Algumas reflexões sobre relacionamentos afetivos e relações sexuais na adolescência

Sexo e sexualidade são temas bastante abordados pela sociedade e suas instituições, desde a mídia até a universidade. Também a escola de ensino fundamental e médio vem sendo apontada como espaço propício para se trabalhar com orientação sexual, considerando inclusive as questões em voga como a gravidez não planejada na adolescência, as relações de gênero, o combate à homofobia e as doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, particularmente a AIDS. O presente trabalho é resultado de uma pesquisa realizada com adolescentes de 14 a 19 anos, estudantes de uma escola pública de ensino médio, tendo como objetivos verificar como pensam e se comportam os jovens frente a questões e atitudes que envolvem sexo e sexualidade. A técnica de coleta de dados foi a redação, em que os sujeitos escreveram sobre idéias, práticas e comportamentos sexuais, sendo que no recorte feito para a apresentação deste artigo, nos prendemos aos relacionamentos afetivos e relações sexuais.

Reduction of infant mortality in Latin America and the Caribbean: uneven progress requiring a variety of responses

Infant mortality has unquestionably declined throughout Latin America over the last decade, even under conditions of low and unstable economic growth and a meagre overall reduction of poverty in the region. The declines in infant mortality vary from one country to another. The persistence of high infant mortality rates is related to low income, teenage pregnancy and lack of access to basic services, as well as to the lack of appropriate health care infrastructure. At the same time, both the rural population as a whole, and the indigenous and Afro-descendent population in particular, has fallen markedly behind, with overall infant mortality rates much higher than among the rest of the population. Moreover, the cause and incidence of death in this age group have been changing according with the changes in neonatal and post-neonatal deaths. Our editorial line-up has created space for opinions from adolescents and youth, as well as from policy experts on the problem, its causes, and approaches to dealing with infant mortality. We also offer succinct information on a broad range of programmes—utilizing various interventions—in different countries of the region regarding maternal and infant care, in an attempt to bring about a reduction in mortality.

Representações sociais de adolescentes grávidas sobre a escola

Este estudo analisou as representações sociais de adolescentes grávidas sobre a escola, a partir da caracterização das adolescentes, da identificação das imagens e dos sentidos consensuais que as mesmas possuíam sobre a escola e da verificação de quais as implicações das representações sociais destas adolescentes grávidas sobre a escola. O estudo teve uma abordagem qualitativa, adotando como matriz teórica a teoria das representações sociais em sua vertente processual, foi utilizado como técnica de análise a análise de conteúdo em Franco, com a utilização de um questionário e um roteiro de entrevistas. O Locus da pesquisa foi uma unidade de saúde da família localizada no bairro do 40 horas em Ananindeua - PA, sendo os sujeitos deste estudo, seis (06) adolescentes grávidas entre 14 e 17 anos que participavam regularmente do programa de pré-natal e puerpério na referida unidade de saúde. Após a realização das análises tornou-se perceptível a necessidade, por parte da escola, de melhor acolher estas adolescentes e contribuir para a melhoria de suas perspectivas de vida a partir do favorecimento de alternativas que possibilitem a continuidade dos estudos por parte destas adolescentes.

