Modelagem da capacidade de suporte de carga e quantificação dos efeitos das operações mecanizadas em um Latossolo Amarelo cultivado com cafeeiros

O Estado de Minas Gerais é o maior produtor de café do Brasil, com mais de 50 % da produção total, sendo grande parte da área cultivada originalmente ocupada por vegetação de cerrado. Essa região é destaque na cafeicultura em razão da alta tecnologia empregada na mecanização, que submete o solo ao tráfego de máquinas, tornando preocupante a possibilidade de disseminação da compactação do solo. Objetivou-se com este estudo: (a) propor modelos de capacidade de suporte de carga de um Latossolo Amarelo distrófico típico (LAd) cultivado com cafeeiro em função da pressão de preconsolidação e da umidade, (b) determinar, com o uso destes modelos, em três profundidades e em duas épocas de amostragem, a influência das operações de manejo na estrutura do Latossolo Amarelo nas estações: seca e chuvosa. As amostragens foram realizadas em três camadas (0-3, 10-13 e 25-28 cm), sendo 30 amostras coletadas no local onde não houve tráfego e 10 amostras na linha de tráfego para cada equipamento, coletadas nos meses de agosto de 2002 e março de 2003 para quantificar seu efeito na estrutura do solo nas duas épocas: seca e chuvosa, respectivamente. As amostras indeformadas foram utilizadas nos ensaios de compressão uniaxial. Foram determinados também granulometria, matéria orgânica, densidade de partículas, limite de contração e limite de plasticidade do solo. O modelo de capacidade de suporte de carga do LAd é expresso pela equação sigmap = 10(2,72-1,17U), em que sigmap significa a pressão de preconsolidação e U a umidade. Os efeitos das operações mecanizadas na lavoura cafeeira foram quantificados com o modelo de capacidade de suporte de carga e com o seu uso foi possível quantificar a influência das operações de manejo na estrutura do Latossolo Amarelo distrófico típico.

Carga máxima de fósforo admissível ao reservatório Piraquara II, uma aplicação do processo TMDL

Para implementação e operacionalização da política brasileira de recursos hídricos, é imprescindível o uso de ferramentas de planejamento que considerem o efeito de todas as atividades ou processos que causam ou contribuem para a degradação da qualidade de um corpo d'água. Neste sentido, aplicou-se o processo TMDL (total maximum daily load), desenvolvido pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos (EPA), para o P, na área de drenagem de contribuição ao futuro reservatório Piraquara II, bacia hidrográfica do rio Piraquara, Paraná. O processo TMDL determina a quantidade máxima de cargas de um poluente que um corpo d'água pode receber sem violar os padrões estabelecidos de qualidade da água e aloca cargas deste poluente entre fontes de poluição pontuais e difusas. No presente estudo, utilizou-se o método TMDL, com o objetivo de demonstrar ser ele uma ferramenta útil no processo de gestão dos recursos hídricos. Simularam-se cenários de uso do solo, por meio de modelagem matemática, até obter-se uma concentração de P total no reservatório abaixo da faixa limite para ocorrência de eutrofização, de 0,025 a 0,10 mg L-1, estabelecida no estudo. Realizou-se uma simulação de uso atual do solo, visando prever a condição inicial de qualidade da água no corpo d'água, na qual a concentração de P total no reservatório resultante não atendeu ao padrão estabelecido. Procedeu-se a uma segunda simulação com adoção das medidas de controle, recomposição de mata ciliar e plantio direto, para reduzir a exportação de carga de P total da bacia. Obteve-se uma melhoria na qualidade da água do reservatório, indicando que as medidas adotadas foram suficientes para atingir o padrão estabelecido, o que demonstra a aplicabilidade do método.

