Novel Synthetic Procedures in Organocatalysis

The main aim of my PhD project was the design and the synthesis of new pyrrolidine organocatalysts. New effective ferrocenyl pyrrolidine catalysts, active in benchmark organocatalytic reactions, has been developed. The ferrocenyl moiety, in combination with simple ethyl chains, is capable of fixing the enamine conformation addressing the approach trajectory of the nucleophile in the reaction. The results obtained represent an interesting proof-of-concept, showing for the first time the remarkable effectiveness of the ferrocenyl moiety in providing enantioselectivity through conformational selection. This approach could be viably employed in the rational design of ligands for metal or organocatalysts. Other hindered secondary amines has been prepared from alkylation of acyclic chiral nitroderivatives with alcohols in a highly diastereoselective fashion, giving access to functionalized, useful organocatalytic chiral pyrrolidines. A family of new pyrrolidines bearing sterogenic centers and functional groups can be readily accessible by this methodology. The second purpose of the project was to study in deep the reactivity of stabilized carbocations in new metal-free and organocatalytic reactions. By taking advantage of the results from the kinetic studies described by Mayr, a simple and effective procedure for the direct formylation of aryltetrafluoroborate salts, has been development. The coupling of a range of aryl- and heteroaryl- trifluoroborate salts with 1,3-benzodithiolylium tetrafluoroborate, has been attempted in moderate to good yields. Finally, a simple and general methodology for the enamine-mediated enantioselective α-alkylation of α-substituted aldehydes with 1,3-benzodithiolylium tetrafluoroborate has been reported. The introduction of the benzodithiole moiety permit the installation of different functional groups due to its chameleonic behaviour.

Studio di un impasto acido funzionale ad elevata biodisponibilita di selenio

Dal 2008, sono evidenti che i benefici del selenio nell'organismo dipendono dalla forma in cui è ingerito, stabilendo che quella organica è migliore dell'inorganica. L’introduzione di selenio raccomandato a livello internazionale è di 55-70 μg/giorno e la sua specie chimica efficace dal punto di vista biologico è la seleniometionina. Infatti, si può affermare che il selenio in forma inorganica possieda una bassa bioattività rispetto al selenio legato agli aminoacidi (Se-metionina e Se-cisteina) di maggiore bioattività. Nell’ambito dei prodotti lievitati da forno, uno dei fattori che desta maggior interesse è l’effetto esercitato dal processo tecnologico (che include fermentazione e cottura) sull’aumento della biodisponibilità dei composti antiossidanti e nutrizionali. In particolare, attraverso il processo fermentativo, è possibile aumentare sia l’azione degli enzimi digestivi sul substrato alimentare, che la stabilità del selenio inorganico e organico presente modificandone le caratteristiche chimiche e fisiche (es. organicazione). Nello specifico, i processi fermentativi che caratterizzano gli impasti acidi (basati sulle interazioni metaboliche tra batteri lattici e lieviti) sono stati riconosciuti efficaci per modificare la composizione delle micro e macromolecole responsabili del miglioramento non solo delle caratteristiche qualitative ma anche di quelle nutrizionali, come il selenio. Lo scopo della mia tesi era lo sviluppo di un prodotto funzionale a base di cereali arricchito con selenio bioattivo tramite un processo di natura biotecnologica di tipo fermentativo. L’aggiunta di selenio alla farina attraverso un impasto acido arricchito favorisce la sua organicazione da parte dei batteri lattici presenti che trasformano parte del selenio additivato (SeIV) in forme organiche come SeMet e MeSeCys e in parte in altri frammenti organici non rilevati dall’analisi. D’altra parte la quantità di selenio inorganico rilevato nei digeriti di piadina ottenuta con impasto acido è risultata essere drasticamente ridotta. Dalla mia sperimentazione ho ottenuto molteplici indicazioni che riguardano la possibilità di produrre un alimento fermentato a base di cereali ed a elevato contenuto di selenio bioattivo. Dal punto di vista applicativo questo sperimentazione costituisce una base sia per la comprensione del ruolo dei processi fermentativi nella generazione di alimenti o ingredienti funzionali ma anche per l’individuazione di nuovi microrganismi probiotici con potenziali attività antiossidante ricchi di selenio bioattivo.

