Research Question, Study Design and Continuous Research Education and Training Exercises (CREATE) Program.

The clinical research project starts with identifying the optimal research question, one that is ethical, impactful, feasible, scientifically sound, novel, relevant, and interesting. The project continues with the design of the study to answer the research question. Such design should be consistent with ethical and methodological principles, and make optimal use of resources in order to have the best chances of identifying a meaningful answer to the research question. Physicians and other healthcare providers are optimally positioned to identify meaningful research questions the answer to which could make significant impact on healthcare delivery. The typical medical education curriculum, however, lacks solid training in clinical research. We propose CREATE (Continuous Research Education And Training Exercises) as a peer- and group-based, interactive, analytical, customized, and accrediting program with didactic, training, mentoring, administrative, and professional support to enhance clinical research knowledge and skills among healthcare professionals, promote the generation of original research projects, increase the chances of their successful completion and potential for meaningful impact. The key features of the program are successive intra- and inter-group discussions and confrontational thematic challenges among participating peers aimed at capitalizing on the groups' collective knowledge, experience and skills, and combined intellectual processing capabilities to optimize choice of research project elements and stakeholder decision-making.

Computational Journalism: from Answering Question to Questioning Answers and Raising Good Questions

Our media is saturated with claims of ``facts'' made from data. Database research has in the past focused on how to answer queries, but has not devoted much attention to discerning more subtle qualities of the resulting claims, e.g., is a claim ``cherry-picking''? This paper proposes a Query Response Surface (QRS) based framework that models claims based on structured data as parameterized queries. A key insight is that we can learn a lot about a claim by perturbing its parameters and seeing how its conclusion changes. This framework lets us formulate and tackle practical fact-checking tasks --- reverse-engineering vague claims, and countering questionable claims --- as computational problems. Within the QRS based framework, we take one step further, and propose a problem along with efficient algorithms for finding high-quality claims of a given form from data, i.e. raising good questions, in the first place. This is achieved to using a limited number of high-valued claims to represent high-valued regions of the QRS. Besides the general purpose high-quality claim finding problem, lead-finding can be tailored towards specific claim quality measures, also defined within the QRS framework. An example of uniqueness-based lead-finding is presented for ``one-of-the-few'' claims, landing in interpretable high-quality claims, and an adjustable mechanism for ranking objects, e.g. NBA players, based on what claims can be made for them. Finally, we study the use of visualization as a powerful way of conveying results of a large number of claims. An efficient two stage sampling algorithm is proposed for generating input of 2d scatter plot with heatmap, evalutaing a limited amount of data, while preserving the two essential visual features, namely outliers and clusters. For all the problems, we present real-world examples and experiments that demonstrate the power of our model, efficiency of our algorithms, and usefulness of their results.

Estimación de heredabilidades y correlaciones genéticas para caracteres funcionales mediante análisis de supervivencia en Holstein Colombiano.

Las evaluaciones genéticas para caracteres funcionales requieren metodologías como el análisis de supervivencia (SA), que contemplen registros pertenecientes a hembras que no han presentado el evento de interes (descarte o prenez) al momento de la evaluacion. Así, los objetivos de esta tesis fueron: 1) analizar los factores que afectan el riesgo de descarte en vida productiva (VP), y de concepción en días abiertos (DA) e intervalo primer-último servicio (IP), 2) estimar parámetros genéticos de dispersión para los caracteres evaluados. Se emplearon 44652 registros de lactancia de 15706 vacas Holstein Colombiano, ajustando un modelo animal frágil Weibull para VP, con el número de partos (NP), producción de leche (PL) y edad al primer parto (EPP) como efectos fijos. En el caso de DA e IPU se emplearon 14789 servicios de 6205 vacas, ajustando un modelo de datos agrupados con efectos fijos de NP, EPP y número de servicios (SC). En todos los casos se incluyeron efectos aleatorios de animal y de hato. Tanto PL como NP tuvieron gran influencia en la VP, al igual que NP en DA e IPU. Se estimaron valores de h2 de 0,104, 0,086 y 0,1013 para VP, DA, e IPU, respectivamente, asi como correlaciones genéticas simples (rs) entre el nivel de PL con VP y DA de ƒ{0,03 y 0,47, respectivamente. Teniendo en cuenta tanto los valores de cría expresados como riesgo relativo, asi como la magnitud de rs, un aumento en PL conllevaría a disminución en el riesgo de descarte y aumento en el riesgo de concepción, dando lugar a aumentos en la VP y reducción en DA. Las h2s estimadas sugieren la existencia de variabilidad genetica para VP, DA e IPU en Holstein Colombiano, sirviendo de sustento para la implementación de evaluaciones genética de la raza, aprovechando las ventajas de metodologías como SA.

