Beyond Attribution: Responsibility of Armed Non-State Actors for Reparations in Northern Ireland, Colombia and Uganda

This chapter explores the responsibility of armed non-state actors for reparations to victims. Traditionally international law has focused on the responsibility of the state, and more recently the responsibility of convicted individuals before the International Criminal Court, to provide reparations for international crimes. Yet despite the prevalence of internal armed conflict over the past few decades, there responsibility of armed groups for reparations has been neglected in international law. Although there is a tentative emerging basis for armed groups to provide reparations under international law, such developments have not yet crystallized into hard law. However, when considering the more substantive practice of states in Northern Ireland, Colombia and Uganda, a greater effort can be discerned in ensuring that such organizations are responsible for reparations. This paper finds that not only can armed non-state actors be held collectively responsible for reparations, but due to the growing number of internal armed conflict they can play an important role in ensuring the effectiveness of reparations in remedying victims��� harm. Yet, finding armed groups responsible for reparations is no panacea for accountability, due to the nature of armed conflicts, responsibility may not be distinct, but overlapping and joint, and such groups may face difficulties in meeting their obligations, thus requiring a holistic approach and subsidiary role for the state.

Impact of political violence, social trust, and depression on civic participation in Colombia

Civic participation is important for peacebuilding and democratic development; however, the role of mental health has been largely overlooked by policymakers aiming to stimulate engagement in civil society. This study investigated antecedents of civic participation in Colombia, a setting of protracted political conflict, using bootstrapped mediation in path analysis. Past exposure to violence, experience with community antisocial behavior, and perceived social trust were all significantly related to civic participation. In addition, depression mediated the impact of past exposure to political violence and perceived social trust, but not community antisocial behavior, on civic participation. In this context, findings challenged depictions of helpless victims and instead suggested that when facing greater risk (past violence exposure and community antisocial behavior), individuals responded in constructive ways, taking on agency in their communities. Social trust in one���s neighbors and community also facilitated deeper engagement in civic life. Relevant to the mediation test, interventions aiming to increase civic participation should take mental health into account. Limitations and possible future research are discussed.

Reconstructing the Social Fabric amid On-going Violence: Attitudes toward Reconciliation and Structural Transformation in Colombia

Given the increase of reconciliation processes initiated amid on-going violence, this study focuses on community reconciliation and its relation to structural transformation, or social reconstruction through reforming unjust institutions and practices that facilitate protracted violent conflict. Drawing lessons from the Caribbean coast of Colombia, mixed method analyses include eight in-depth interviews and 184 surveys. Four key dimensions of reconciliation ��� truth, justice, mercy, peace ��� are examined. In the interviews, participants prioritize reconstructing the truth and bringing perpetrators to justice as essential aspects of reconciliation. Notions of mercy and forgiveness are less apparent. For the participants, sustainable peace is dependent on structural transformation to improve livelihoods. These data, however, do not indicate how this understanding of reconciliation may relate to individual participation in reconciliation processes. Complementing the qualitative data, quantitative analyses identify some broad patterns that relate to participation in reconciliation events. Compared to those who did not participate, individuals who engaged in reconciliation initiatives report higher levels of personal experience with violence, live alongside demobilized paramilitaries, are more engaged in civic life, and express greater preference for structural transformation. The paper concludes with policy implications that integrate reconciliation and structural transformation to deepen efforts to rebuild the social fabric amid violence.

Los pueblos de la esperanza: Frente al neoliberalismo

"Habi��a un a��rbol enorme que estaba repleto de toda clase de alimentos sabrosos, del que solo disfrutaban unos pocos que vivi��an en la copa. Abajo, sabi��an de la existencia de esa riqueza, pues cai��an, de vez en cuando, trozos de mango, papaya. Los animales de abajo se organizaron para cortar el a��rbol, pero, al llegar la noche, e��ste soltaba una resina y se curaba; un di��a trabajaron di��a y noche y terminaron de talar el a��rbol, no obstante e��ste quedo�� enganchado en la copa con una liana y poco a poco empezaba a brotar la resina y se volvi��a a pegar, Llamaron a una ardillita para que se trepara y desliara la copa; como era tan pequen��a, arriba no la vieron. Deslio�� la copa y el a��rbol callo�� y raja��ndose por la mitad broto�� como un manantial de comida que se repartio�� entre todos, segu��n sus necesidades." Este mito, que de alguna manera es comu��n a muchos pueblos indios de la regio��n caribe amazo��nica, sirve para introducir eltema que tratamos en Cumbaya��, Ecuador, entre los di��as 29 de Octubre y el6 de Noviembrede 1995.