Regiocontrolled Synthesis of Pyrazole Derivatives Through 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction And Synthesis of Helicene-Thiourea based and Polymer Supported Soos's Catalyst for Asymmetric Synthesis

In first part we have developed a simple regiocontrolled protocol of 1,3-DC to get ring fused pyrazole derivatives. These pyrazole derivatives were synthesized using 1,3-DC between nitrile imine and various dipolarophiles such as alkynes, cyclic α,β-ketones, lactones, thiocatones and lactums. The reactions were found to be highly regiospecific. In second part we have discussed about helicene, its properties, synthesis and applications as asymmetric catalyst.Due to inherent chirality, herein we have made an attempt to synthesize the helicene-thiourea based catalyst for asymmetric catalysis. The synthesis involved formation of two key intermediates viz, bromo-phenanthrene 5 and a vinyl-naphthalene 10. The coupling of these two intermediates leads to formation of hexahelicene.

Benvenuto Rambaldi da Imola: dantista in progress

Si procede ad un’analisi diacronica delle tre redazioni del commento dantesco di Benvenuto da Imola (dalle "recollectae" bolognesi e ferraresi al "Comentum"), considerando il testo benvenutiano quale «opera umana o lavoro in fieri», di cui rappresentare «drammaticamente la vita dialettica», così come il Contini iniziava a fare, negli anni ’30, con gli ʻscartafacciʼ ariosteschi. Secondo tale impostazione, si prende in esame la multiforme attitudine pedagogica di Benvenuto, di cui si indica, con riferimento ad altri commentatori coevi, danteschi e non, il contesto operativo. Nella seconda parte si ricostruisce, in senso sempre diacronico, la problematica oscillazione del commentatore tra tendenze avanguardistiche in direzione umanistico-petrarchesca e strenua apologia del testo dantesco. Nella terza ed ultima parte sono vagliate le originali idee benvenutiane riguardo alla lingua e alla poesia della Commedia, delle quali si ripercorre, attraverso l’esame delle varianti redazionali, la progressiva messa a fuoco. Obiettivo dell’elaborato, insomma, è restituire una descrizione organica e problematica della ricerca dantesca, "in progress", portata avanti da Benvenuto da Imola.

Cinchona alkaloids and BINOL derivatives as privileged catalysts or ligands in asymmetric synthesis

During the last fifteen years organocatalysis emerged as a powerful tool for the enantioselective functionalization of the most different organic molecules. Both C-C and C-heteroatom bonds can be formed in an enantioselective fashion using many types of catalyst and the field is always growing. Many kind of chiral catalysts have emerged as privileged, but among them Proline, cinchona alkaloids, BINOL, and their derivatives showed to be particularly useful chiral scaffolds. This thesis, after a short presentation of many organocatalysts and activation modes, focuses mainly on cinchona alkaloid derived primary amines and BINOL derived chiral Brønsted acids, describing their properties and applications. Then, in the experimental part, these compounds are used for the catalysis of new transformations. The enantioselective Friedel-Crafts alkylation of cyclic enones with naphthols using cinchona alkaloid derived primary amines as catalysts is presented and discussed. The results of this work were very good and this resulted also in a publication. The same catalysts are then used to accomplish the enantioselective addition of indoles to cyclic enones. Many catalysts in combination with many acids as co-catalysts were tried and the reaction was fully studied. Selective N-alkylation was obtained in many cases, in combination with quite good to good enantioselectivities. Also other kind of catalysis were tried for this reaction, with interesting results. Another aza-Michael reaction between OH-free hydroxylamines and nitrostyrene using cinchona alkaloid derived thioureas is briefly discussed. Then our attention focused on Brønsted acid catalyzed transformations. With this regard, the Prins cyclization, a reaction never accomplished in an enantioselective fashion until now, is presented and developed. The results obtained are promising. In the last part of this thesis the work carried out abroad is presented. In Prof. Rueping laboratories, an enantioselective Nazarov cyclization using cooperative catalysis and the enantioselective desymmetrization of meso-hydrobenzoin catalyzed by Brønsted acid were studied.

New Methods in Organocatalysis

In the following chapters new methods in organocatalysis are described. The design of new catalysts is explored starting from the synthesis and the study of ion tagged prolines to their applications and recycle, then moving to the synthesis of new bicyclic diarylprolinol silyl ethers and their use in organocatalytic transformations. The study of new organocatalytic reaction is also investigated, in particular bifunctional thioureas are employed to catalyse the conjugate addition of nitro compounds to 3-yilidene oxindoles in sequential and domino reactions. Finally, preliminary results on photochemical organocatalytic atom transfer radical addition to alkenes are discussed in the last chapter.

