HEMAGGLUTINATION TEST FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF HUMAN NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS: DEVELOPMENT OF A STABLE REAGENT USING HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS ANTIGENS

A hemagglutination (HA) test was standardized using formalin- and tannin-treated gander red blood cells sensitized with a total salt extract of C. cellulosae (HA-Cc) and an antigenic extract of Cysticercus longicollis (HA-Cl) vesicular fluid. A total of 61 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were assayed, 41 from patients with neurocysticercosis and 20 from a control group, which were, respectively, reactive and non-reactive to ELISA using C. cellulosae. The CSF samples from the control group did not react and 35 (85.4%) and 34 (82.9%) CSF samples from patients were reactive to the HA-Cc and HA-Cl tests, respectively. The reagents ready for use were stable up to 6 months when stored at 4°C in 50% glycerol. The present results confirm that the reagent using Cysticercus longicollis stabilized with glycerol can be used as an alternative in the immunological diagnosis of neurocysticercosis

Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus

In order to contribute to a better understanding of the forms of acquisition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Brazil, with special emphasis on sexual transmission, we determined the presence of HCV infection in regular partners and in non-sexual home communicants of blood donors seen at Fundação Pró-Sangue Hemocentro de São Paulo from January 1992 to July 1996. Of 154 blood donors with HCV infection (index cases), 111 had had regular partners for at least 6 months. Sixty-eight of 111 partners were evaluated for HCV infection. Of these, 8 (11.76%) were considered to have current or previous HCV infection; a history of sexually transmissible diseases and index cases with a positive HCV-RNA test were more prevalent among partners with HCV infection. Of the 68 index cases whose partners were studied, 56 had non-sexual home communicants. Of the total of 81 home communicants, 66 accepted to be evaluated for HCV infection. None of them was HCV-positive, suggesting that the high prevalence of HCV infection among partners may be attributed at least partially to sexual transmission.

Contributo para o conhecimento dos comportamentos sexuais nos adolescentes; promoção de saúde sexual e prevenção do VIH/SIDA

