliar os recursos e os limites da criança em contextos reabilitativos e os potenciais riscos; definir os objectivos das intervenções reabilitativas para com a criança e família; educar/informar a criança e família a viver com os seus limites, a desenvolver comportamentos saudáveis; promover o adquirir do máximo de autonomia, contando com as pessoas ao seu redor; informar o cliente e família dos possíveis recursos em relação ao apoio social existentes. Também é recomendada a necessidade de o enfermeiro estar actualizado relativamente às políticas de saúde para poder orientar a família e, no caso específico do internamento da criança, em conjunto com a equipa, prever o regresso tendo em conta a realidade social e familiar.

Intraoperative angiography reloaded: a new hybrid operating theater for combined endovascular and surgical treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a pilot study on 25 patients.

BACKGROUND: Multimodality treatment suites for patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) have recently become available. This study was designed to evaluate feasibility, safety and impact on treatment of a new intraoperative flat-panel (FP) based integrated surgical and imaging suite for combined endovascular and surgical treatment of cerebral AVM. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with AVMs to treat with combined endovascular and surgical interventions were prospectively enrolled in this consecutive case series. The hybrid suite allows combined endovascular and surgical approaches with intraoperative scanner-like imaging (XperCT®) and intraoperative 3D rotational angiography (3D-RA). The impact of intraoperative multimodal imaging on feasibility, workflow of combined interventions, surgery, and unexpected imaging findings were analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients (mean age 38 ± 18.6 year) with a median Spetzler-Martin grade 2 AVM (range 1-4) underwent combined endovascular and surgical procedures. Sixteen patients presented with a ruptured AVM and nine with an unruptured AVM. In 16 % (n = 4) of cases, intraoperative imaging visualized AVM remnants ≤3 mm and allowed for completion of the resections in the same sessions. Complete resection was confirmed in all n = 16 patients who had follow-up angiography one year after surgery so far. All diagnostic and therapeutical steps, including angiographic control, were performed without having to move the patients CONCLUSION: The hybrid neurointerventional suite was shown to be a safe and useful setup which allowed for unconstrained combined microsurgical and neuroradiological workflow. It reduces the need for extraoperative angiographic controls and subsequent potential surgical revisions a second time, as small AVM remnants can be detected with high security.

Beyond intracranial pressure: optimization of cerebral blood flow, oxygen, and substrate delivery after traumatic brain injury.

Monitoring and management of intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is a standard of care after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the pathophysiology of so-called secondary brain injury, i.e., the cascade of potentially deleterious events that occur in the early phase following initial cerebral insult-after TBI, is complex, involving a subtle interplay between cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxygen delivery and utilization, and supply of main cerebral energy substrates (glucose) to the injured brain. Regulation of this interplay depends on the type of injury and may vary individually and over time. In this setting, patient management can be a challenging task, where standard ICP/CPP monitoring may become insufficient to prevent secondary brain injury. Growing clinical evidence demonstrates that so-called multimodal brain monitoring, including brain tissue oxygen (PbtO2), cerebral microdialysis and transcranial Doppler among others, might help to optimize CBF and the delivery of oxygen/energy substrate at the bedside, thereby improving the management of secondary brain injury. Looking beyond ICP and CPP, and applying a multimodal therapeutic approach for the optimization of CBF, oxygen delivery, and brain energy supply may eventually improve overall care of patients with head injury. This review summarizes some of the important pathophysiological determinants of secondary cerebral damage after TBI and discusses novel approaches to optimize CBF and provide adequate oxygen and energy supply to the injured brain using multimodal brain monitoring.

Doublecortin-positive cells in the adult primate cerebral cortex and possible role in brain plasticity and development.

We have demonstrated that cortical cell autografts might be a useful therapy in two monkey models of neurological disease: motor cortex lesion and Parkinson's disease. However, the origin of the useful transplanted cells obtained from cortical biopsies is not clear. In this report we describe the expression of doublecortin (DCX) in these cells based on reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunodetection in the adult primate cortex and cell cultures. The results showed that DCX-positive cells were present in the whole primate cerebral cortex and also expressed glial and/or neuronal markers such as glial fibrillary protein (GFAP) or neuronal nuclei (NeuN). We also demonstrated that only DCX/GFAP positive cells were able to proliferate and originate progenitor cells in vitro. We hypothesize that these DCX-positive cells in vivo have a role in cortical plasticity and brain reaction to injury. Moreover, in vitro these DCX-positive cells have the potential to reacquire progenitor characteristics that confirm their potential for brain repair.

