Osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in the absence of osteogenic supplements: a surface-roughness gradient study

The use of biomaterials to direct osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in the absence of osteogenic supplements is thought to be part of the next generation of orthopedic implants. We previously engineered surface-roughness gradients of average roughness (Ra) varying from the sub-micron to the micrometer range ( 0.5–4.7 lm), and mean distance between peaks (RSm) gradually varying from 214 lm to 33 lm. Here we have screened the ability of such surface-gradients of polycaprolactone to influence the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type 1 (COL1) and mineralization by hMSCs cultured in dexamethasone (Dex)-deprived osteogenic induction medium (OIM) and in basal growth medium (BGM). Ra 1.53 lm/RSm 79 lm in Dex-deprived OI medium, and Ra 0.93 lm/RSm 135 lm in BGM consistently showed higher effectiveness at supporting the expression of the osteogenic markers ALP, COL1 and mineralization, compared to the tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) control in complete OIM. The superior effectiveness of specific surface-roughness revealed that this strategy may be used as a compelling alternative to soluble osteogenic inducers in orthopedic applications featuring the clinically relevant biodegradable polymer polycaprolactone.

Transtornos depressivos em crianças com leucemia linfoide aguda e com insuficiência renal crônica terminal: estudo de série de casos

OBJETIVO: Investigar a presença de transtornos depressivos em crianças portadoras de leucemia linfoide aguda (LLA) e insuficiência renal crônica terminal (IRCT) atendidas no IMIP. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo do tipo série de casos, composto por 52 crianças entre 8 e 15 anos portadoras de LLA e de IRCT. RESULTADOS: Três (5,8%) casos preenchiam os critérios para episódio depressivo maior (EDM), sendo dois portadores de IRCT e um portador de LLA. Oito (15,4%) preenchiam os critérios para transtorno distímico (TD), todos eles portadores de IRCT. A associação entre faixa etária e EDM não foi significativa (p=0,327). Entretanto, a faixa etária foi significante em relação ao TD (p=0,014), todos os seus portadores tinham entre 12 e 15 anos de idade. A associação entre os transtornos depressivos e o tempo de evolução da doença de base não foi significante. Contudo, observou-se uma tendência a quanto maior o tempo de evolução da doença de base, maior a associação com o TD. CONCLUSÃO: A frequência de EDM ficou dentro da faixa encontrada na literatura para escolares saudáveis, entretanto, a de TD foi mais alta. Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes entre as faixas etárias no diagnóstico de EDM. Porém, corroborando a literatura, a faixa etária maior prevaleceu em relação ao TD.

Semipermeable capsules wrapping a multifunctional and self-regulated co-culture microenvironment for osteogenic differentiation

A new concept of semipermeable reservoirs containing co-cultures of cells and supporting microparticles is presented, inspired by the multi-phenotypic cellular environment of bone. Based on the deconstruction of the â stem cell nicheâ , the developed capsules are designed to drive a self-regulated osteogenesis. PLLA microparticles functionalized with collagen I, and a co-culture of adipose stem (ASCs) and endothelial (ECs) cells are immobilized in spherical liquified capsules. The capsules are coated with multilayers of poly(L-lysine), alginate, and chitosan nano-assembled through layer-by-layer. Capsules encapsulating ASCs alone or in a co-culture with ECs are cultured in endothelial medium with or without osteogenic differentiation factors. Results show that osteogenesis is enhanced by the co-encapsulation, which occurs even in the absence of differentiation factors. These findings are supported by an increased ALP activity and matrix mineralization, osteopontin detection, and the up regulation of BMP-2, RUNX2 and BSP. The liquified co-capsules also act as a VEGF and BMP-2 cytokines release system. The proposed liquified capsules might be a valuable injectable self-regulated system for bone regeneration employing highly translational cell sources.

Acciones tróficas de GABA: implicancias en la diferenciación sexual del cerebro. Trophic actions of GABA: Implications for sexual differentiation of the brain.