Mobilidade vertical de cátions influenciada pelo método de aplicação de cloreto de potássio em solos com carga variável

A magnitude da mobilidade vertical dos nutrientes no perfil afeta o contato destes com as raízes e a lixiviação e, por isso, influencia a época e o método de aplicação dos fertilizantes ao solo. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a mobilidade de K em solos de acordo com o método de aplicação e a dose de cloreto de potássio. O experimento foi realizado em 1998, em colunas de lixiviação com 7,5 cm de diâmetro e 35 cm de altura. Os tratamentos consistiram de doses de K (0, 150 e 300 mg kg-1), aplicadas sobre a superfície ou incorporadas até 15 cm de profundidade em dois solos ácidos. A cada sete dias, durante oito semanas, foram adicionados 300 mL de água destilada sobre a superfície de cada coluna. A solução percolada foi coletada no dia seguinte, e nela foram determinados o volume e as concentrações de Ca, Mg e K. A aplicação de KCl sobre a superfície dos solos promoveu a descida de K para profundidades superiores a 10 cm. Apesar disso, a lixiviação de K foi pequena, porém aumentou com a dose e com a incorporação do fertilizante ao solo e foi mais intensa nas primeiras percolações. A adição de KCl aumentou expressivamente a percolação de Ca e Mg durante as cinco primeiras percolações, o que pode representar aumento temporário na disponibilidade desses cátions às plantas, pois coincide com o período de implantação das culturas, em que a exigência das plantas por nutrientes é alta. Mesmo nesses solos com alto tamponamento, a adição de K sobre a superfície promoveu bom aprofundamento do nutriente no perfil sem, contudo, proporcionar grande lixiviação.

Hypertension is an independent predictor of mean platelet volume in patients with acute ischaemic stroke.

Introduction: Mean platelet volume (MPV) was shown to be significantly increased in patients with acute ischaemic stroke, especially in non-lacunar strokes. Moreover, some studies concluded that increased MPV is related to poor functional outcome after ischaemic stroke, although this association is still controversial. However, the determinants of MPV in patients with acute ischaemic stroke have never been investigated. Subjects and methods: We recorded the main demographic, clinical and laboratory data of consecutive patients with acute (admitted within 24 h after stroke onset) ischaemic stroke admitted in our Neurology Service between January 2003 and December 2008. MPV was generated at admission by the Sysmex XE-2100 automated cell counter (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan) from ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples stored at room temperature until measurement. The association of these parameters with MPV was investigated in univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: A total of 636 patients was included in our study. The median MPV was 10.4 ± 0.82 fL. In univariate analysis, glucose (β= 0.03, P= 0.05), serum creatinine (β= 0.002, P= 0.02), haemoglobin (β= 0.009, P < 0.001), platelet count (β=-0.002, P < 0.001) and history of arterial hypertension (β= 0.21, P= 0.005) were found to be significantly associated with MPV. In multivariate robust regression analysis, only hypertension and platelet count remained as independent determinants of MPV. Conclusions: In patients with acute ischaemic stroke, platelet count and history of hypertension are the only determinants of MPV.

Carbono orgânico, nitrogênio total, biomassa e atividade microbiana do solo em duas cronosseqüências de reabilitação após a mineração de bauxita

A mineração é uma das atividades antrópicas que causa grande impacto nos ecossistemas e o grau de degradação depende da intensidade de interferência no solo, do volume explorado e do rejeito produzido. Os microrganismos do solo e sua atividade, por participarem de funções-chave, podem fornecer indicações sobre o real estado de reabilitação de áreas mineradas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto da atividade de mineração em duas cronosseqüências com diferentes estratégias (revegetação) de reabilitação em solos de área de mineração de bauxita sobre diversos atributos: C de compostos orgânicos (CO), N total do solo (Nt), biomassa microbiana, atividade enzimática e respiração do solo. O estudo foi desenvolvido em áreas pertencentes a Alcoa S/A, em dois ambientes distintos: (a) em áreas com vegetação típica de campo, predominantemente herbácea, em altitude inferior a 1.000 m, e (b) em áreas de montanhas, no topo do planalto, incluindo remanescentes de cobertura vegetal nativa representada por floresta subtropical subcaducifólia, a uma altitude de 1.600 m, denominadas serra, com características diferenciadas quanto à estratégia e ao tempo de reabilitação, variando de áreas recém-mineradas à áreas com 19 anos de reabilitação. Coletaram-se amostras compostas com três repetições em oito áreas no campo e nove na serra, em duas profundidades (0-10 e 10-20 cm), no inverno e verão. A mineração de bauxita provocou grande impacto nos atributos estudados, causando reduções nos seus valores de até 99 %. Tanto no campo como na serra, os teores de CO, de Nt, a biomassa microbiana e a atividade enzimática aumentaram com as diferentes estratégias de reabilitação. Entretanto a resposta dos atributos estudados foi diferenciada em função do tempo de reabilitação. A biomassa microbiana e a atividade enzimática apresentaram recuperação muito rápida, atingindo valores semelhantes aos das áreas de referência a partir do primeiro ano, enquanto para o CO e o Nt estes só foram alcançados de modo consistente em períodos mais longos de reabilitação (18 anos). O coeficiente metabólico (qCO2) foi indicativo do estresse provocado pela mineração, mas não diferenciou os diferentes tempos de reabilitação. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que os atributos essenciais ao funcionamento adequado do solo são recuperáveis pela revegetação.

