Reflectances transect from coast to open sea, Baltic Sea

In this study, retrievals of the medium resolution imaging spectrometer (MERIS) reflectances and water quality products using 4 different coastal processing algorithms freely available are assessed by comparison against sea-truthing data. The study is based on a pair-wise comparison using processor-dependent quality flags for the retrieval of valid common macro-pixels. This assessment is required in order to ensure the reliability of monitoring systems based on MERIS data, such as the Swedish coastal and lake monitoring system (http.vattenkvalitet.se). The results show that the pre-processing with the Improved Contrast between Ocean and Land (ICOL) processor, correcting for adjacency effects, improve the retrieval of spectral reflectance for all processors, Therefore, it is recommended that the ICOL processor should be applied when Baltic coastal waters are investigated. Chlorophyll was retrieved best using the FUB (Free University of Berlin) processing algorithm, although overestimations in the range 18-26.5%, dependent on the compared pairs, were obtained. At low chlorophyll concentrations (< 2.5 mg/m**3), random errors dominated in the retrievals with the MEGS (MERIS ground segment processor) processor. The lowest bias and random errors were obtained with MEGS for suspended particulate matter, for which overestimations in te range of 8-16% were found. Only the FUB retrieved CDOM (Coloured Dissolved Organic Matter) correlate with in situ values. However, a large systematic underestimation appears in the estimates that nevertheless may be corrected for by using a~local correction factor. The MEGS has the potential to be used as an operational processing algorithm for the Himmerfjärden bay and adjacent areas, but it requires further improvement of the atmospheric correction for the blue bands and better definition at relatively low chlorophyll concentrations in presence of high CDOM attenuation.

Asplund versus Lewerentz

La tesis Asplund versus Lewerentz analiza, por el método comparado, los invariantes, las convergencias y las divergencias entre las obras de los arquitectos suecos Erik Gunnar Asplund y Sigurd Lewerentz. Autores del Cementerio del Bosque de Estocolmo, que desarrollaron en colaboración durante más de veinte años, supone una de las obras maestras de la arquitectura escandinava, y uno de los ejemplos de referencia para entender la cultura arquitectónica nórdica moderna en relación a su tradición. Del estudio contrastado de los distintos proyectos y versiones del cementerio, ejecutados conjuntamente o por separado, se obtienen los valores compartidos entre ambos arquitectos, así como sus afinidades o diferencias respecto a un mismo tema. Estos aspectos, extrapolados al resto de sus trabajos, permiten entender sus actuaciones según las referencias e influencias mutuas, y la definición de las variables que configuran sus respectivos espacios arquitectónicos. La investigación se ha estructurado en ocho capítulos: La Escuela Klara, que trata la relación de Asplund y Lewerentz en su época de estudiantes, así como la influencia de sus maestros respectivos; El Grand Tour, que analiza sus viajes y las miradas de cada uno de ellos en sus visitas a los mismos lugares; Los Estudios, que profundiza en sus caracteres, reflejados a través de la comparación de los distintos lugares de trabajo; Las Tumbas, donde se concretan a pequeña escala los temas desarrollados ampliamente en el Cementerio del Bosque, constituyendo así un laboratorio de ideas; La Exposición de Estocolmo de 1930, que vuelve a aclarar las posturas divergentes de ambos, en este caso, en relación a un tema lúdico, y que supuso un giro de su arquitectura y, con ello, un importante apoyo a los cambios sociales del momento; Los Concursos, realizados por separado, donde se observan con precisión las afinidades y las diferencias respecto a un mismo planteamiento inicial; Los Accesos del Cementerio del Bosque, que supone un trabajo conjunto con alternancia de decisiones, en el que se