Caught in the eye of the storm: a qualitative study of views and experiences of planned drug holidays from methylphenidate in child and adolescent ADHD treatment

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be treated with stimulant medication such as methylphenidate. Although effective, methylphenidate can cause serious side-effects, including suppressed appetite, growth retardation and sleep problems. A drug holiday is a deliberate interruption of pharmacotherapy for a defined period of time and for a specific clinical purpose, for example for appeasing side-effects. Whilst some international guidelines recommend introducing drug holidays in ADHD treatment, this is not practised routinely. Our aim was to examine the views and experiences of planned drug holidays from methylphenidate with adults who have responsibility for treatment decisions in children and adolescents with ADHD. Method: In-depth interviews were carried out. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) practitioners (n=8), General Practitioners (n=8), teachers (n=5), and mothers of children with ADHD (n=4) were interviewed in a UK setting. Interview transcripts were analysed using grounded theory. Results: Methylphenidate eases the experience of the child amid problems at home and at school and once started is mostly continued long-term. Some families do practise short-term drug holidays at weekends and longer-term ones during school holidays. The decision to introduce drug holidays is influenced by the child’s academic progress, the parents’ ability to cope with the child, as well as medication beliefs. Trialling a drug holiday is thought to allow older children to self-assess their ability to manage without medication when they show signs of wanting to discontinue treatment prematurely. Conclusions: Planned drug holidays could address premature treatment cessation by enabling adolescents to assess repercussions under medical supervision.

Task relevance of emotional information affects anxiety-linked attention bias in visual search

Task relevance affects emotional attention in healthy individuals. Here, we investigate whether the association between anxiety and attention bias is affected by the task relevance of emotion during an attention task. Participants completed two visual search tasks. In the emotion-irrelevant task, participants were asked to indicate whether a discrepant face in a crowd of neutral, middle-aged faces was old or young. Irrelevant to the task, target faces displayed angry, happy, or neutral expressions. In the emotion-relevant task, participants were asked to indicate whether a discrepant face in a crowd of middle-aged neutral faces was happy or angry (target faces also varied in age). Trait anxiety was not associated with attention in the emotion-relevant task. However, in the emotion-irrelevant task, trait anxiety was associated with a bias for angry over happy faces. These findings demonstrate that the task relevance of emotional information affects conclusions about the presence of an anxiety-linked attention bias.

Germline CYBB mutations that selectively affect macrophages in kindreds with X-linked predisposition to tuberculous mycobacterial disease

Germline mutations in CYBB, the human gene encoding the gp91(phox) subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, impair the respiratory burst of all types of phagocytes and result in X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). We report here two kindreds in which otherwise healthy male adults developed X-linked recessive Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) syndromes. These patients had previously unknown mutations in CYBB that resulted in an impaired respiratory burst in monocyte-derived macrophages but not in monocytes or granulocytes. The macrophage-specific functional consequences of the germline mutation resulted from cell-specific impairment in the assembly of the NADPH oxidase. This `experiment of nature` indicates that CYBB is associated with MSMD and demonstrates that the respiratory burst in human macrophages is a crucial mechanism for protective immunity to tuberculous mycobacteria.

Photoproduction of J/psi and of high mass e(+)e(-) in ultra-peripheral Au plus Au collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV

We present the first measurement of photoproduction of J/psi and of two-photon production of high-mass e(+)e(-) pairs in electromagnetic (or ultra-peripheral) nucleus-nucleus interactions, using Au + Au data at root s(NN) = 200 GeV. The events are tagged with forward neutrons emitted following Coulomb excitation of one or both Au* nuclei. The event sample consists of 28 events with m(e+e-) > 2 GeV/c(2) with zero like-sign background. The measured cross sections at midrapidity of d sigma/dy (J/psi + Xn, y = 0) = 76 +/- 33 (stat) +/- 11 (syst) pb and d(2)sigma /dm dy (e(+) e(-) + Xn, y = 0) = 86 +/- 23(stat) +/- 16(syst) mu b/ (GeV/c(2)) for m(e+e-) epsilon vertical bar 2.0, 2.8 vertical bar GeV/c(2) have been compared and found to be consistent with models for photoproduction of J/psi and QED based calculations of two-photon production of e(+)e(-) pairs. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dilepton mass spectra in p plus p collisions at root s=200 GeV