A sexualidade de mulheres vivendo com AIDS: contribuições da psicanálise

A feminização do HIV/aids é uma realidade no Brasil, de acordo com os dados epidemiológicos do Ministério da Saúde. Este trabalho fundamenta-se no referencial da psicanálise e apresenta o estudo de caso de Larissa, paciente do ambulatório do Serviço de Assistência Especializada em HIV/aids do Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto. Partiu-se da hipótese que as mulheres que vivem com o vírus HIV/aids, podem apresentar consequências subjetivas, diante de um diagnóstico traumático associado a tabus como morte e sexualidade. Para Larissa ter aids significava rejeição, discriminação e abandono pelo companheiro e pais. Nos atendimentos trouxe sua preocupação em como contar ao companheiro sobre o vírus, temendo sua reação agressiva, além de relatos sobre sua infância e adolescência de conflitos com os pais, das agressões por parte do pai, e queixas em torno de sua mãe, principalmente voltadas a nada ter-lhe dito sobre sexualidade. Em seus relacionamentos amorosos com homens com problemas com a lei, pode-se pensar, segundo anuncia a teoria psicanalítica, em seu desamparo, conduzindo-a ao masoquismo. O ideal de amor de Larissa junto a esses parceiros aponta para aspectos de um amor romântico, em que esperava encontrar no parceiro proteção e confiança. Ressalto que esta pesquisa aponta ainda, um mal estar em falar da sexualidade, corpo e desejo feminino entre mães e filhas, ou seja, ausência de educação sexual que, no caso de Larissa, deixou-a à mercê dos parceiros, sem recursos para se proteger de doenças como a aids e, da gravidez na adolescência. O relato de Larissa está em consonância com os de outras pacientes mulheres vivendo com HIV, investigadas nesta pesquisa, e pode servir de alerta sobre a problemática apresentada nos dados do Boletim Epidemiológico do Brasil 2012, onde é crescente a incidência de casos de infecção pelo HIV em jovens de 13 a 19 anos, sendo as mulheres em maior número. A escuta clinica, para Larissa, ao poder falar de sua sexualidade, permitiu encontrar os significados dos aspectos traumáticos vivenciados em sua infância e adolescência, encontrar-se com seus conflitos internos e seu sentimento de desamparo, pensar sua relação com a mãe e suas filhas e, finalmente, afirmar que estava “aprendendo a ser mulher”, o que significava, para ela, estar “mais preparada” para a vida.

Orientação sexual nas aulas de educação física escolar

Sexual Orientation is present in the school setting, due to human relationships among all belonging to this area. Being a cross-cutting theme, this theme pervades the Physical Education and allows discussions related to the gender, body and media, respect for diversity, disease prevention and other topics that the contents of body culture allow to deal. With observation and participation in the school context, through a stage of more than a year, we realized the need to address the issue of sexual orientation with students. In addition, there is a dearth of articles dealing with this topic, a factor that complicates and limits the search fields of material for the teacher preparing lessons and address the issue. Thus, this study aims to develop classes to subsidize the practice of teachers of physical education in relation to Sexual Orientation. The preparation of activities was carried out from a bibliographic review and experiences of the researchers, presenting new possibilities to teacher to treat this subject in classes of that discipline. The topics covered are intended to demystify some pre-concepts related to gender in bodily practices that are socially constructed. Also, presented a way to address STDs and teenage pregnancy, topics not found in academic magazines of the area used in this study. Treating Sexual Orientation in Physical Education classes may seem at first a tricky and of difficult data collection. The teacher must seek this knowledge so that it can address the issue with students in a transparent and really effective not being only informative classes meaningless or decontextualized thoughts

A reincidência da gravidez na adolescência e a evasão escolar

Pós-graduação em Educação Escolar - FCLAR

Project Alpha: A culturally appropriate approach to adolescent male sex education

In the United States today, adolescents face unacceptably high rates of mortality and morbidity due to the contraction of HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases and teenage pregnancy. In view of these rates, there is a need for applied preventive interventions to delay adolescent sexual behavior until adulthood. Project Alpha was a school-adopted, quasi-experimental program for adolescent male students attending Sharpstown High School in Houston, Texas. This intervention used student newsletters to provide specific role-model stories on community and student role models who have changed attitudes or improved efficacy to abstain from sexual behavior until adulthood. It was hypothesized that teenagers exposed to the intervention would show improvements in knowledge, beliefs, avoidance skills, perceived norms, intentions and self-efficacy to delay sexual behavior compared to no-treatment reference teenagers in the same school.^ In total, the Project Alpha program had a significant effect on student knowledge, beliefs (towards abstinence and having sex with multiple partners), perceived risk (HIV/STD testing), self-efficacy (could avoid sex with attractive girl who wants to have sex), perceived social norms (friends believing in sexual abstinence) and sexual intentions. However, no significant intervention effects were found in student's beliefs (that it was OK to have sex with girlfriend), perceived risk of HIV/STD, self-efficacy (to avoid sex with girlfriend) and social norms (friends believe it is OK to have sex with a girlfriend and multiple partners in the same month). ^

A look at parent-adolescent processes and adolescent sexual intentions among urban, minority, middle school youth