RESUMO O comportamento sexual dos jovens é actualmente, uma das principais preocupações da Saúde Pública internacional e nacional pela sua associação com várias consequências indesejáveis que, directa ou indirectamente, afectam a saúde e o bem-estar dos adolescentes, nomeadamente infecção pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (VIH/SIDA), outras Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST’s) e gravidez indesejada. Os comportamentos sexuais de risco têm sido identificados como uma das principais causas associadas com a mortalidade, morbilidade e problemas sociais nos jovens. O presente trabalho tem como objectivos gerais aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a sexualidade e os comportamentos sexuais nos adolescentes portugueses escolarizados e identificar necessidades e factores relevantes para a Saúde Sexual e prevenção do VIH/SIDA nos adolescentes. Para a concretização destes objectivos foram efectuados dois estudos, um quantitativo e outro qualitativo. O estudo quantitativo pretende descrever os conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas na área da sexualidade com relevância para a prevenção do VIH/SIDA nos jovens e analisar as relações entre os comportamentos sexuais adoptados e as variáveis sócio-demográficas, as psicossociais e as dos contextos sociais do jovem (família, pares, escola e comunidade). A amostra utilizada é composta por 3762 adolescentes que frequentavam o 8º e 10º ano de escolaridade e faz parte do estudo realizado em Portugal Continental em 2002 (Matos, Gonçalves, Dias, & Aventura Social, 2003) da Rede Europeia “Health Behaviours in School-aged Children (HBSC/OMS)”, da Organização Mundial de Saúde (Currie et al., 2004). O segundo estudo, qualitativo, propõe-se identificar e aprofundar os factores e processos ligados à protecção e ao risco individuais e do contexto ecológico, visando compreender as dinâmicas subjacentes aos conhecimentos, atitudes e comportamentos sexuais relevantes para a prevenção do VIH/SIDA. Neste estudo foram realizados 12 grupos focais, utilizando uma amostra constituída por 72 adolescentes, 36 jovens do sexo feminino e 36 do sexo masculino, de seis escolas públicas do ensino regular situadas em diferentes regiões do país. Nos resultados do estudo quantitativo, salienta-se a percentagem de adolescentes que refere já ter iniciado a actividade sexual, 23.7%. Relativamente à idade da primeira relação sexual, 48.2% dos adolescentes refere ter tido a sua primeira experiência sexual entre os 12 e os 14 anos e 17.3% aos 11 anos ou menos. Quanto à utilização do preservativo, 29.9% dos jovens refere não o ter utilizado na última relação sexual. Os dados sugerem a existência de diferenças de género e de idade relativamente aos conhecimentos, atitudes e comportamentos sexuais. Pelos resultados encontrados nas análises de regressão logística pode-se verificar que as variáveis “ter iniciado as relações sexuais” e “não ter utilizado o preservativo, na última relação sexual”, se associam significativamente com variáveis individuais de nível sócio-demográfico e pessoal e variáveis relativas ao contexto social que rodeia os jovens (família, pares, escola e comunidade). Os resultados do estudo qualitativo sublinham que as questões ligadas à sexualidade são complexas e que os conhecimentos, atitudes e comportamentos sexuais adoptados pelos jovens sofrem múltiplas influências que se situam a vários níveis, nomeadamente individual, familiar, interpessoal (pares), escolar e comunitário. Os adolescentes identificaram diversos factores ligados à protecção e ao risco nos diferentes níveis de análise. Os resultados apontam também para que os factores e processos de risco e de protecção interagem entre si através de possíveis relações que reduzem ou aumentam a probabilidade do envolvimento em comportamentos de risco. Os resultados dos dois estudos sugerem que os adolescentes não podem ser considerados um grupo homogéneo em relação aos conhecimentos, atitudes e comportamentos sexuais e relativos ao VIH/SIDA. Apontam também para a importância das intervenções precoces, que envolvam os jovens como principais intervenientes no processo e os agentes de socialização (pares, pais, escola e comunidade), quer ao nível da redução dos factores ligados ao risco, quer ao nível da promoção dos factores ligados à protecção. A complementaridade encontrada na utilização de diferentes metodologias parece funcionar como uma estratégia para aumentar o conhecimento e a compreensão das complexidades em que a sexualidade se desenvolve. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho poderão contribuir para o planeamento e implementação de programas de promoção de Saúde Sexual e prevenção de VIH/SIDA nos jovens, que reflictam as suas necessidades específicas, e consequentemente, permitam efectivos ganhos na saúde juvenil.

Violência sexual no feminino. Universos temporais e contextos sociais

Mestrado em Estudos sobre as mulheres. As mulheres na sociedade e na cultura

Sexual transmission of hepatitis C

It is generally agreed that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be efficiently transmitted parenterally, although data on viral transmission by sexual or non-sexual intrafamilial contact are conflicting. Since data collection began in 1989, the first study dealt with the risk of sexual transmission among multiple sex partners. Other investigations followed, emphasizing that risk increases in specific groups such as patients co-infected with HIV and HBV, sex workers, homosexuals, illicit drug users and patients attended at sexually transmittable disease clinics. The question arises as to what might be the risk for monogamous heterosexuals in the general population, in which one of the partners has HCV? The literature provides overall rates that vary from zero to 27%; however, most studies affirm that the chances of sexual transmission are low or almost null, with rates for this mode fluctuating from zero to 3%. Intrafamilial transmission is strongly considered but inconclusive, since when mentioning transmission between sex partners within the same household, specific situations also should be considered, such as the sharing of personal hygiene items, like razorblades, toothbrushes, nail clippers and manicure pliers, which are important risk factors in HCV transmission. In this review, we discuss the hypotheses of sexual and/or intrafamilial transmission.