Alkylidene malonates and acetoacetates as intermediates for the preparation of bioactive molecules

In this thesis we investigated the versatility and the potential applications of different kinds of alkylidene malonates, acetoacetates, malonamides and acetoacetoamides. Our research group devoted great attention to this kind of compounds since alkylidenes can be considered important intermediates in the synthesis of several scaffolds, to be inserted into molecules of potential biological and pharmaceutical interest. The increasing use of alkylidenes is due to their ability to react as unsaturated electrophiles and to the possibility to exploit them as intermediates for the introduction of different kind of functionalities.The preparation of alkylidene malonates, acetoacetates, malonamides and acetoacetoamides is presented in chapter 1. This section deals with different preparation methods of alkylidenes that we developed during the last few years and to the technologies involved for each synthetic protocol. The reactivity that allowed to use the alkylidenes as intermediates in the synthesis of scaffolds for biologically active compounds is shown in chapter 2. In particular, we will discuss the most important reactions used to obtain the desired molecules, and we will focus on the most interesting aspects of these latter ones. Finally, chapter 3 will illustrate the potential applications and the related syntheses of potential bioactive compounds. The synthesized molecules find application in several fields and for this reason we considered each class of compounds in its related branch of interest.

Analisi in spettroscopia ottica di cristalli molecolari organici

Nel settore dell'elettronica organica, i monocristalli organici sono particolarmente indicati, grazie al loro alto grado di purezza chimica, per lo studio delle qualità intrinseche di tutta la categoria dei cristalli organici. L'interesse applicativo si concretizza in dispositivi come LED, pannelli solari, sensori, display e componenti elettronici leggeri, flessibili e trasparenti. A tutto questo si aggiungono la biocompatibilità, il basso costo ed il basso impatto ambientale. L'obiettivo del seguente lavoro di tesi è la caratterizzazione di alcuni monocristalli in base alle loro proprietà ottiche ed optoelettroniche, analizzandoli mediante tecniche microscopiche in luce polarizzata e campo scuro e tecniche spettroscopiche di assorbimento e del voltaggio superficiale. Si è concentrata l'attenzione sul monocristallo di 4-idrossicianobenzene (4HCB), per la possibilità di confronto con risultati di precedenti analisi di spettroscopia in fotocorrente e per l'interesse verso applicazioni sensoristiche. Come risultato, per la prima volta, si è riuscito a ottenere uno spettro di assorbimento da un monocristallo di 4HCB dal quale si può stimare direttamente l'energia del bandgap del cristallo. Il valore ottenuto è minore di quello relativo all'analisi in fotocorrente, ma potrebbe corrispondere ad un bandgap di tipo ottico considerando che la presenza di stati localizzati dovuta al disordine molecolare provoca una diminuzione della distanza tra le bande. La misura è preliminare è va confermata, ma apre la strada ad ulteriori analisi spettroscopiche in condizioni sperimentali più favorevoli e/o ad analisi di altro tipo.

Synthesis and applications of N-Metallo ketene imines

N-metallo ketene imines are attractive for the preparation of a wide range of organic compounds. Our research group has been engaged in the preparation and application of the N-metallo imines (SKIs). In this frame we have studied the uncatalyzed reaction of SKIs with isocyanates to give the corresponding malonamides with good yields. It has been demonstrated that the use of SKIs, instead of simple lithium anion of nitriles, is essential for the success of the reaction. A possible explanation assumes that this new reaction proceeds via a silatropism. In the course of our studies, reported in this thesis, the synthesis and the reactivity of N-silyl ketene imines in the preparation of 2,2-diaryl-3,4- dihydroxy- alcanonitrile in an uncatalyzed adol-type reaction has been performed. Our conception has been to use a chiral aldehyde to introduce asymmetric induction at the β-position and at the α-quaternary stereogenic center in the new forming diols. To achieve this goal, we used diarylacetonitrile as the substrate to form the corresponding N-trimethylsylilketene-imines to be reacted with (S)–lactic aldehyde with different protecting groups on the hydroxyl functionality. A number of 2,2-diaryl-3,4-dihydroxy-pentanenitrile were prepared with good to excellent stereo-control and satisfactory yields. Extension of this protocol to other metallo-ketene imines was performed. Accordingly, the preparation of tin ketene imines was attempted in analogy of the corresponding silyl ketene imine. The reaction of tin ketene imines with aldehydes was tested as a new tool for the synthesis of beta-hydroxynitriles starting from carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and/or ketones). Dialkyl(aryl)silyl nitriles and dialkyl(aryl)tin nitriles presents different reactivity. Finally, N-aluminium-ketene imines, as nucleophilic partner in the opening reaction of epoxides were studied. Preliminary positive results foster us to continue our studies in enlightening the scope and the limitations of this new reaction.