perfila con claridad los intereses específicos de ambos; y por último, las Capillas del Cementerio del Bosque, especialmente la Capilla del Bosque y de la Resurrección, que concretan, en los dos lugares más íntimos del cementerio, las ideas y personalidades opuestas de Asplund y Lewerentz en relación al tema común de la muerte. Las conclusiones de este estudio comparado y centrado en varios temas, determinan una confluencia de intereses en la conexión de sus obras con la topografía como medio de contextualización, en las acciones sobre la vegetación como un aspecto fundamental y no sólo como un acompañamiento a la arquitectura, y en la manipulación de la luz como hecho diferencial del carácter de los distintos espacios. Se reúnen así en esta tesis unas constantes del trabajo de Asplund y Lewerentz, que planteadas muchas veces de forma distinta, apuntan directamente a los sentimientos del Hombre en el momento de la muerte y ante una despedida en relación a la Arquitectura. ABSTRACT The thesis Asplund versus Lewerentz analyses, by means of comparative methodology, the constants, the convergences and the divergences between the works of the Swedish architects Erik Gunnar Asplund and Sigurd Lewerentz. They are the authors of Stockholm’s Woodland Cemetery, which they developed in collaboration over a period of more than twenty years, one of the masterpieces of Swedish architecture and one of the key examples in terms of understanding modern Nordic architectural culture in relation to its tradition. From the contrasted study of the various projects and versions of the cemetery, executed jointly or separately, one obtains the values shared by both architects as well as their affinities or differences with respect to one and the same theme. These aspects, extrapolated from the rest of their works, permit an understanding of their actions according to mutual references and influences, and the definition of the variables that shape their respective architectural spaces. The research is divided into eight chapters: The Klara School, dealing with Asplund and Lewerentz’s relationship during their student days, as well as the influence of their respective teachers; The Grand Tour, which analyses their travels and the viewpoints of each of them on their visits to the same places; The Studies, looks closely at their personalities, reflected by a comparison of their different workplaces; The Tombs, where the themes extensively developed in the Woodland Cemetery are set out on a small scale, thus constituting one of their laboratories of ideas; The Stockholm exhibition of 1930, which again clarifies the diverging postures of the two, in this case, in relation to a recreational topic which represented a turnabout in their architecture and, moreover an important support for the social changes of the age; The Competitions, which they carried out separately, where one closely observes affinities and differences with respect to an initial approach; The Accesses to the Woodland Cemetery, which represents a joint work with alternating decision-making, in which the interests of both are clearly outlined; and finally, the Chapels of the Woodland Cemetery, especially the Woodland Chapel and the Chapel of the Resurrection, which, in the two most intimate spots in the cemetery, embody the opposing ideas and personalities of Asplund and Lewerentz in relation to the common theme of death. The conclusions of this comparative study centred on various topics, determine a confluence of interests in the connection of their works with the topography as a means of contextualization, in actions relating to vegetation as a fundamental aspect and not just an accompaniment to architecture, and in the manipulation of light as a differential factor in the character of the different spaces. Thus this thesis brings together some of the constants of the work of Asplund and Lewerentz which, frequently dealt with in a different manner, point directly to Man’s feelings at the point of death and in the face of a farewell in relation to Architecture.