Grupos ��tnicos de Colombia: Etnograf��a y bibliograf��a

El presente trabajo quiere presentar un panorama de los grupos e��tnicos indi��genas que hoy pueblan el territorio colombiano. La "visio��n etnolo��gica sobre los grupos e��tnicos indi��genas actuales de Colombia con su bibliografi��a" tiene como objeto presentar la riqueza e��tnica de las minori��as indi��genas que, junto con los negros y blancos, conforman el pueblo colombiano. Como lo indica el ti��tulo, esta no es una investigacio��n profunda sobre cada grupo, pero es una recopilacio��n de datos, informes y libros ya existentes para dar una visio��n de cada grupo e��tnico mencionado, aunque sobre algunos los datos son escasos, por varias razones que especialmente debido a la poca literatura eu��stente en la etnologi��a actual. Despue��s del i��ndice, la introduccio��n y agradecimientos, se encuentra la bibliografia general, a la cual sigue la presentacio��n de los deparamentos, intendencias y comisari��as donde existen los resguardos y las reservas indi��genas, complementados al final del trabajo con su respectivo mapa; en cada resguardo o reserva aparece entre pare��ntesis el nu��mero bajo el cual se puede buscar en el mapa. A continuacio��n se e��ncuentta la clasificacio��n de los grupos e��tnicos por familias lingu��i��sticas y la descripcio��n de cada uno, ordenados alfabe��ticamente, divididos en subti��tulos como nominacio��n, o bajo cuales nombres se conoce el grupo, localizacio��n, resguardos y/o reservas indi��genas, lengua y/o familia lingu��stica a Ia cual pertenece, vivienda, economi��a, vestidos y adornos, organizacio��n socio-poli��tica, creencias y rituales, aculturacio��n. Aunque los subti��tulos no se compaften siempre, debido a la escasez de trabajos sobre algunos grupos y/o a su falta de disponibilidad, espero que au��n de este modo el presente trabajo sera�� de utilidad y por ello despua��s de cada gupo se menciona la bibliografi��a de los trabajos existentes sobre el mismo, para quienes quieran profundizar sus conocimientos sobre el tema.

Los Shuar y los animales

La primera edici��n se agot�� muy pronto, tanto m��s que se hab��an impreso tan solo 500 ejemplares. El tiraje fue mantenido calculadamente bajo. En efecto, desde el comienzo, el fasciculo fue considerado un simple borrador, es decir un punto de partida para correcciones y a��adiduras. Los mismos alumnos de Sevilla D.B. lo vieron a tomar en sus manos y se organizaron en grupos, para corregir y completar. Se les a��adieron los del COlegio Agr��cola de Bomboiza, del Centro Artesanal de Chiguaza y de la Escuela de Mutintsa

T��xicos veiculados por alimentos - diapositivos de apoio ��s aulas

Caracteriza����o dos acidentes de intoxica����o alimentar provocados por constituintes naturais dos alimentos e por ingest��o de alimentos contaminados: - Toxinas de origem natural: produzidas por vegetais; produzidas por cogumelos; micotoxinas; subst��ncias t��xicas produzidas por animais; ficotoxinas; aminas biog��nicas; toxinas de origem bacteriana;bact��rias, v��rus e parasitas patog��nicos veiculados por alimentos. - Metais pesados. - Fitof��rmacos e medicamentos de uso veterin��rio; - Subst��ncias que resultam de processos de fabrico, conserva����o ou prepara����o dos alimentos.