Lipophilic nucleosides: studies toward self-assembled functional materials

Molecular self-assembly takes advantage of supramolecular non-covalent interactions (ionic, hydrophobic, van der Waals, hydrogen and coordination bonds) for the construction of organized and tunable systems. In this field, lipophilic guanosines can represent powerful building blocks thanks to their aggregation proprieties in organic solvents, which can be controlled by addition or removal of cations. For example, potassium ion can template the formation of piled G-quartets structures, while in its absence ribbon-like G aggregates are generated in solution. In this thesis we explored the possibility of using guanosines as scaffolds to direct the construction of ordered and self-assembled architectures, one of the main goals of bottom-up approach in nanotechnology. In Chapter III we will describe Langmuir-Blodgett films obtained from guanosines and other lipophilic nucleosides, revealing the “special” behavior of guanine in comparison with the other nucleobases. In Chapter IV we will report the synthesis of several thiophene-functionalized guanosines and the studies towards their possible use in organic electronics: the pre-programmed organization of terthiophene residues in ribbon aggregates could allow charge conduction through π-π stacked oligothiophene functionalities. The construction and the behavior of some simple electronic nanodevices based on these organized thiopehene-guanosine hybrids has been explored.

Au(I) Catalyzed Manipulation of Propargylic Alcohols: A New Route Towards the Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids

In this work we presented several aspects regarding the possibility to use readily available propargylic alcohols as acyclic precursors to develop new stereoselective [Au(I)]-catalyzed cascade reactions for the synthesis of highly complex indole architectures. The use of indole-based propargylic alcohols of type 1 in a stereoselective [Au(I)]-catalyzed hydroindolynation/immiun trapping reactive sequence opened access to a new class of tetracyclic indolines, dihydropyranylindolines A and furoindolines B. An enantioselective protocol was futher explored in order to synthesize this molecules with high yields and ee. The suitability of propargylic alcohols in [Au(I)]-catalyzed cascade reactions was deeply investigated by developing cascade reactions in which was possible not only to synthesize the indole core but also to achieve a second functionalization. Aniline based propargylic alcohols 2 were found to be modular acyclic precursors for the synthesis of [1,2-a] azepinoindoles C. In describing this reactivity we additionally reported experimental evidences for an unprecedented NHCAu(I)-vinyl specie which in a chemoselective fashion, led to the annulation step, synthesizing the N1-C2-connected seven membered ring. The chemical flexibility of propargylic alcohols was further explored by changing the nature of the chemical surrounding with different preinstalled N-alkyl moiety in propargylic alcohols of type 3. Particularly, in the case of a primary alcohol, [Au(I)] catalysis was found to be prominent in the synthesis of a new class of [4,3-a]-oxazinoindoles D while the use of an allylic alcohol led to the first example of [Au(I)] catalyzed synthesis and enantioselective functionalization of this class of molecules (D*). With this work we established propargylic alcohols as excellent acyclic precursor to developed new [Au(I)]-catalyzed cascade reaction and providing new catalytic synthetic tools for the stereoselective synthesis of complex indole/indoline architectures.

Synthesis and surface modification of silver and gold nanoparticles. Nanomedicine applications against Glioblastoma Multiforme.

In the last decades noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) arose as one of the most powerful tools for applications in nanomedicine field and cancer treatment. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), in particular, is one of the most aggressive malignant brain tumors that nowadays still presents a dramatic scenario concerning median survival. Gold nanorods (GNRs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) could find applications such as diagnostic imaging, hyperthermia and glioblastoma therapy. During these three years, both GNRs and AgNPs were synthesized with the “salt reduction” method and, through a novel double phase transfer process, using specifically designed thiol-based ligands, lipophilic GNRs and AgNPs were obtained and separately entrapped into biocompatible and biodegradable PEG-based polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) suitable for drug delivery within the body. Moreover, a synergistic effect of AgNPs with the Alisertib drug, were investigated thanks to the simultaneous entrapment of these two moieties into PNPs. In addition, Chlorotoxin (Cltx), a peptide that specifically recognize brain cancer cells, was conjugated onto the external surface of PNPs. The so-obtained novel nanosystems were evaluated for in vitro and in vivo applications against glioblastoma multiforme. In particular, for GNRs-PNPs, their safety, their suitability as optoacoustic contrast agents, their selective laser-induced cells death and finally, a high tumor retention were all demonstrated. Concerning AgNPs-PNPs, promising tumor toxicity and a strong synergistic effect with Alisertib was observed (IC50 10 nM), as well as good in vivo biodistribution, high tumor uptake and significative tumor reduction in tumor bearing mice. Finally, the two nanostructures were linked together, through an organic framework, exploiting the click chemistry azido-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition, between two ligands previously attached to the NPs surface; this multifunctional complex nanosystem was successfully entrapped into PNPs with nanoparticles’ properties maintenance, obtaining in this way a powerful and promising tool for cancer fight and defeat.