High prevalence and association of HIV-1 non-B subtype with specific sexual transmission risk among antiretroviral naïve patients in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

In South Brazil the circulation of two HIV-1 subtypes with different characteristics represents an important scenario for the study of the impact of HIV-1 diversity on the evolution of the HIV-1 epidemic and AIDS disease. HIV-1 B, the predominant variant in industrialized countries and HIV-1 C, the most prevalent subtype in areas with rapid epidemic growth, are implicated in most infections. We evaluated blood samples from 128 antiretroviral (ARV) naïve patients recruited at entry to the largest HIV outpatient service in Porto Alegre. Based on partial pol region sequencing, HIV-1 C was observed in 29%, HIV-1 B in 22.6% and, the recently identified CRF31_BC, in 23.4% of 128 volunteers. Other variants were HIV-1 F in 10% and other mosaics in 5.5%. In order to evaluate the association of socio-behavioral characteristics and HIV-1 subtypes, interviews and laboratory evaluation were performed at entry. Our data suggest an established epidemic of the three major variants, without any evidence of partitioning in either of the subgroups analyzed. However, anal sex practices were associated with subtype B, which could indicate a greater transmissibility of non-B variants by vaginal intercourse. This study provides baseline information for epidemiologic surveillance of the changes of the molecular characteristics of HIV-1 epidemics in this region.

HIV Voluntary Testing among Portuguese Women Attending Family Planning Clinics: Implications for HIV Prevention Education and Testing

Objectives: The aim of this article is to analyze the factors associated with HIV testing among 767 sexually active women. Methods: Participants were administered several self-report questionnaires that assessed behavioral and psychosocial measures. Results: Overall, 59.8% of the participants reported ever having tested for HIV. Results show that higher levels of education, being pregnant or having been pregnant, concern about AIDS, AIDS knowledge, self-efficacy in condom negotiation and perception of no risk in partner significantly predicted the likelihood of testing among women. Attending the mass was negatively associated with HIV testing. Conclusions: These findings provide information that can be used in the development of a focused gender sensitive HIV prevention program to increase HIV testing.

Predictors of consistent condom use among Portuguese women attending family planning clinics

Women account for 30% of all AIDS cases reported to the Health Ministry in Portugal and most infections are acquired through unprotected heterosexual sex with infected partners. This study analyzed socio-demographic and psychosocial predictors of consistent condom use and the role of education as a moderator variable among Portuguese women attending family planning clinics. A cross-sectional study using interviewer-administered fully structured questionnaires was conducted among 767 sexually active women (ages 18–65). Logistic regression analyses were used to explore the association between consistent condom use and the predictor variables. Overall, 78.7% of the women were inconsistent condom users. The results showed that consistent condom use was predicted by marital status (being not married), having greater perceptions of condom negotiation self-efficacy, having preparatory safer sexual behaviors, and not using condoms only when practicing abstinence. Living with a partner and having lack of risk perception significantly predicted inconsistent condom use. Less educated women were less likely to use condoms even when they perceive being at risk. The full model explained 53% of the variance in consistent condom use. This study emphasizes the need for implementing effective prevention interventions in this population showing the importance of taking education into consideration.

Função Sexual após Braquiterapia Prostática de Baixa Taxa de Dose

A braquiterapia prostática de baixa taxa de dose é considerada uma opção terapêutica adequada para o carcinoma da próstata. É habitualmente, apresentada como a melhor forma de preservar a função eréctil de entre os diversos tratamentos de carcinoma da próstata. Contudo, estudos recentes demonstram que, também a braquiterapia prostática pode, no longo prazo, provocar algum grau de disfunção eréctil (DE). As taxas de DE nas diversas séries publicadas, são muito variáveis. Os resultados da influência da dose de radiação, isoladamente (D90) ou quando incidindo sobre o feixe neurovascular ou o bulbo são contraditórios. O tipo de isótopo utilizado não tem qualquer influência sobre a DE. No entanto factores como a idade, a função eréctil pré-tratamento, a diabetes, a utilização de radioterapia externa adjuvante e/ou hormonoterapia neoadjuvante podem condicionar os resultados obtidos. Otratamento da disfunção eréctil deve ser efectuado com inibidores da fosfodiesterase, obtendo-se boas taxas de resposta. Podem surgir outras alterações da função sexual, nomeadamente, hematospermia, dor durante o orgasmo e alteração da intensidade do orgasmo.