Estimación de heredabilidades y correlaciones genéticas para caracteres funcionales mediante análisis de supervivencia en Holstein Colombiano.

Las evaluaciones genéticas para caracteres funcionales requieren metodologías como el análisis de supervivencia (SA), que contemplen registros pertenecientes a hembras que no han presentado el evento de interes (descarte o prenez)al momento de la evaluacion. Así, los objetivos de esta tesis fueron: 1)analizar los factores que afectan el riesgo de descarte en vida productiva (VP), y de concepción en días abiertos (DA)e intervalo primer-último servicio (IP), 2)estimar parámetros genéticos de dispersión para los caracteres evaluados. Se emplearon 44652 registros de lactancia de 15706 vacas Holstein Colombiano, ajustando un modelo animal frágil Weibull para VP, con el número de partos (NP), producción de leche (PL)y edad al primer parto (EPP)como efectos fijos. En el caso de DA e IPU se emplearon 14789 servicios de 6205 vacas, ajustando un modelo de datos agrupados con efectos fijos de NP, EPP y número de servicios (SC). En todos los casos se incluyeron efectos aleatorios de animal y de hato. Tanto PL como NP tuvieron gran influencia en la VP, al igual que NP en DA e IPU. Se estimaron valores de h2 de 0,104, 0,086 y 0,1013 para VP, DA, e IPU, respectivamente, asi como correlaciones genéticas simples (rs)entre el nivel de PL con VP y DA de ƒ{0,03 y 0,47, respectivamente. Teniendo en cuenta tanto los valores de cría expresados como riesgo relativo, asi como la magnitud de rs, un aumento en PL conllevaría a disminución en el riesgo de descarte y aumento en el riesgo de concepción, dando lugar a aumentos en la VP y reducción en DA. Las h2s estimadas sugieren la existencia de variabilidad genetica para VP, DA e IPU en Holstein Colombiano, sirviendo de sustento para la implementación de evaluaciones genética de la raza, aprovechando las ventajas de metodologías como SA.

Respuestas de vacas Holstein y cruza Holstein x Jersey en la cuenca lechera santafesina

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The varieties of student experience - an open research question and some ways to answer it

Based on meetings of the Society for Research into Higher Education’s Student Experience Network over the past three years, the genuinely open research question is posed whether there is one or more undergraduate student experience within English higher education. Answering this question depends on whether what is taught or what is learnt is examined. If the latter, then a unitary student experience can be said to exist only in the narrowest of normative senses. What undergraduates actually learn – defined in the widest sense – is the $64,000 question of research on the student experience. Various ways to answer this question are proposed, including using students to research students. Conceptual tools to apply to findings can be developed from youth studies and cognate disciplines, particularly in relation to student identities and aspirations. Lastly, these proposals are placed in the wider context of comparative models of the varieties of student experience, including those emerging in the UK’s national regions.

Tephra-linked peat humification records from Irish ombrotrophic bogs question nature of solar forcing at 850 cal. yr BC.

This paper investigates evidence for palaeoclimatic changes during the period ca. 1500-500 cal. yr BC through peat humification studies on seven Irish ombrotrophic bogs. The sites are well-correlated by the identification of three mid-first millennium BC tephras, which enable the humification records at specific points in time to be directly compared. Phases of temporarily increased wetness are suggested at ca. 1300-1250 cal. yr BC, ca. 1150-1050 cal. yr BC, ca. 940 cal. yr BC and ca. 740 cal. yr BC. The last of these is confirmed to be synchronous at five sites, suggesting external forcing on a regional scale. The timing of this wet-shift is constrained by two closely dated tephras and is demonstrated to be distinct from the widely reported changes to cooler/wetter conditions associated with a solar minimum at 850-760 cal. yr BC, at which time the Irish sites appear instead to experience drier conditions. The results suggest the possibility of either non-uniform responses to solar forcing in northwest Europe at this time, or the existence of unrelated climate events in the early first millennium BC. The findings caution against the correlation of loosely dated palaeoclimate data if the effects of forcing mechanisms are to be understood.