En el hipotálamo en desarrollo, el ácido gamma-amino butírico (GABA) produce depolarización neuronal, pudiendo incluso disparar potenciales de acción y causar la apertura de canales de calcio dependientes de voltaje. Esto se debe a que la concentración intracelular de Cl- es alta respecto al medio extracelular, por lo que en reposo el potencial de equilibrio de GABA es más positivo que el potencial de membrana. A medida que el desarrollo transcurre, la concentración intracelular de Cl- disminuye y se produce un cambio en la respuesta de depolarizante (etapa excitatoria) a hiperpolarizante (etapa inhibitoria). Se ha demostrado que este cambio ocurre también en neuronas hipotalámicas in vitro. El dimorfismo sexual del cerebro de los vertebrados es consecuencia de la acción del estrógeno aromatizado a partir de andrógenos segregados por el testículo durante el "periodo crítico" del desarrollo cerebral. Evidencias previas de nuestro y otros laboratorios pusieron de manifiesto diferencias en el crecimiento y diferenciación de neuronas que no podían atribuirse a la acción hormonal, ya que ocurren antes que se inicie el brusco aumento de la secreción gonadal, alrededor del día 18 de desarrollo embrionario en la rata (E18). Además de las diferencias morfológicas, encontramos diferencias sexuales en la forma que las neuronas hipotalámicas responden a muscimol, un agonista específico del receptor GABAA. A los 9 días in vitro (9 DIV) la respuesta a muscimol fue hiperpolarizante (etapa inhibitoria) y además fue de mayor amplitud, área y duración en machos respecto a hembras. Esto nos indica que las neuronas provenientes de embriones machos son intrínsecamente diferentes a las de embriones hembra aún antes de la acción organizadora de los esteroides sexuales. En base a estas evidencias nos propusimos continuar nuestros estudios sobre la participación de GABA en la determinación de diferencias sexuales en el cerebro antes de la acción organizadora de los esteroides gonadales. Para ello, en cultivos de neuronas hipotalámicas de E16 separados por sexos, estudiaremos:- la respuesta a muscimol de las neuronas, en la etapa excitatoria (2 DIV) de la acción de GABA.- las composición de subunidades de los receptores GABAA en la etapa excitatoria/inhibitoria de la acción de GABA.- la participación de los receptores GABAA sobre el crecimiento neurítico.- la activación de la vía de las MAP quinasas por muscimol.- la participación de los receptores GABAA sobre el crecimiento axonal inducido por estradiol in vitro.Toda la metodología propuesta es de uso habitual en nuestro laboratorio e involucra herramientas de la electrofisiología y la biología celular-molecular; como patch-clamp, cultivo de neuronas hipotalámicas, Western blot, RT-PCR, entre otras. Esperamos encontrar diferencias sexuales en la amplitud, área y duración de la respuesta de las neuronas hipotalámicas al muscimol a los 2 DIV, y que éstas se deban a una diferente composición de subunidades del receptor GABAA. En cuanto a la participación del receptor GABAA en la neuritogenesis, esperamos encontrar mayor longitud neurítica en neuronas macho como así también una activación sexualmente dimórfica de la vía de las MAP quinasas. Además esperamosque la acción de un antagonista del receptor GABAA interfiera con la axogénesis inducida por estradiol in vitro, característica que muestra diferencia sexual también a favor de los machos, lo que reforzaría nuestra hipótesis. La importancia y originalidad de este proyecto reside en la evaluación de la participación del sistema GABAérgico en la determinación de características que durante el desarrollo, podrían estar involucradas en la determinación de diferencias sexuales permanentes en el cerebro adulto independientemente de la acción de los esteroides sexuales. Hasta la fecha, no ha sido evaluada la influencia de los receptores GABAA en la diferenciación sexual del cerebro antes de la acción organizadora de los esteroides gonadales.

Metabolismo de fosfolípidos, señal de calcio y sus implicancias en la diferenciación de Trypanosoma cruzi. Phospholipids metabolism, calcium signal and its implications in the differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi.