PHENIX has measured the electron-positron pair mass spectrum from 0 to 8 GeV/c(2) in p + p collisions at root s = 200 GeV. The contributions from light meson decays to e(+)e(-) pairs have been determined based on measurements of hadron production cross sections by PHENIX. Within the systematic uncertainty of similar to 20% they account for all e(+)e(-) pairs in the mass region below similar to 1 GeV/c(2). The e(+)e(-) pair yield remaining after subtracting these contributions is dominated by semileptonic decays of charmed hadrons correlated through flavor conservation. Using the spectral shape predicted by PYTHIA, we estimate the charm production cross section to be 544 +/- 39(stat) +/- 142(syst) +/- 200(model) pb. which is consistent with QCD calculations and measurements of single leptons by PHENIX. (C) 2008 Elsevier BV. All rights reserved.

As origens da indústria gaúcha e o setor têxtil no período do processo de substituição de importações

Este trabalho discute as origens e o desenvolvimento da indústria gaúcha, enfocando com maior acuidade o setor têxtil. Para tanto, descreve-se as formas de inserção da economia gaúcha na economia nacional, às quais fundaram as bases para o desenvolvimento econômico estadual. A partir de então, é apresentado o desenvolvimento da economia vinculada à região colonial, onde se verificou a importante contribuição dos imigrantes europeus para o desenvolvimento econômico do Estado. Os capitais acumulados por estas atividades permitiram investimentos em alguns ramos industriais, entre eles o têxtil. Utiliza-se o método histórico-descritivo para evidenciar os principais determinantes do desenvolvimento econômico que caracterizou esta região e os fatores que impulsionaram a industrialização. Assim, acompanha-se o desenvolvimento industrial, principalmente o do setor têxtil, desde o período da República Velha, até o final do período da substituição de importações. No final do trabalho são relacionadas as principais conclusões sobre o desenvolvimento do setor têxtil no Rio Grande do Sul, ao longo do período de substituição de importações.

Gasto maior do que o necessário com telefonia celular : existência e motivos de vieses na escolha de plano tarifário no Brasil

As operadoras de telefonia celular brasileiras disponibilizam diversos planos de serviços pós-pagos com tarifas não-lineares. Os usuários, por sua vez, nem sempre escolhem aquele que minimiza seus gastos: i) alguns têm uso inferior aos minutos que o seu plano oferece, e gastariam menos caso adotassem plano de menor franquia (viés em “pagar tarifa fixa”); ii) outros têm uso superior aos minutos que o seu plano oferece, e gastariam menos caso adotassem plano de maior franquia (viés em “pagar pelo uso”). No contexto específico dos serviços de telefonia móvel de uma operadora e região do Brasil, esta dissertação teve como objetivo identificar estes vieses e potenciais explicações para eles. O diagnóstico dos vieses foi feito a partir da análise dos dados transacionais de uso de minutos e planos escolhidos pelos indivíduos. Os vieses estão presentes na maioria dos usuários, sendo o viés em “pagar pelo uso” tão freqüente quanto o viés em “pagar tarifa fixa”. Os com viés em “pagar pelo uso” representam um desafio para as operadoras de telefonia celular, pois têm perfil de uso e gasto acima da média da base, mas uma infidelidade à operadora que mais do que compensa o Prêmio de Preço pago por conta do viés. Aqueles com viés em “pagar tarifa fixa”, apesar do perfil de uso e gasto abaixo da média da base, não apenas incorrem em prêmios de preço, mas também são mais fiéis à operadora. A investigação das explicações dos vieses usou modelos logísticos binomiais, cujas variáveis explicativas foram cinco efeitos comportamentais, levantados com entrevistas telefônicas junto aos usuários: Taxímetro, Conveniência, Insegurança, Subestimação e Superestimação do Uso. A Conveniência e a Insegurança não explicam a ocorrência dos vieses. A Superestimação do Uso está relacionado ao viés em “pagar tarifa fixa”. A Subestimação do Uso e o Taxímetro estão relacionados ao viés em “pagar pelo uso”.

Purification of Candida guilliermondii and Pichia ohmeri killer toxin as an active agent against Penicillium expansum

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Patulin biodegradation using Pichia ohmeri and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)