Asplund versus Lewerentz

La tesis Asplund versus Lewerentz analiza, por el método comparado, los invariantes, las convergencias y las divergencias entre las obras de los arquitectos suecos Erik Gunnar Asplund y Sigurd Lewerentz. Autores del Cementerio del Bosque de Estocolmo, que desarrollaron en colaboración durante más de veinte años, supone una de las obras maestras de la arquitectura escandinava, y uno de los ejemplos de referencia para entender la cultura arquitectónica nórdica moderna en relación a su tradición. Del estudio contrastado de los distintos proyectos y versiones del cementerio, ejecutados conjuntamente o por separado, se obtienen los valores compartidos entre ambos arquitectos, así como sus afinidades o diferencias respecto a un mismo tema. Estos aspectos, extrapolados al resto de sus trabajos, permiten entender sus actuaciones según las referencias e influencias mutuas, y la definición de las variables que configuran sus respectivos espacios arquitectónicos. La investigación se ha estructurado en ocho capítulos: La Escuela Klara, que trata la relación de Asplund y Lewerentz en su época de estudiantes, así como la influencia de sus maestros respectivos; El Grand Tour, que analiza sus viajes y las miradas de cada uno de ellos en sus visitas a los mismos lugares; Los Estudios, que profundiza en sus caracteres, reflejados a través de la comparación de los distintos lugares de trabajo; Las Tumbas, donde se concretan a pequeña escala los temas desarrollados ampliamente en el Cementerio del Bosque, constituyendo así un laboratorio de ideas; La Exposición de Estocolmo de 1930, que vuelve a aclarar las posturas divergentes de ambos, en este caso, en relación a un tema lúdico, y que supuso un giro de su arquitectura y, con ello, un importante apoyo a los cambios sociales del momento; Los Concursos, realizados por separado, donde se observan con precisión las afinidades y las diferencias respecto a un mismo planteamiento inicial; Los Accesos del Cementerio del Bosque, que supone un trabajo conjunto con alternancia de decisiones, en el que se perfila con claridad los intereses específicos de ambos; y por último, las Capillas del Cementerio del Bosque, especialmente la Capilla del Bosque y de la Resurrección, que concretan, en los dos lugares más íntimos del cementerio, las ideas y personalidades opuestas de Asplund y Lewerentz en relación al tema común de la muerte. Las conclusiones de este estudio comparado y centrado en varios temas, determinan una confluencia de intereses en la conexión de sus obras con la topografía como medio de contextualización, en las acciones sobre la vegetación como un aspecto fundamental y no sólo como un acompañamiento a la arquitectura, y en la manipulación de la luz como hecho diferencial del carácter de los distintos espacios. Se reúnen así en esta tesis unas constantes del trabajo de Asplund y Lewerentz, que planteadas muchas veces de forma distinta, apuntan directamente a los sentimientos del Hombre en el momento de la muerte y ante una despedida en relación a la Arquitectura. ABSTRACT The thesis Asplund versus Lewerentz analyses, by means of comparative methodology, the constants, the convergences and the divergences between the works of the Swedish architects Erik Gunnar Asplund and Sigurd Lewerentz. They are the authors of Stockholm’s Woodland Cemetery, which they developed in collaboration over a period of more than twenty years, one of the masterpieces of Swedish architecture and one of the key examples in terms of understanding modern Nordic architectural culture in relation to its tradition. From the contrasted study of the various projects and versions of the cemetery, executed jointly or separately, one obtains the values shared by both architects as well as their affinities or differences with respect to one and the same theme. These aspects, extrapolated from the rest of their works, permit an understanding of their actions according to mutual references and influences, and the definition of the variables that shape their respective architectural spaces. The research is divided into eight chapters: The Klara School, dealing with Asplund and Lewerentz’s relationship during their student days, as well as the influence of their respective teachers; The Grand Tour, which analyses their travels and the viewpoints of each of them on their visits to the same places; The Studies, looks closely at their personalities, reflected by a comparison of their different workplaces; The Tombs, where the themes extensively developed in the Woodland Cemetery are set out on a small scale, thus constituting one of their laboratories of ideas; The Stockholm exhibition of 1930, which again clarifies the diverging postures of the two, in this case, in relation to a recreational topic which represented a turnabout in their architecture and, moreover an important support for the social changes of the age; The Competitions, which they carried out separately, where one closely observes affinities and differences with respect to an initial approach; The Accesses to the Woodland Cemetery, which represents a joint work with alternating decision-making, in which the interests of both are clearly outlined; and finally, the Chapels of the Woodland Cemetery, especially the Woodland Chapel and the Chapel of the Resurrection, which, in the two most intimate spots in the cemetery, embody the opposing ideas and personalities of Asplund and Lewerentz in relation to the common theme of death. The conclusions of this comparative study centred on various topics, determine a confluence of interests in the connection of their works with the topography as a means of contextualization, in actions relating to vegetation as a fundamental aspect and not just an accompaniment to architecture, and in the manipulation of light as a differential factor in the character of the different spaces. Thus this thesis brings together some of the constants of the work of Asplund and Lewerentz which, frequently dealt with in a different manner, point directly to Man’s feelings at the point of death and in the face of a farewell in relation to Architecture.

Sequence of a 189-kb segment of the chromosome of Rhodobacter capsulatus SB1003

Cosmids from the 1A3–1A10 region of the complete miniset were individually subcloned by using the vector M13 mp18. Sequences of each cosmid were assembled from about 400 DNA fragments generated from the ends of these phage subclones and merged into one 189-kb contig. About 160 ORFs identified by the CodonUse program were subjected to similarity searches. The biological functions of 80 ORFs could be assigned reliably by using the WIT and Magpie genome investigation tools. Eighty percent of these recognizable ORFs were organized in functional clusters, which simplified assignment decisions and increased the strength of the predictions. A set of 26 genes for cobalamin biosynthesis, genes for polyhydroxyalkanoic acid metabolism, DNA replication and recombination, and DNA gyrase were among those identified. Most of the ORFs lacking significant similarity with reference databases also were grouped. There are two large clusters of these ORFs, one located between 45 and 67 kb of the map, and the other between 150 and 183 kb. Nine of the loosely identified ORFs (of 15) of the first of these clusters match ORFs from phages or transposons. The other cluster also has four ORFs of possible phage origin.