Aplica����o de embalagens ativas com agentes naturais na preserva����o de alimentos

Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo estudar o efeito de 3 tipos de filme compostos por quitosano, extrato de gra��nha de uva (EGU) e carvacrol em tr��s matrizes alimentares. As amostras foram embaladas e armazenadas durante 15 dias a 10 ��C e 65% de umidade. A cor (par��metros Lab), perfil de textura, pH, atividade da ��gua e % de umidade foram avaliados. No salm��o verificou-se que o filme com maior concentra����o de EGU (filme 1) mostrou ser mais eficaz na manuten����o da cor laranja/avermelhada (a inicial fresco-9,6; a final filme 1-9,3). Os perfis de textura seguiram o mesmo comportamento para todas as amostras (p>0,05). O pHaumentou de 6,3 a 8,8 na amostra de salm��o fresco. O filme 1 foi o que se destacou com valores depHde 7,10 nos dias 1, 2 e 4 (p<0,05). A umidade e atividade da ��gua diminu��ram (58-34,49)e aumentaram, respetivamente (0,957-0,974). No abacaxi os valores normalizados de luminosidade variaram entre 0,98 (dia 1) e 0,64 (15 dias de armazenamento). Os valores normalizados de pHforam semelhantes variando entre 0,84 e 1. O fruto perdeu a sua firmeza, contudo os filme 2 e 3 mantiveram as caracter��sticas mais pr��ximas das iniciais. A umidade e a atividade da ��gua n��o sofreram altera����es significativas (p>0,05). No queijo, o filme 3 manteve a sua cor, com valores de ae bmuito pr��ximos �� amostra fresco do dia 0. O pHe a textura n��o apresentaram diferen��as significativas (p>0,05) ao longo do tempo. A umidade e a atividade da ��gua apresentaram valores muito pr��ximos, com exce����o do filme 2 que diminuiu ao fim dos 15 dias para 0,92. Em geral, verificou-se uma melhoria das amostras relativamente ao ao pH e �� cor e uma perda de firmeza. Conclui-se que estes agentes naturais se apresentam, em alguns par��metros com potencial para desenvolver embalagens ativas com vista ao aumento do tempo de vida ��til dos alimentos.

Informaci��n de moluscos y mariscos : Norma 61-25: Establecimientos de ventas de alimentos

This Spanish language sheet explains SC regulation 61-25 dealing with retail food establishments and shellfish. It also has a daily shellstock receiving record that can be used by restaurants for record keeping.

Establecimientos de Venta de Alimentos al Menudeo: Ning��n Contacto con las Manos Desnudas

This Spanish language fact sheet cites SC Regulation 61-25 dealing with food inspection.

Establecimientos de venta de alimentos: Directrices para el arroz de sushi

This Spanish language document cites Regulation 61-25 giving regulations for cooking sushi rice.

The Advancing MOOCs for Development Initiative: An examination of MOOC usage for professional workforce development outcomes in Colombia, the Philippines, & South Africa

The potential of online learning has long afforded the hope of providing quality education to anyone, anywhere in the world. The recent development of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) heralded an exciting new breakthrough by providing free academic instruction and professional skills development from the world���s leading universities to anyone with the sufficient resources to access the internet. The research in Advancing MOOCs for Development Initiative study was designed to analyze the MOOC landscape in developing countries and to better understand the motivations of MOOC users and afford insights on the advantages and limitations of MOOCs for workforce development outcomes. The key findings of this study challenge commonly held beliefs about MOOC usage in developing countries, defying typical characterizations of how people in resource constrained settings use technology for learning and employment. In fact, some of the findings are so contrary to what has been reported in the U.S. and other developed environments that they raise new questions for further investigation.

Gold, power, protest: Digital and social media and protests against large-scale mining projects in Colombia

Colombia���s Internet connectivity has increased immensely. Colombia has also ���opened for business���, leading to an influx of extractive projects to which social movements object heavily. Studies on the role of digital media in political mobilisation in developing countries are still scarce. Using surveys, interviews, and reviews of literature, policy papers, website and social media content, this study examines the role of digital and social media in social movement organisations and asks how increased digital connectivity can help spread knowledge and mobilise mining protests. Results show that the use of new media in Colombia is hindered by socioeconomic constraints, fear of oppression, the constraints of keyboard activism and strong hierarchical power structures within social movements. Hence, effects on political mobilisation are still limited. Social media do not spontaneously produce non-hierarchical knowledge structures. Attention to both internal and external knowledge sharing is therefore conditional to optimising digital and social media use.

Perce����o da comunidade educativa sobre os alimentos promotores de sa��de e da sua inclus��o no plano curricular do 3.�� ciclo do ensino b��sico

Mestrado, Tecnologia e Seguran��a Alimentar, 4 de Mar��o de 2016, Universidade dos A��ores.