Trypanosoma cruzi es un protozoo primitivo agente causal de la enfermedad de Chagas. La transmisión de esta enfermedad depende tanto del desarrollo y de la diferenciación del microorganismo en el intestino del vector. Las diferentes formas del parásito se han adaptado a una serie de condiciones impuestas por los distintos ambientes en donde debió habitar. Esta capacidad de sobrevivir a medios externos tan variados está dada por la diversidad en las vías de transducción de señales en el parásito. T. cruzi se multiplica y diferencia (metaciclogénesis) en el recto de los triatominos. A este nivel, los parásitos se enfrentan a un incremento en la osmolaridad causado por un elevado contenido de NaCl en la orina. En nuestro laboratorio se observó que diferentes estímulos son capaces de producir incrementos en los niveles de IP3 y de Ca2+ intracelular, consecuencia de la activación del ciclo del inositol fosfato, y activación de fosfolipasa D (PLD) y fosfatidilinositol 3 quinasa (PI3K). En un medio carente de Na+ los epimastigotes estimulados con carbacol, mostraron una señal de calcio disminuida mientras que la acumulación de IP3 no se modificó. Además, esta señal se incrementó en presencia de PMA, activador de proteína quinasa C, mientras que la acumulación de IP3 se anuló completamente. Estos resultados indujeron a pensar en un mecanismo alternativo y/o paralelo a IP3 en la liberación de Ca2+, en el cual la presencia de un intercambiador Na+/H+ favorecería la liberación del ion desde organelas acídicas. Es conocido que la señal de calcio es requerida para la metaciclogénesis, y que esta señal es independiente del Ca2+ extracelular (Lammel y col. 1996, Marchesini y col., 2002). De este modo se propone que "los epimastigotes de T. cruzi utilizan como elementos conservados a lo largo de la evolución a los elementos del ciclo del inositol fosfato, uno de los sistemas de transducción de señales más antiguo, para responder a estímulos que inducen la diferenciación del parásito". Por lo tanto, para el desarrollo de este proyecto se propone determinar la presencia de un RcIP3 en epimastigotes y conocer su compromiso en la liberación de Ca2+ desde reservorios intracelulares. Además, establecer si un intercambiador Na+/H+ en membrana de acidocalcisomas estaría relacionado con la señal de calcio intracelular y su posible regulación por proteina quinasa C y A (PKC y PKA, respectivamente). Por otro lado, para dilucidar la implicancia de estos mecanismos en el proceso de metaciclogénesis, se propone estudiar la activación del intercambiador Na+/H+ y la señal de calcio en condiciones de hiperosmolaridad, tal como ocurre en el recto del triatomino. Ademas, ya que el proceso de diferenciación involucra una reorganización de los microtubulos del citoesqueleto se pretende estudiar el compromiso del metabolismo de fosfolípidos y tubulina en procesos que contribuyen a la inducción de la metaciclogenesis. El alcance de los objetivos mencionados ayudará a dilucidar la presencia de componentes tales como RcIP3 y el intercambiador Na+/H+ involucrados en la señalización del ion bivalente. Por otro lado, se espera demostrar que los isotipos de tubulina encontrados en T. cruzi cambien en cantidad relativa y nivel de expresión cuando los epimastigotes sean estimulados con posibles inductores de la diferenciación. Además, se espera observar simultáneamente un aumento en la actividad de dos enzimas relacionadas con la reorganización de microtúbulos: PI-3K y PLD. En tal caso, y para comprobar su implicancia en el proceso, se espera que la inhibición de tales enzimas sea capaz de revertir el efecto producido por los estímulos. Como la PLC se expresa principalmente en las forma epimastigotes mas que en los tripomastigotes (forma infectiva), la señal de Ca2+ inducida por IP3 se relacionaría con la capacidad del parásito para responder a ciertos cambios de pH y osmolaridad que enfrenta el microorganismo en el tracto digestivo del insecto vector.

Valor prognóstico do fragmento N-terminal do peptídeo natriurético tipo B em cirurgia não-cardíaca

FUNDAMENTO: Já foi demonstrado o uso do NT-proBNP pré-operatório para prever resultado cardíaco adverso, embora estudos recentes tenham sugerido que a determinação do NT-proBNP pós-operatório possa fornecer um valor adicional em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia não cardíaca. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor prognóstico perioperatório do NT-proBNP em pacientes de intermediário e alto risco cardiovascular submetidos à cirurgia não cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Este estudo incluiu prospectivamente 145 pacientes com idade > 45 anos, com pelo menos um fator de risco do Índice de Risco Cardíaco Revisado e submetidos à cirurgia de médio ou alto risco não-cardíaca. Os níveis de NTproBNP foram medidos no pré e pós-operatório. Preditores cardíacos de curto prazo foram avaliados por modelos de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Durante uma mediana de acompanhamento de 29 dias, 17 pacientes (11,7%) apresentaram eventos cardíacos adversos importantes (MACE - 14 infartos do miocárdio não fatais, 2 paradas cardíacas não-fatais e 3 mortes cardíacas). Os níveis ótimos de limiar discriminatório para o NT-proBNP pré e pós-operatório foram 917 e 2962 pg/ mL, respectivamente. O NT-proBNP pré e pós-operatório (OR = 4,7, IC 95%: 1,62-13,73, p = 0,005 e OR 4,5, IC 95%: 1,53-13,16, p = 0,006) foram associados de forma significativa com MACE (eventos cardíacos adversos maiores). O NTproBNP pré-operatório foi significativa e independentemente associado com eventos cardíacos adversos em análise de regressão multivariada (OR ajustado 4,2, IC 95%: 1,38-12,62, p = 0,011). CONCLUSÃO: O NT-proBNP é um importante marcador de curto prazo de eventos cardiovasculares perioperatórios em pacientes de alto risco. Os níveis pós-operatórios foram menos informativos do que os níveis pré-operatórios. Uma única medição de NT-proBNP pré-operatório deve ser considerada na avaliação de risco pré-operatório.