Sofrimento Psíquico e Vivência da Família com Paralisia Cerebral

O presente trabalho tem como tema o sofrimento psíquico e vivência da família com crianças com paralisia cerebral. Pretende-se, com este trabalho, fazer uma caracterização das famílias face ao diagnóstico, do sofrimento e vivência com uma criança com paralisia cerebral, compreender os sentimentos e quais as maiores dificuldades que essas famílias enfrentam no dia-a-dia para cuidar de uma criança com paralisia cerebral. Procuramos fazer um estudo qualitativo cujos fundamentos são relevantes a natureza da investigação pois a opção fundamenta na abordagem considerada mais pertinente tendo em vista os objectivos definidos. As respostas das entrevistas foram registadas e tratadas com base na análise de conteúdo que é entendida como um método de tratamento e análises de informações colhidas por meios de técnicas de colectas de dados, sintetizadas em um documento. O estudo revela que o confronto com o diagnóstico é um choque emocional tendo as famílias manifestado sintomas depressivos. Apesar desse choque, as famílias revelaram aceitar a situação e procurar ajuda e estratégias de enfrentamento da situação. Os resultados deste estudo revelam que, na maioria das famílias há uma luta enorme para ultrapassar essas dificuldades, o que pode ser explicado pelo facto delas estarem a ser ajudadas pela associação acarinhar, o que lhes permite aliviar os seus sofrimentos, tirar as dúvidas e encontrar o apoio e amparo necessários. O suporte social recebido tanto pela família como pelos amigos e profissionais de saúde pode ter sido fundamental para aliviar o sofrimento psicológico e possibilitar uma maior tomada de consciência da situação. Quanto as estratégias da vivência familiar essas famílias revelam mais centradas no problema.

Continuous arterial spin labeling of mouse cerebral blood flow using an actively-detuned two-coil system at 9.4T.

Among numerous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, perfusion MRI provides insight into the passage of blood through the brain's vascular network non-invasively. Studying disease models and transgenic mice would intrinsically help understanding the underlying brain functions, cerebrovascular disease and brain disorders. This study evaluates the feasibility of performing continuous arterial spin labeling (CASL) on all cranial arteries for mapping murine cerebral blood flow at 9.4 T. We showed that with an active-detuned two-coil system, a labeling efficiency of 0.82 ± 0.03 was achieved with minimal magnetization transfer residuals in brain. The resulting cerebral blood flow of healthy mouse was 99 ± 26 mL/100g/min, in excellent agreement with other techniques. In conclusion, high magnetic fields deliver high sensitivity and allowing not only CASL but also other MR techniques, i.e. (1)H MRS and diffusion MRI etc, in studying murine brains.

Non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for estimating the onset time of permanent cerebral ischemia.

The treatments for ischemic stroke can only be administered in a narrow time-window. However, the ischemia onset time is unknown in ~30% of stroke patients (wake-up strokes). The objective of this study was to determine whether MR spectra of ischemic brains might allow the precise estimation of cerebral ischemia onset time. We modeled ischemic stroke in male ICR-CD1 mice using a permanent middle cerebral artery filament occlusion model with laser Doppler control of the regional cerebral blood flow. Mice were then subjected to repeated MRS measurements of ipsilateral striatum at 14.1 T. A striking initial increase in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and no increase in glutamine were observed. A steady decline was observed for taurine (Tau), N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and similarly for the sum of NAA+Tau+glutamate that mimicked an exponential function. The estimation of the time of onset of permanent ischemia within 6 hours in a blinded experiment with mice showed an accuracy of 33±10 minutes. A plot of GABA, Tau, and neuronal marker concentrations against the ratio of acetate/NAA allowed precise separation of mice whose ischemia onset lay within arbitrarily chosen time-windows. We conclude that (1)H-MRS has the potential to detect the clinically relevant time of onset of ischemic stroke.

Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC): os desafios de enfermagem no atendimento de urgência

A incidência do Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) em Cabo Verde acompanha a tendência mundial, sendo uma das primeiras causas de morte; nos anos 2013 e 2014, é a primeira causa de morte entre as doenças do aparelho circulatório, isto justificado pelo aumento da esperança média de vida. Também tendo como influência a adoção de novos estilos e padrões de vida não saudáveis, e com o aumento dos fatores de risco que o avançar da idade acarreta. Sendo que a enfermagem como a base de qualquer organização de saúde, necessita fundamentar a sua prática em bases científicas, levando em consideração o individuo como um ser holístico. Desta forma, considerou-se pertinente desenvolver um estudo no âmbito do atendimento de urgência a um utente com Acidente Vascular Cerebral, tendo como objetivo principal identificar as dificuldades que os enfermeiros enfrentam no atendimento de urgência a um utente com AVC. No entanto para dar resposta ao estudo foram considerados outros pontos não menos importantes, tais como: aspetos utilizado no atendimento do AVC, as dificuldades e as estratégias na prestação do cuidado e as técnicas para superar os mesmos. Optou-se por um estudo do tipo fenomenológico, com base na metodologia qualitativo. Sendo que a população do estudo é constituído por 6 enfermeiros, que trabalham no serviço da urgência do Hospital Doutor Baptista de Sousa (HBS). Para que fosse possível recolher os dados, foi estabelecido como instrumento de recolha de dados um guião de entrevista semiestruturada. O tratamento dos dados foi efetuado através da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados dos dados recolhidos, foram apresentados através de quadros e daí retiradas as conclusões consideradas importantes para dar respostas aos objetivos estabelecidos. Uma das principais conclusões do estudo, realça o fato do serviço da urgência apresentar algumas dificuldades no tratamento dos utentes com AVC, devido a falta de alguns recursos materiais considerados indispensáveis, para o diagnóstico diferencial do AVC e assim a tomada de decisões para um tratamento adequado do mesmo. Sendo que, a enfermagem tem um papel pivô no atendimento dos pacientes com Acidente Vascular Cerebral, são esses profissionais que estabelecem o contato entre esses utentes e o resto da equipa multidisciplinar.

Hemoglobin concentration and cerebral metabolism in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The optimal hemoglobin (Hgb) target after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is not precisely known. We sought to examine the threshold of Hgb concentration associated with an increased risk of cerebral metabolic dysfunction in patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage. METHODS: Twenty consecutive patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage who underwent multimodality neuromonitoring (intracranial pressure, brain tissue oxygen tension, cerebral microdialysis) were studied prospectively. Brain tissue oxygen tension and extracellular lactate/pyruvate ratio were used as markers of cerebral metabolic dysfunction and the relationship between Hgb concentrations and the incidence of brain hypoxia (defined by a brain tissue oxygen tension <20 mm Hg) and cell energy dysfunction (defined by a lactate/pyruvate ratio >40) was analyzed. RESULTS: Compared with higher Hgb concentrations, a Hgb concentration <9 g/dL was associated with lower brain tissue oxygen tension (27.2 [interquartile range, 21.2 to 33.1] versus 19.9 [interquartile range, 7.1 to 33.1] mm Hg, P=0.02), higher lactate/pyruvate ratio (29 [interquartile range, 25 to 38] versus 36 [interquartile range, 26 to 59], P=0.16), and an increased incidence of brain hypoxia (21% versus 52%, P<0.01) and cell energy dysfunction (23% versus 43%, P=0.03). On multivariable analysis, a Hgb concentration <9 g/dL was associated with a higher risk of brain hypoxia (OR, 7.92; 95% CI, 2.32 to 27.09; P<0.01) and cell energy dysfunction (OR, 4.24; 95% CI, 1.33 to 13.55; P=0.02) after adjusting for cerebral perfusion pressure, central venous pressure, PaO(2)/FIO(2) ratio, and symptomatic vasospasm. CONCLUSIONS: A Hgb concentration <9 g/dL is associated with an increased incidence of brain hypoxia and cell energy dysfunction in patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Time constant of the cerebral arterial bed in normal subjects.

The time constant of cerebral arterial bed (in brief time constant) is a product of brain arterial compliance (C(a)) and resistance (CVR). We tested the hypothesis that in normal subjects, changes in end-tidal CO(2) (EtCO(2)) affect the value of the time constant. C(a) and CVR were estimated using mathematical transformations of arterial pressure (ABP) and transcranial Doppler (TCD) cerebral blood flow velocity waveforms. Responses of the time constant to controlled changes in EtCO(2) were compared in 34 young volunteers. Hypercapnia shortened the time constant (0.22 s [0.17, 0.26] vs. 0.16 s [0.13, 0.20]; p = 0.000001), while hypocapnia lengthened the time constant (0.22 s [0.17, 0.26] vs. 0.23 s [0.19, 0.32]; p < 0.0032). The time constant was negatively correlated with changes in EtCO(2) (R(partial) = -0.68, p < 0.000001). This was associated with a decrease in CVR when EtCO(2) increased (R(partial) = -0.80, p < 0.000001) and C(a) remained independent of changes in EtCO(2). C(a) was negatively correlated with mean ABP (R(partial) = -0.68, p < 0.000001). In summary, the time constant shortens with increasing EtCO(2). Its potential role in cerebrovascular investigations needs further studies.