A Novel Volume-Age-KPS (VAK) Glioblastoma Classification Identifies a Prognostic Cognate microRNA-Gene Signature.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have established Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) prognostic and predictive models based on age and Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), while very few studies evaluated the prognostic and predictive significance of preoperative MR-imaging. However, to date, there is no simple preoperative GBM classification that also correlates with a highly prognostic genomic signature. Thus, we present for the first time a biologically relevant, and clinically applicable tumor Volume, patient Age, and KPS (VAK) GBM classification that can easily and non-invasively be determined upon patient admission. METHODS: We quantitatively analyzed the volumes of 78 GBM patient MRIs present in The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) corresponding to patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) with VAK annotation. The variables were then combined using a simple 3-point scoring system to form the VAK classification. A validation set (N = 64) from both the TCGA and Rembrandt databases was used to confirm the classification. Transcription factor and genomic correlations were performed using the gene pattern suite and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. RESULTS: VAK-A and VAK-B classes showed significant median survival differences in discovery (P = 0.007) and validation sets (P = 0.008). VAK-A is significantly associated with P53 activation, while VAK-B shows significant P53 inhibition. Furthermore, a molecular gene signature comprised of a total of 25 genes and microRNAs was significantly associated with the classes and predicted survival in an independent validation set (P = 0.001). A favorable MGMT promoter methylation status resulted in a 10.5 months additional survival benefit for VAK-A compared to VAK-B patients. CONCLUSIONS: The non-invasively determined VAK classification with its implication of VAK-specific molecular regulatory networks, can serve as a very robust initial prognostic tool, clinical trial selection criteria, and important step toward the refinement of genomics-based personalized therapy for GBM patients.

Mapping, organic matter mass and water volume of a peatland in Serra do Espinhaço Meridional

Peatlands form in areas where net primary of organic matter production exceeds losses due to the decomposition, leaching or disturbance. Due to their chemical and physical characteristics, bogs can influence water dynamics because they can store large volumes of water in the rainy season and gradually release this water during the other months of the year. In Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil, a peatland in the environmental protection area of Pau-de-Fruta ensures the water supply of 40,000 inhabitants. The hypothesis of this study is that the peat bogs in Pau-de-Fruta act as an environment for carbon storage and a regulator of water flow in the Córrego das Pedras basin. The objective of this study was to estimate the water volume and organic matter mass in this peatland and to study the influence of this environment on the water flow in the Córrego das Pedras basin. The peatland was mapped using 57 transects, at intervals of 100 m. Along all transects, the depth of the peat bog, the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates and altitude were recorded every 20 m and used to calculate the area and volume of the peatland. The water volume was estimated, using a method developed in this study, and the mass of organic matter based on samples from 106 profiles. The peatland covered 81.7 hectares (ha), and stored 497,767 m³ of water, representing 83.7 % of the total volume of the peat bog. The total amount of organic matter (OM) was 45,148 t, corresponding to 552 t ha-1 of OM. The peat bog occupies 11.9 % of the area covered by the Córrego das Pedras basin and stores 77.6 % of the annual water surplus, thus controlling the water flow in the basin and consequently regulating the water course.