Estudos experimentais sôbre a origem do milho

1) It may seem rather strange that, in spite of the efforts of a considerable number of scientists, the problem of the origin of indian corn or maize still has remained an open question. There are no fossil remains or archaeological relics except those which are quite identical with types still existing. (Fig. 1). The main difficulty in finding the wild ancestor- which may still exist - results from the fact that it has been somewhat difficult to decide what it should be like and also where to look for it. 2) There is no need to discuss the literature since an excellent review has recently been published by MANGELSDORF and REEVES (1939). It may be sufficient to state that there are basically two hypotheses, that of ST. HILAIRE (1829) who considered Brazilian pod corn as the nearest relative of wild corn still existing, and that of ASCHERSON (1875) who considered Euchlaena from Central America as the wild ancestor of corn. Later hypotheses represent or variants of these two hypotheses or of other concepts, howewer generally with neither disproving their predecessors nor showing why the new hypotheses were better than the older ones. Since nearly all possible combinations of ideas have thus been put forward, it har- dly seems possible to find something theoretically new, while it is essential first to produce new facts. 3) The studies about the origin of maize received a new impulse from MANGELSDORF and REEVES'S experimental work on both Zea-Tripsacum and Zea-Euchlaena hybrids. Independently I started experiments in 1937 with the hope that new results might be obtained when using South American material. Having lost priority in some respects I decided to withold publication untill now, when I can put forward more concise ideas about the origin of maize, based on a new experimental reconstruction of the "wild type". 4) The two main aspects of MANGELSDORF and REEVES hypothesis are discussed. We agree with the authors that ST. HILAIRE's theory is probably correct in so far as the tunicata gene is a wild type relic gene, but cannot accept the reconstruction of wild corn as a homozygous pod corn with a hermaphroditic tassel. As shown experimentally (Fig. 2-3) these tassels have their central spike transformed into a terminal, many rowed ear with a flexible rachis, while possessing at the same time the lateral ear. Thus no explanation is given of the origin of the corn ear, which is the main feature of cultivated corn (BRIEGER, 1943). The second part of the hypothesis referring to the origin of Euchlaena from corn, inverting thus ASCHERSON's theory, cannot be accepted for several reasons, stated in some detail. The data at hand justify only the conclusion that both genera, Euchlaena and Zea, are related, and there is as little proof for considering the former as ancestor of the latter as there is for the new inverse theory. 5) The analysis of indigenous corn, which will be published in detail by BRIEGER and CUTLER, showed several very primitive characters, but no type was found which was in all characters sufficiently primitive. A genetical analysis of Paulista Pod Corn showed that it contains the same gene as other tunicates, in the IV chromosome, the segregation being complicated by a new gametophyte factor Ga3. The full results of this analysis shall be published elsewhere. (BRIEGER). Selection experiments with Paulista Pod Corn showed that no approximation to a wild ancestor may be obtained when limiting the studies to pure corn. Thus it seemed necessary to substitute "domesticated" by "wild type" modifiers, and the only means for achieving this substitution are hybridizations with Euchlaena. These hybrids have now been analysed init fourth generation, including backcrosses, and, again, the full data will be published elsewhere, by BRIEGER and ADDISON. In one present publication three forms obtained will be described only, which represent an approximation to wild type corn. 6) Before entering howewer into detail, some arguments against ST. HILAIRE's theory must be mentioned. The premendelian argument, referring to the instability of this character, is explained by the fact that all fertile pod corn plants are heterozygous for the dominant Tu factor. But the sterility of the homozygous TuTu, which phenotypically cannot be identified, is still unexplained. The most important argument against the acceptance of the Tunicata faetor as wild type relic gene was removed recently by CUTLER (not yet published) who showed that this type has been preserved for centuries by the Bolivian indians as a mystical "medicine". 7) The main botanical requirements for transforming the corn ear into a wild type structure are stated, and alternative solutions given. One series of these characters are found in Tripsacum and Euchlaena : 2 rows on opposite sides of the rachis, protection of the grains by scales, fragility of the rachis. There remains the other alternative : 4 rows, possibly forming double rows of female and male spikelets, protection of kernels by their glumes, separation of grains at their base from the cob which is thin and flexible. 