Isolated cerebral metastasis of a triceps muscle leiomyosarcoma: A case report.

Abstract Leiomyosarcomas are rare malignant neoplasms. Intracranial metastases of this tumour are even less frequently observed and have mostly been described from uterine leiomyosarcomas. In this article, we describe the case of a single right frontal subcortical cerebral metastasis in a patient with a right triceps muscle leiomyosarcoma. A right-sided frontal craniotomy with macroscopically complete tumour removal was performed, followed by combined radio-chemotherapy. The patient died 10 months after the initial diagnosis of the intracranial metastasis due to systemic tumour progression, without any evidence of intracranial recurrence.

Genetic deficiency of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase associated with skeletal dysplasia, cerebral calcifications and autoimmunity.

Vertebral and metaphyseal dysplasia, spasticity with cerebral calcifications, and strong predisposition to autoimmune diseases are the hallmarks of the genetic disorder spondyloenchondrodysplasia. We mapped a locus in five consanguineous families to chromosome 19p13 and identified mutations in ACP5, which encodes tartrate-resistant phosphatase (TRAP), in 14 affected individuals and showed that these mutations abolish enzyme function in the serum and cells of affected individuals. Phosphorylated osteopontin, a protein involved in bone reabsorption and in immune regulation, accumulates in serum, urine and cells cultured from TRAP-deficient individuals. Case-derived dendritic cells exhibit an altered cytokine profile and are more potent than matched control cells in stimulating allogeneic T cell proliferation in mixed lymphocyte reactions. These findings shed new light on the role of osteopontin and its regulation by TRAP in the pathogenesis of common autoimmune disorders.

Difference in distribution of microtubule-associated proteins 5a and 5b during the development of cerebral cortex and corpus callosum in cats: dependence on phosphorylation.

MAP5, a microtubule-associated protein characteristic of differentiating neurons, was studied in the developing visual cortex and corpus callosum of the cat. In juvenile cortical tissue, during the first month after birth, MAP5 is present as a protein doublet of molecular weights of 320 and 300 kDa, defined as MAP5a and MAP5b, respectively. MAP5a is the phosphorylated form. MAP5a decreases two weeks after birth and is no longer detectable at the beginning of the second postnatal month; MAP5b also decreases after the second postnatal week but more slowly and it is still present in the adult. In the corpus callosum only MAP5a is present between birth and the end of the first postnatal month. Afterwards only MAP5b is present but decreases in concentration more than 3-fold towards adulthood. Our immunocytochemical studies show MAP5 in somata, dendrites and axonal processes of cortical neurons. In adult tissue it is very prominent in pyramidal cells of layer V. In the corpus callosum MAP5 is present in axons at all ages. There is strong evidence that MAP5a is located in axons while MAP5b seems restricted to somata and dendrites until P28, but is found in callosal axons from P39 onwards. Biochemical experiments indicate that the state of phosphorylation of MAP5 influences its association with structural components. After high speed centrifugation of early postnatal brain tissue, MAP5a remains with pellet fractions while most MAP5b is soluble. In conclusion, phosphorylation of MAP5 may regulate (1) its intracellular distribution within axons and dendrites, and (2) its ability to interact with other subcellular components.

Influence of chronic hyperglycemia on cerebral microvascular remodeling: an in vivo study using perfusion computed tomography in acute ischemic stroke patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of chronic hyperglycemia on cerebral microvascular remodeling using perfusion computed tomography. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 26 patients from our registry of 2453 patients who underwent a perfusion computed tomographic study and had their hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measured. These 26 patients were divided into 2 groups: those with HbA1c>6.5% (n=15) and those with HbA1c≤6.5% (n=11). Perfusion computed tomographic studies were processed using a delay-corrected, deconvolution-based software. Perfusion computed tomographic values were compared between the 2 patient groups, including mean transit time, which relates to the cerebral capillary architecture and length. RESULTS: Mean transit time values in the nonischemic cerebral hemisphere were significantly longer in the patients with HbA1c>6.5% (P=0.033), especially in the white matter (P=0.005). Significant correlation (R=0.469; P=0.016) between mean transit time and HbA1c level was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results from a small sample suggest that chronic hyperglycemia may be associated with cerebral microvascular remodeling in humans. Additional prospective studies with larger sample size are required to confirm this observation.