Teacher Use of Learners' Native Language in the Foreign Language Classroom

This article reports on an exploratory study into the use of students' native language (NL) by teachers in the foreign language (FL) classroom. The project was undertaken by four teachers of beginner French at the University of Queensland. The teachers' aim was to investigate the use of NL in a context which actively promotes an immersion approach to FL teaching. The audio recordings of the teachers' speech were transcribed to provide data for estimating the amount of NL, and for analyzing the various instances of NL use. The study indicates that the activity type is a significant variable affecting NL amount. It also isolates two strategic uses of NL, translating FL words into NL, and contrasting NL and FL forms, both of which involve intrasentential code switching with NL words embedded in an FL sentence. The study suggests that these strategies may facilitate acquisition during immersion in FL, but experimental research is needed to test the hypothesis that translation and contrast facilitate learning of FL vocabulary and grammar.

Language choice of the Foochows in Sarawak, Malaysia

This paper investigates the factors affecting the language choices of the Chinese Foochows of Sarawak, focusing in particular on how the use of the Foochow dialect vis-a`-vis English and other languages might potentially result in a shift in language allegiance away from Foochow. In the context of Sarawak, the Foochows are a substantial, cohesive and homogeneous Chinese ethnic group with a distinctive language and ethnic identity. One would predict that they would engage in extensive language maintenance behaviour. Instead, Foochows living in non-Foochow dominant areas do not seem to have sufficient attachment to the language to transmit it to the next generation. Is this because the Foochows consider that accommodating to communicative norms is more important than preserving their native language as an inherent symbol of their ethnic identity? Or is it the result of the Foochows’ insecurity about the prestige of the dialect and the status of the Foochow people? These issues of accommodation and language allegiance are discussed, based on interview and questionnaire data from 11 Foochow participants. This data set is part of a larger study on the language use of different ethnic groups in multilingual organisational settings in Sarawak.

But what if I don't want to wait forever?

We present an abstract model of the leader election protocol used in the IEEE 1394 High Performance Serial Bus standard. The model is expressed in the probabilistic Guarded Command Language. By formal reasoning based on this description, we establish the probability of the root contention part of the protocol successfully terminating in terms of the number of attempts to do so. Some simple calculations then allow us to establish an upper bound on the time taken for those attempts.

Independent contribution of plaque complexity to myocardial ischemia during Dobutamine stress echocardiography

The influence of complex plaque morphology on the extent of demand-induced ischemia in unselected patients is not well defined. We sought to investigate the functional significance of lesion morphology in patients who underwent coronary angiography and dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE).,Angiography and DSE were performed within a 6-month period (mean 1 +/- 1 month) in 196 patients. Angiographic assessments involved quantification of stenosis severity, assessment of the extent of jeopardized myocardium, and categorization of plaque morphology according to the Ambrose classification. DSE was interpreted by separate investigators with respect to wall motion score index (WMSI) and number of coronary territories involved. A general linear model was constructed to assess,the independent contribution of patient characteristics and angiographic and DSE results with respect to extent of ischemic myocardium. Complex lesion morphology was seen in 62 patients (32%). Patients with complex lesions were more likely to have had prior myocardial infarction (p < 0.001) and be current smokers (p = 0.03). During angiography, they exhibited a trend toward a greater number of diseased vessels, had a greater coronary jeopardy score (p < 0.001) and more frequent collateral flow (p = 0.03). During echocardiography, patients had a higher stress WMSI (p < 0.001) and were more likely to show ischemia in all 3 arterial territories (p < 0.01). On multivariate regression, the coronary artery jeopardy score and the presence of complex plaque morphology were independent predictors of the extent of ischemic myocardium (R 2 = 34%, p < 0.001). Thus, patients with complex plaque morphology are older, more likely to smoke, and more likely to have had prior myocardial. infarction. They exhibit more extensive disease with higher coronary jeopardy scores and a higher resting and peak stress WMSI. Despite these differences, complex plaque morphology remains an independent predictor of the extent of ischemia during stress. (C) 2003 by Excerpta Medica, Inc.