8) Three successive stages in the reconstruction of wild corn, obtained experimentally, are discussed and illustrated, all characterized by the presence of the Tu gene. a) The structure of the Fl hybrids has already been described in 1943. The main features of the Tunicata hybrids (Fig. -8), when compared with non-tunicate hybrids (Fig. 5-6), consist in the absence of scaly protections, the fragility of the rachis and finally the differentiation of the double rows into one male and one female spikelet. As has been pointed out, these characters represent new phenotypic effects of the tunicate factor which do not appear in the presence of pure maize modifiers. b) The next step was observed among the first backcross to teosinte (Fig. 9). As shown in the photography, Fig. 9D, the features are essencially those of the Fl plants, except that the rachis is more teosinte like, with longer internodes, irregular four-row-arrangement and a complete fragility on the nodes. c) In the next generation a completely new type appeared (Fig. 10) which resembles neither corn nor teosinte, mainly in consequence of one character: the rachis is thin and flexible and not fragile, while the grains have an abscission layer at the base, The medium sized, pointed, brownish and hard granis are protected by their well developed corneous glumes. This last form may not yet be the nearest approach to a wild grass, and I shall try in further experiments to introduce other changes such as an increase of fertile flowers per spikelet, the reduction of difference between terminal and lateral inflorescences, etc.. But the nature of the atavistic reversion is alveadwy such that it alters considerably our expectation when looking for a still existing wild ancestor of corn. 9) The next step in our deductions must now consist in an reversion of our question. We must now explain how we may obtain domesticated corn, starting from a hypothetical wild plant, similar to type c. Of the several changes which must have been necessary to attract the attention of the Indians, the following two seem to me the most important: the disappearance of all abscission layers and the reduction of the glumes. This may have been brought about by an accumulation of mutations. But it seems much more probable to assume that some crossing with a tripsacoid grass or even with Tripsacum australe may have been responsible. In such a cross, the two types of abscission layer would be counterbalanced as shown by the Flhybrids of corn, Tripsacum and Euchlaena. Furthermore in later generations a.tu-allele of Tripsacum may become homozygous and substitute the wild tunicate factor of corn. The hypothesis of a hybrid origin of cultivated corn is not completely new, but has been discussed already by HARSHBERGER and COLLINS. Our hypothesis differs from that of MANGELSDORF and REEVES who assume that crosses with Tripsacum are responsible only for some features of Central and North American corn. 10) The following arguments give indirects evidence in support of our hypothesis: a) Several characters have been observed in indigenous corn from the central region of South America, which may be interpreted as "tripsacoid". b) Equally "zeoid" characters seem to be present in Tripsacum australe of central South-America. c) A system of unbalanced factors, combined by the in-tergeneric cross, may be responsible for the sterility of the wild type tunicata factor when homozygous, a result of the action of modifiers, brought in from Tripsacum together with the tuallele. d) The hybrid theory may explain satisfactorily the presence of so many lethals and semilethals, responsible for the phenomenon of inbreeding in cultivated corn. It must be emphasized that corn does not possess any efficient mechanism to prevent crossing and which could explain the accumulation of these mutants during the evolutionary process. Teosinte which'has about the same mechanism of sexual reproduction has not accumulated such genes, nor self-sterile plants in spite of their pronounced preference for crossing. 11) The second most important step in domestication must have consisted in transforming a four rowed ear into an ear with many rows. The fusion theory, recently revived byLANGHAM is rejected. What happened evidently, just as in succulent pXants (Cactus) or in cones os Gymnosperms, is that there has been a change in phyllotaxy and a symmetry of longitudinal rows superimposed on the original spiral arrangement. 12) The geographical distribution of indigenous corn in South America has been discussed. So far, we may distinguish three zones. The most primitive corn appears in the central lowlands of what I call the Central Triangle of South America: east of the Andies, south of the Amazone-Basin, Northwest of a line formed by the rivers São Prancisco-Paraná and including the Paraguay-Basin. The uniformity of the types found in this extremely large zone is astonishing (BRIEGER and CUTLER). To the west, there is the well known Andian region, characterized by a large number of extremely diverse types from small pop corn to large Cuszco, from soft starch to modified sweet corn, from large cylindrical ears to small round ears, etc.. The third region extends along the atlantic coast in the east, from the Caribean Sea to the Argentine, and is characterized by Cateto, an orange hard flint corn. The Andean types must have been obtained very early, and undoubtedly are the result of the intense Inca agriculture. The Cateto type may be obtained easily by crosses, for instance, of "São Paulo Pointed Pop" to some orange soft corn of the central region. The relation of these three South American zones to Central and North America are not discussed, and it seems essential first to study the intermediate region of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. The geograprical distribution of chromosome knobs is rapidly discussed; but it seems that no conclusions can be drawn before a large number of Tripsacum species has been analysed.