PROPRIEDADES MECÂNICAS E PERMEABILIDADE AO AR EM TOPOSSEQUÊNCIA ARGISSOLO-GLEISSOLO: VARIAÇÃO NO PERFIL E EFEITO DE COMPRESSÃO

Uma topossequência apresenta solos com características estruturais e morfológicas distintas que podem alterar a susceptibilidade à deformação estrutural em curtas distâncias espaciais. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a capacidade de suporte de carga e a suscetibilidade à compactação e mensurar o efeito que cargas acima e abaixo da pressão de preconsolidação causam na permeabilidade ao ar de solos numa topossequência da Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Amostras indeformadas foram coletadas nos horizontes de três perfis de Argissolos (Ap, A1, AB, BA, Bt1 e Bt2; Ap, A1, A2, AB, BA, Bt1 e Bt2; e Ap, A1, BA, Bt1 e Bt2) e dois de Gleissolos (A1, A2, Bg; A, Bg e Cg), no longo de uma topossequência. Essas amostras foram submetidas ao teste de compressão uniaxial, sendo avaliada a permeabilidade ao ar antes e após compressão. Na condição de capacidade de campo, os Gleissolos apresentaram menor suscetibilidade à compactação e maior capacidade de suporte de carga que os Argissolos. O teor de argila esteve diretamente correlacionado com a capacidade de suporte de carga. Portanto, foi inversamente proporcional à suscetibilidade à compactação, exceto em condições de elevada umidade do solo quando a água lubrificou as superfícies aumentando a susceptibilidade à compactação de quaisquer solos. Até 25 kPa de carga ao solo não resultou degradação física do solo, mas quando foram aplicadas cargas de 200 kPa, mesmo na condição de capacidade de campo, houve redução significativa do volume de macroporos e porosidade total em níveis inferiores ao limite crítico (0,10 m3 m-3).

Signing on Very Low Volume Rurd Roads Iowa DOT Project HR-262, July, 1984

Research was undertaken to define an appropriate level of use of traffic control devices on rural secondary roads that carry very low traffic volumes. The goal of this research was to improve the safety and efficiency of travel on the rural secondary road system. This goal was to be accomplished by providing County Engineers with guidance concerning the cost-effective use of traffic control devices on very low volume rural roads. A further objective was to define the range of traffic volumes on the roads for which the recommendations would be appropriate. Little previous research has been directed toward roads that carry very low traffic volumes. Consequently, the factual input for this research was developed by conducting an inventory of the signs and markings actually in use on 2,069 miles of rural road in Iowa. Most of these roads carried 15 or fewer vehicles per day. Additional input was provided by a survey of the opinions of County Engineers and Supervisors in Iowa. Data from both the inventory and the opinion survey indicated a considerable lack of uniformity in the application of signs on very low volume rural roads. The number of warning signs installed varied from 0.24 per mile to 3.85 per mile in the 21 counties in which the inventory was carried out. The use of specific signs not only varied quite widely among counties but also indicated a lack of uniform application within counties. County officials generally favored varying the elaborateness of signing depending upon the type of surface and the volume of traffic on different roads. Less elaborate signing would be installed on an unpaved road than on a paved road. A concensus opinion was that roads carrying fewer than 25 vehicles per day should have fewer signs than roads carrying higher volumes. Although roads carrying 0 to 24 vehicles per day constituted over 24% of the total rural secondary system, they carried less than 3% of the total travel on that system. Virtually all of these roads are classified as area service roads and would thus be expected to carry only short trips primarily by local motorists. Consequently, it was concluded that the need for warning signs rarely can be demonstrated on unpaved rural roads with traffic volumes of fewer than 25 vehicles per day. It is recommended that each county designate a portion of its roads as an Area Service Level B system. All road segments with very low traffic volumes should be considered for inclusion in this system. Roads included in this system may receive a lesser level of maintenance and a reduced level of signing. The county is also afforded protection from liability arising from accidents occurring on roads designated as part of an Area Service Level B system. A uniform absence of warning signs on roads of this nature is not expected to have any discernible effect on the safety or quality of service on these very low volume roads. The resources conserved may be expended more effectively to upgrade maintenance and traffic control on roads carrying higher volumes where the beneficial effect on highway safety and service will be much more consequential.