Silica-Supported Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity

The main aim of this work was the synthesis and applications of functionalized-silica-supported gold nanoparticles. The silica-anchored functionalities employed, e.g. amine, alkynyl carbamate and sulfide moieties, possess a notable affinity with gold, so that they could be able to capture the gold precursor, to spontaneously reduce it (possibly at room temperature), and to stabilize the resulting gold nanoparticles. These new materials, potentially suitable for heterogeneous catalysis applications, could represent a breakthrough among the “green” synthesis of supported gold nanoparticles, since they would circumvent the addition of extra reducing agent and stabilizers, also allowing concomitant absorption of the active catalyst particles on the support immediately after spontaneous formation of gold nanoparticles. In chapter 4 of this thesis is also presented the work developed during a seven-months Marco Polo fellowship stay at the University of Lille (France), regarding nanoparticles nucleation and growth inside a microfluidic system and the study of the corresponding mechanism by in situ XANES spectroscopy. Finally, studies regarding the reparation and reactivity of gold decorated nanodiamonds are also described. Various methods of characterization have been used, such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-FEG), X-ray Photoionization (XPS), X ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS).

Bioconjugation and synthetic approach towards enantioenriched gem-difluoromethylene compounds through carbenium ions

Bioconjugation of peptides and asymmetric synthesis of gem-difluoromethylene compounds are areas of the modern organic chemistry for which mild and selective methods continue to be developed. This thesis reports new methodologies for these two areas based on the use of stabilized carbenium ions. The reaction that makes the bioconjugation of peptides possible takes place via the direct nucleophilic substitution of alcohols and is driven by the spontaneous formation of stabilized carbenium ions in water. By reacting with the thiol group of cysteine in very mild conditions and with a high selectivity, these carbenium ions allow the site-specific ligation of polypeptides containing cysteine and their covalent derivatization with functionalized probes. The ligation of the indole ring of tryptophan, an emerging target in bioconjugation, is also shown and takes place in the same conditions. The second area investigated is the challenging access to optically active gem-difluoromethylene compounds. We describe a methodology relying on the synthesis of enantioenriched 1,3-benzodithioles intermediates that are shown to be precursors of the corresponding gem-difluoromethylene analogues by oxidative desulfurization-fluorination. This synthesis takes advantage of the highly enantioselective organocatalytic α-alkylation of aldehydes with the benzodithiolylium ion and of the wide possibilities of synthetic transformations offered by the 1,3-benzodithiole group. This approach allows the asymmetric access to complex gem-difluoromethylene compounds through a late-stage fluorination step, thus avoiding the use of fluorinated building blocks.

Cartografia geochimica dei suoli della Pianura Padana centrale a est di Mantova

Il suolo, oltre a rappresentare la base su cui si sviluppa la vita, è anche il luogo in cui si sviluppano l’industrializzazione, le reti viarie, i commerci; è quindi sottoposto a continue pressioni di tipo antropico che inducono modificazioni chimiche, biologiche della sua composizione. I metalli pesanti sono tra i più importanti inquinanti del suolo, sebbene siano presenti all’interno di esso come materiale costituente, le loro concentrazioni possono aumentare a causa di immissioni antropiche, modificando quindi la struttura del suolo rendendolo inquinato. In questo lavoro di tesi, avente come area d’interesse una porzione della provincia di Mantova precisamente ad est della città e parte della provincia di Verona e Rovigo si è voluto analizzare le caratteristiche composizionali dei suoli, al fine di determinare situazioni di arricchimento imputabili o all’uso del suolo o all’origine del sedimento. A questo proposito si è ritenuto opportuno impostare un confronto tra le concentrazioni totali dei metalli in superficie e quelle in profondità, questo non è stato sempre possibile in quanto la litologia dell’area non ha permesso, in alcuni casi, il prelievo del campione profondo. I suoli sono stati sottoposti ad analisi per il contenuto totale degli elementi maggiori e in traccia tramite analisi XRF, è stata poi eseguita la Loi per determinare la percentuale di perdita della materia organica, applicato l’indice di geoaccumolo ed infine sono state create grazie all’ausilio del software Qgis mappe di concentrazione di metalli pesanti quali Cromo, Nichel, Rame, Zinco, Piombo, Arsenico e Vanadio relative all’area di interesse di questo lavoro di tesi.