Background. The United States continues to have the highest rates in teenage pregnancy among industrialized nations and approximately 46% of high school students engaged in sex by the time they graduated. Various family adolescent processes (family connectedness, perceived parental beliefs about sex, parent-child communication about sex) have been linked to adolescent sexual behavior. However, the association between family adolescent and adolescent sexual intentions has not often been studied in middle school minority youth.^ Methods. Research hypotheses were tested using a secondary data analysis from a HIV, STI, and pregnancy prevention program for urban middle school students.^ Results. At baseline, 77% of students reported low intentions to engage in vaginal or oral sex within a year and 87% reported they would use a condom if having sex within the next 3 months. After adjusting for gender, age, and race/ethnicity, family connectedness and perceived parental beliefs about sex were significantly associated with vaginal and oral sex intentions. Only perceived parental beliefs was associated with condom use intentions. ^ Conclusions. Family adolescent processes appear to be associated with adolescents’ intentions regarding sex and condom use. Early interventions are needed that take into account the importance of healthy, supportive parent-adolescent relationships and encourage parents to share their beliefs about sex to adolescents before the onset of sexual activity. ^

Benthic and substrate cover data derived from photo-transect surveys in Heron Reef

Underwater georeferenced photo-transect survey was conducted on September 23 - 27, 2007 at different sections of the reef flat, reef crest and reef slope in Heron Reef. For this survey a snorkeler or diver swam over the bottom while taking photos of the benthos at a set height using a standard digital camera and towing a surface float GPS which was logging its track every five seconds. A standard digital compact camera was placed in an underwater housing and fitted with a 16 mm lens which provided a 1.0 m x 1.0 m footprint, at 0.5 m height above the benthos. Horizontal distance between photos was estimated by three fin kicks of the survey diver/snorkeler, which corresponded to a surface distance of approximately 2.0 - 4.0 m. The GPS was placed in a dry-bag and logged its position as it floated at the surface while being towed by the photographer. A total of 3,586 benthic photos were taken. A floating GPS setup connected to the swimmer/diver by a line enabled recording of coordinates of each benthic. Approximation of coordinates of each benthic photo was done based on the photo timestamp and GPS coordinate time stamp, using GPS Photo Link Software (www.geospatialexperts.com). Coordinates of each photo were interpolated by finding the gps coordinates that were logged at a set time before and after the photo was captured. Benthic or substrate cover data was derived from each photo by randomly placing 24 points over each image using the Coral Point Count excel program (Kohler and Gill, 2006). Each point was then assigned to 1 out of 80 cover types, which represented the benthic feature beneath it. Benthic cover composition summary of each photo scores was generated automatically using CPCE program. The resulting benthic cover data of each photo was linked to gps coordinates, saved as an ArcMap point shapefile, and projected to Universal Transverse Mercator WGS84 Zone 56 South.

Spectral reflectance library of selected biotic and abiotic coral reef features in Heron Reef

Underwater spectral reflectance was measured for selected biotic and abiotic coral reef features of Heron Reef from June 25-30, 2006. Spectral reflectance's of 105 different benthic types were obtained in-situ. An Ocean Optics USB2000 spectrometer was deployed in an custom made underwater housing with a 0.5 m fiber-optic probe mounted next to an artificial light source. Spectral readings were collected with the probe(bear fibre) about 5 cm from the target to ensure that the target would fill the field of view of the fiber optic (FOV diameter ~4.4 cm), as well as to reduce the attenuating effect of the intermediate water (Roelfsema et al., 2006). Spectral readings included for one target included: 1 reading of the covered spectral fibre to correct for instrument noise, 1 reading of spectralon panel mounted on divers wrist to measure incident ambient light, and 8 readings of the target. Spectral reflectance was calculated for each target by first subtracting the instrument noise reading from each other reading. The corrected target readings were then divided by the corrected spectralon reading resulting in spectral reflectance of each target reading. An average target spectral reflectance was calculated by averaging the eight individual spectral reflectance's of the target. If an individual target spectral reflectance was visual considered an outlier, it was not included in the average spectral reflectance calculation. See Roelfsema at al. (2006) for additional info on the methodology of underwater spectra collection.

Management and program audit of the Parents Too Soon Program.

"August 1990."