La estimación de la carga de trabajo del estudiante. Análisis de una propuesta para los estudios universitarios de las artes

El artículo analiza la carga de trabajo autónomo del estudiante en algunas asignaturas de los estudios universitarios de las artes. Este aspecto constituye la faceta más dificultosa y controvertida del sistema europeo de transferencia y acumulación de créditos, y por consiguiente, la razón principal que recomienda la verificación regular de su ajuste en las nuevas titulaciones. Tras pasar sucinta revista a la naturaleza del crédito europeo y a la problemática que afecta al cálculo de las horas de dicho trabajo autónomo, se propone un procedimiento de estimación basado en las actividades realizadas por el alumno en el marco de dos modelos de carpeta de aprendizaje. La carga de trabajo total del estudiante en la asignatura sería así el producto de añadir, a la estimación anterior, las horas dedicadas a los otros bloques recogidos inicialmente en el programa: el trabajo en el aula y las actividades de aprendizaje guiadas.

A Comparison of Mobile Scanning to a Total Station Survey at the I-35 and IA 92 Interchange in Warren County, Iowa, August 15, 2012

The purpose of this project was to investigate the potential for collecting and using data from mobile terrestrial laser scanning (MTLS) technology that would reduce the need for traditional survey methods for the development of highway improvement projects at the Iowa Department of Transportation (Iowa DOT). The primary interest in investigating mobile scanning technology is to minimize the exposure of field surveyors to dangerous high volume traffic situations. Issues investigated were cost, timeframe, accuracy, contracting specifications, data capture extents, data extraction capabilities and data storage issues associated with mobile scanning. The project area selected for evaluation was the I-35/IA 92 interchange in Warren County, Iowa. This project covers approximately one mile of I-35, one mile of IA 92, 4 interchange ramps, and bridges within these limits. Delivered LAS and image files for this project totaled almost 31GB. There is nearly a 6-fold increase in the size of the scan data after post-processing. Camera data, when enabled, produced approximately 900MB of imagery data per mile using a 2- camera, 5 megapixel system. A comparison was done between 1823 points on the pavement that were surveyed by Iowa DOT staff using a total station and the same points generated through the MTLS process. The data acquired through the MTLS and data processing met the Iowa DOT specifications for engineering survey. A list of benefits and challenges is included in the detailed report. With the success of this project, it is anticipate[d] that additional projects will be scanned for the Iowa DOT for use in the development of highway improvement projects.

Evaluation of Mitigation for Safety Concerns on Low-Volume, Unpaved Rural Roads, 2013.

The Institute for Transportation (InTrans) at Iowa State University completed work on an in-depth study of crash history on lowvolume, rural roads in Iowa in December 2010. Results indicated that unpaved roads with traffic volumes greater than 100 vehicles per day (vpd) exhibit significantly higher crash frequencies, rates, and densities than any other class of low-volume road examined, paved or unpaved. The total mileage for this class of roadway in Iowa is only about 4,400 miles, spread over 99 counties in the state, which is certainly a manageable number of miles for individual rural agencies. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine several unpaved, local road segments with higher than average crash frequencies, select and undertake potentially-beneficial mitigation, and evaluate the results as time allowed. A variety of low-cost options were considered, including engineering improvements, enhanced efforts by law enforcement, and educational initiatives. Using input, active support, and participation from local agencies and state and Federal safety advocates, the study afforded a unique opportunity to examine useful tools for local rural agencies to utilize in addressing safety on this particular type of roadway.

Evaluation of Mitigation for Safety Concerns on Low-Volume, Unpaved Rural Roads: Tech Transfer Summary, 2013.