Imaging beyond structure : novel noninvasive tools for neuroimaging of stem cell function and differentiation

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2013

Functional studies on the role of I[Kappa]B NS in T helper cell differentiation

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2014

The differentiation of character state relationships by binary coding and the monothetic subset method / Hymen Marx, George B. Rabb and Harold K. Voris.

v.72:no.1(1977)

Morphometric and genetic differentiation among populations of Eupemphix nattereri (Amphibia, Anura, Leiuperidae) from central Brazil

To assess genetic structure and phenotypic diversity of Eupemphix nattereri Steindachner, 1863, morphometric and molecular analyses were carried out for nine populations from the State of Goiás. A total of 11 morphometric traits were evaluated and genetic information was estimated using RAPD markers. Genetic and phenotypic distances were determined as a function of geographical origin. Correlation among genetic, morphometric, micro, and macroenviromental were analyzed by the Mantel test. Genetic data indicated high levels of genetic diversity (Φst= 0.3) among the nine populations. Mantel tests did not reveal a significant positive correlation between genetic and geographical distances, indicating that locally geographical populations were not genetically similar, even in distances smaller than 50 km. Discriminant analysis on 11 morphometric measurements showed a high divergence among the nine populations. However, a marginally significant correlation (P=0.08) between genetic and morphometric distances was found. The observed correlation was not causal in terms of the relationship between phenotype and genotype, but indicated common spatial structures. Thus, our results suggest that isolation-by-distance processes may explain population divergence in Eupemphix nattereri.

Differentiation of the sibling species Biomphalaria occidentalis and Biomphalaria tenagophila by the electrophoretic patterns of their hemoglobin

A simple and rapid method for differentialing the sibling species Biomphalaria tenagophila and Biomphalaria occidentalis by agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) is described. Snail hemolymph is used as the test sample and the red colaration of the hemoglobin fraction permits visualization of the migration patterns without resorting to specific stains. Moreover, hemolymph samples may be obtained without killing the snail, thus permitting its use for other studies for breeding.

The retinoid-related orphan receptor RORα promotes keratinocyte differentiation via FOXN1.

RORα is a retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor that regulates inflammation, lipid metabolism, and cellular differentiation of several non-epithelial tissues. In spite of its high expression in skin epithelium, its functions in this tissue remain unclear. Using gain- and loss-of-function approaches to alter RORα gene expression in human keratinocytes (HKCs), we have found that this transcription factor functions as a regulator of epidermal differentiation. Among the 4 RORα isoforms, RORα4 is prominently expressed by keratinocytes in a manner that increases with differentiation. In contrast, RORα levels are significantly lower in skin squamous cell carcinoma tumors (SCCs) and cell lines. Increasing the levels of RORα4 in HKCs enhanced the expression of structural proteins associated with early and late differentiation, as well as genes involved in lipid barrier formation. Gene silencing of RORα impaired the ability of keratinocytes to differentiate in an in vivo epidermal cyst model. The pro-differentiation function of RORα is mediated at least in part by FOXN1, a well-known pro-differentiation transcription factor that we establish as a novel direct target of RORα in keratinocytes. Our results point to RORα as a novel node in the keratinocyte differentiation network and further suggest that the identification of RORα ligands may prove useful for treating skin disorders that are associated with abnormal keratinocyte differentiation, including cancer.