Territórios ocupados : uma abordagem geográfica do conflito israelo-palestino através dos quadrinhos de Joe Sacco

O estudo trata da dimensão territorial do conflito israelo-palestino a partir do jornalismo em quadrinhos produzidos por Joe Sacco. Para isso, procura, preliminarmente, desenvolver uma abordagem da representação espacial nos quadrinhos através de sua linguagem visual e textual, que evidencia uma percepção espacial e expressa um conjunto de significados a partir das ações que unem os personagens ao lugar. A partir desse quadro de interpretação, o presente estudo focaliza, através da análise das obras de Joe Sacco, o conflito árabe-israelense para entender os territórios palestinos ocupados como um volume político que retrata a perda de soberania política dos palestinos em sentido amplo. Esse enfoque se volta para uma reflexão a respeito do dia a dia dos palestinos através dos quadrinhos considerando o cotidiano da ocupação e sua dimensão espacial (ou seja, um conteúdo que remete ao território, uma vez que apresenta todo um conjunto de significados que evocam um sentido territorial). Assim, a pesquisa objetiva entender os territórios palestinos ocupados, procurando evidenciar em que medida os quadrinhos de Joe Sacco disponibilizam elementos para a pesquisa em Geografia, na medida em que expressam, sugere-se, uma geograficidade. Tal enfoque, que recorre ao escopo conceitual da Geografia – e notadamente ao conceito de território e seus múltiplos –, mediatizando-os através do recurso às obras de Joe Sacco, possibilita, sugere-se, um ângulo de abordagem peculiar sobre o território em locais de conflito, na medida em que, através dele, torna-se possível observar as formas de controle e precarização territorial dos palestinos em sua formação espaço-territorial.

A manipulação do tópico discursivo como estratégia da preservação de face

Como em toda interação há o desejo de construir perante os outros uma imagem favorável de si próprio (Goffman, 1967), as entrevistas constituem-se em um espaço de confronto, já que é impossível controlar a imagem que um participante faz do outro. Sendo assim, neste trabalho, faz-se uma análise discursivo-pragmática de entrevistas impressas, tendo como base a noção de face, elaborada por Goffman (1967); a Teoria da Polidez, de Brown e Levinson (1987) e a noção de tópico discursivo como princípio de organização textual-discursiva, Koch (1992), Jubran (1992) e Lins (2008). Deste modo, focaliza-se o contexto de interação verbal em entrevistas a figuras do cenário político estadual/nacional realizadas pelo Jornal A Gazeta, publicadas nos anos de 2004, 2006 e 2008. Nas entrevistas, observa-se como acontecem os atos de ameaça às faces positiva e negativa na relação entrevistador-entrevistado, bem como quais estratégias de polidez eles utilizam para salvar e preservar as suas faces a partir do gerenciamento do tópico discursivo, tendo em vista que os atos de ameaça às faces positiva e negativa podem ser minimizados a partir de estratégias de manipulação do tópico. As principais questões que norteiam este estudo são: a necessidade de construção de face positiva é situação sine qua non para convivência social? É característico no gênero Entrevista a manipulação do tópico como estratégia de preservação de face? Quais estratégias de manipulação de tópico discursivo caracterizam a preservação de face? Dessa forma, esta pesquisa se põe relevante no interior das pesquisas sobre linguagem, uma vez que nela são tecidas reflexões sobre questões muito discutidas pela academia ultimamente, porém de forma separada: manipulação do tópico discursivo, no âmbito da Linguística Textual, e preservação de face, no âmbito da Pragmática.

The GUISurfer tool: towards a language independent approach to reverse engineering GUI code

Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are critical components of today's software. Developers are dedicating a larger portion of code to implementing them. Given their increased importance, correctness of GUIs code is becoming essential. This paper describes the latest results in the development of GUISurfer, a tool to reverse engineer the GUI layer of interactive computing systems. The ultimate goal of the tool is to enable analysis of interactive system from source code.

Domain-Specific Language for Coordination patterns

The integration and composition of software systems requires a good architectural design phase to speed up communications between (remote) components. However, during implementation phase, the code to coordinate such components often ends up mixed in the main business code. This leads to maintenance problems, raising the need for, on the one hand, separating the coordination code from the business code, and on the other hand, providing mechanisms for analysis and comprehension of the architectural decisions once made. In this context our aim is at developing a domain-specific language, CoordL, to describe typical coordination patterns. From our point of view, coordination patterns are abstractions, in a graph form, over the composition of coordination statements from the system code. These patterns would allow us to identify, by means of pattern-based graph search strategies, the code responsible for the coordination of the several components in a system. The recovering and separation of the architectural decisions for a better comprehension of the software is the main purpose of this pattern language