El gènere i l’humor en interaccions didàctiques d’alumnes de secundària

A partir de la articulación de tres ejes o focos de interés: el uso del humor por parte de los adolescentes, las cuestiones de género y las cuestiones que se plantean en torno a una investigación en didáctica de la lengua, este artículo profundiza en la forma y funcionamiento del humor como estrategia para abordar la construcción del espacio intersubjetivo. Esta triple focalización favorece la reflexión en torno a la diferencia de recursos verbales, no verbales y paraverbales que movilizan los interlocutores de cada género a la vez que aporta materiales de discusión novedosos sobre la relación entre el uso del humor y el rol institucional que ocupan los interlocutores, principalmente teniendo en cuenta la imbricación del concepto de posturas enunciativas.

Any changes? The future agenda of Sweden's security policy. OSW Commentary No. 126, 28.01.2014

Sweden’s annual security and defence conference, which this year focused on the future of the country’s security policy, was held in Sälen on 12-14 January. It was attended by almost all the leaders of Sweden’s ruling and opposition parties. The discussions have revealed whether and how the mindset of the Swedish elite has changed following the heated debates on defence issues in 2013. The opposition parties (Social Democrats, the Green Party, and the Left Party), which are likely to form a coalition government after the election to the Swedish parliament in September 2014, were given the opportunity to present their own priorities. The discussions have brought to the surface conflicting perceptions within the political elite concerning the threats and challenges to Swedish security, and divergent positions on the future direction of the country’s security and defence policy. It is highly likely that, due to a coalition compromise, the current course of Sweden’s security policy (namely, a policy of non-alignment along with close co-operation with NATO) will be maintained following the parliamentary election, albeit with new “leftist” influences (a greater involvement in the United Nations). Big changes that could lead to a significant strengthening of Sweden’s defence capabilities, or a decision on NATO membership, are not likely. Paradoxically, polls suggest that in the long run a more radical change in Stockholm’s security policy may be shaped by a gradual, bottom-up evolution of public opinion on the issue.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from the R/V Galathea II Danish Deep Sea Expedition, 1950-1952

The Danish Expedition of the "Galathea II" around the world brought important results concerning the marine organisms in the deep sea. The "Galathea II" showed not only different organisms of the Abyssal but for the first time of the deepest trenches of the western Pacific. Anton Bruun coined the term Hadal for the region below the Abyssal under 6000 m. Although the "Galathea II" aimed to investigate new deep sea regions beside the routes of former expeditions and to widen the horizon of knowledge relating marine organisms the technical equipment and the methodological approach had partly been developed earlier. The expedition of the "Galathea II" is part of a long tradition of cruises such as that of the British "Challenger", the German "Valdivia" and the Swedish "Albatross" and especially the Danish cruises of the "Dana I" and "Dana II" which happened some years before.

Historical sea ice of the Baltic Sea (1960/61-78/79)

The Baltic Sea is a seasonally ice-covered, marginal sea in central northern Europe. It is an essential waterway connecting highly industrialised countries. Because ship traffic is intermittently hindered by sea ice, the local weather services have been monitoring sea ice conditions for decades. In the present study we revisit a historical monitoring data set, covering the winters 1960/1961 to 1978/1979. This data set, dubbed Data Bank for Baltic Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperatures (BASIS) ice, is based on hand-drawn maps that were collected and then digitised in 1981 in a joint project of the Finnish Institute of Marine Research (today the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI)) and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). BASIS ice was designed for storage on punch cards and all ice information is encoded by five digits. This makes the data hard to access. Here we present a post-processed product based on the original five-digit code. Specifically, we convert to standard ice quantities (including information on ice types), which we distribute in the current and free Network Common Data Format (NetCDF). Our post-processed data set will help to assess numerical ice models and provide easy-to-access unique historical reference material for sea ice in the Baltic Sea. In addition we provide statistics showcasing the data quality. The website http://www.baltic-ocean.org hosts the post-processed data and the conversion code.

Acht Lieder für eine Singstimme mit Klavierbegleitung. Op. 61.

Swedish, English, and German words.