Saúde Sexual e Reprodutiva das Adolescentes - a Nossa Realidade

Overview and Aims: Several behavioral and biological factors can make adolescents particularly vulnerable to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate sexual behavior and contraceptive use patterns of a population of adolescents. Study Design: Retrospective study. Population: 163 female adolescents attending an Adolescence Unit for the first time, during 2010. Methods: Analysis of clinical charts and assessment of demographic data, smoking and drinking habits, drug use, gynecologic and obstetric history, sexual behavior and contraceptive use. Results: The mean age was 16.04 years (±1.32). 71.7% were students (of these, 70% had failed one or more years and were behind in their studies), 2.5% were working and 23.9% were neither studying or working. 95.1% had already had sexual intercourse and the mean age of first coitus was 14.53 years (±1.24). There was a history of at least one previous pregnancy in 77.3% of the cases. Before the first appointment at the AU, the contraceptive methods used were: the pill (33.2%, but 41.3% of these reported inconsistent use), and the condom (23.9%, with inconsistent use in 28.3% of these cases). 19.6% did not use any contraceptive method.. After counseling at the AU, 54% of the teenagers chose the contraceptive implant and 35% preferred the pill. Adolescents who had already been pregnant preferred a long acting method (namely, the contraceptive implant)in 61.9% of cases; those who had never been pregnant decided to use an oral contraceptive in 67.6% of cases (p<0.001). Conclusions: After counseling the number of teenagers using contraception increased. In this population there were a high number of adolescents with a previous pregnancy. This factor seems to have influenced the choice of the contraceptive method, with most of these adolescents choosing a long-acting method.

DIARRHEA OUTBREAK IN PERNAMBUCO, BRAZIL, ASSOCIATED WITH A HEAT-STABLE CYTOTOXIC ENTEROTOXIN PRODUCED BY Aeromonas caviae

SUMMARY In the present study enterotoxic and cytotoxic activities of twenty Aeromonas caviaestrains were examined. They originated from fecal specimens of patients with acute diarrhea during an outbreak in Brazil in 2004. Culture supernatants of fourteen strains (70%) caused fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal intestinal loops and in suckling mice assays, and also showed a cytotoxic activity in Vero and Caco-2 cells. The enterotoxic and cytotoxic factors were heat-stable after culture supernatants treatment at 100 ºC. The results revealed that A. caviaestrains produce a putative diarrheagenic virulence factor, a heat-stable cytotoxic enterotoxin that could be linked to the diarrhea outbreak that took place in Brazil.

Gravidez, Parto e Disfunção Sexual

Assunto apoiado ao longo dos séculos e culturas em preconceitos morais, religiosos e médicos, a sexualidade durante a gravidez e puerpério constitui ainda hoje motivo de grande ansiedade, condicionante da sexualidade do casal. Aproveitados pelas diferentes religiões, culturas e políticas, alguns conceitos mantiveram-se inalterados até ao século passado, altura em que uma maior abertura para as questões sexuais na sociedade em geral, despertou na comunidade científica interesse pela sexualidade humana. Desde então, vários estudos têm contribuído para uma melhor compreensão da resposta sexual na gravidez e puerpério. Neste artigo é efectuada uma revisão da literatura e uma reflexão sobre o conhecimento actual do tema.

Formation of a stable cyano-bridged dinuclear iron cluster following oxidation of the superoxide reductases from Treponema pallidum and Desulfovibrio vulgaris with K(3)Fe(CN)(6)

Inorg. Chem., 2003, 42 (4), pp 938–940 DOI: 10.1021/ic0262886

Molecular mechanisms of sexual development in basidiomycetes: exploring connections with lifestyles

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Biologia