The Institute for Transportation (InTrans) at Iowa State University completed work on an in-depth study of crash history on lowvolume, rural roads in Iowa in December 2010. Results indicated that unpaved roads with traffic volumes greater than 100 vehicles per day (vpd) exhibit significantly higher crash frequencies, rates, and densities than any other class of low-volume road examined, paved or unpaved. The total mileage for this class of roadway in Iowa is only about 4,400 miles, spread over 99 counties in the state, which is certainly a manageable number of miles for individual rural agencies. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine several unpaved, local road segments with higher than average crash frequencies, select and undertake potentially-beneficial mitigation, and evaluate the results as time allowed. A variety of low-cost options were considered, including engineering improvements, enhanced efforts by law enforcement, and educational initiatives. Using input, active support, and participation from local agencies and state and Federal safety advocates, the study afforded a unique opportunity to examine useful tools for local rural agencies to utilize in addressing safety on this particular type of roadway.

Retenção de nitrato num solo de carga variável, influenciada por adubação fosfatada e calagem

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de fósforo e de calcário sobre a capacidade de retenção de nitrato (CRN) de um solo de carga variável. Entre 1982 e 1989, um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro argiloso de cerrado foi cultivado com milho, trigo, arroz e feijão (2, 4, 5 e 6 cultivos, respectivamente), recebendo adubação fosfatada (total de 1530 kg/ha de P2O5: 90 kg/ha por cultivo) ou adubação fosfatada+calagem (5,5 t/ha de calcário dolomítico: 2,5 e 3,0 t/ha em 1982 e 1985, respectivamente). Testes realizados em amostras coletadas em 1991 mostraram que o solo apresentava CRN negativa (exclusão do nitrato) na camada arável (0-20 cm), e positiva e crescente com a profundidade, nas camadas subjacentes. Os tratamentos diminuíram a CRN original do solo na camada de 20-60 cm, sendo esse efeito mais intenso no tratamento com calagem. A adubação fosfatada e, especialmente, a calagem, exerceram considerável efeito residual sobre a capacidade de retenção de nitrato do latossolo estudado.

Investigation of Two Bridge Alternatives for Low Volume Roads Volume 2 of 2 Concept 2: Beam In Slab Bridge, HR-382, 1997

Recent reports have indicated that 23.5% of the nation's highway bridges are structurally deficient and 17.7% are functionally obsolete. A significant number of these bridges are on the Iowa secondary road system where over 86% of the rural bridge management responsibilities are assigned to the counties. Some of the bridges can be strengthened or otherwise rehabilitated, but many more are in need of immediate replacement. In a recent investigation (HR-365 "Evaluation of Bridge Replacement Alternatives for the County Bridge System") several types of replacement bridges that are currently being used on low volume roads were identified. It was also determined that a large number of counties (69%) have the ability and are interested in utilizing their own forces to design and construct short span bridges. After reviewing the results from HR-365, the research team developed one "new" bridge replacement concept and a modification of a replacement system currently being used. Both of these bridge replacement alternatives were investigated in this study, the results of which are presented in two volumes. This volume (Volume 2) presents the results of Concept 2 - Modification of the Beam-in-Slab Bridge. Concept 1 - Steel Beam Precast Units is presented in Volume 1. Concept 2 involves various laboratory tests of the Beam-in-Slab bridge (BISB) currently being used by Benton County and several other Iowa counties. In this investigation, the behavior and strength of the BISB were determined; a new method of obtaining composite action between the steel beams and concrete was also tested. Since the Concept 2 bridge is primarily intended for use on low-volume roads, the system can be constructed with new or used beams. In the experimental part of the investigation, there were three types of laboratory tests: push-out tests, service and ultimate load tests of models of the BISB, and composite beam tests utilizing the newly developed shear connection. In addition to the laboratory tests, there was a field test in which an existing BISB was service load tested. An equation was developed for predicting the strength of the shear connection investigated; in addition, a finite element model for analyzing the BISB was also developed. Push-out tests were completed to determine the strength of the recently developed shear connector. A total of 36 specimens were tested, with variables such as hole diameter, hole spacing, presence of reinforcement, etc. being investigated. In the model tests of the BISB, two and four beam specimens [L=9,140 mm (30 ft)] were service load tested for behavior and load distribution data. Upon completion of these tests, both specimens were loaded to failure. In the composite beam tests, four beams, one with standard shear studs and three using the shear connection developed, were tested. Upon completion of the service load tests, all four beams were loaded to failure. The strength and behavior of the beams with the new shear connection were found to be essentially the same as that of the specimen with standard shear studs.