Turismo Rural como factor de desenvolvimento para São Tomé: Proposta das actividades turísticas para Roça de Monte Café e Suas Dependências

O trabalho agora concluído pretende apresentar uma proposta de desenvolvimento do turismo rural para São Tomé. Baseado na análise de estudo de caso de outros países, com objectivo de propor actividades turísticas envolvendo a comunidade local e os representantes do turismo, o estudo tenciona contribuir para a construção de uma imagem positiva da roça de Monte Café e suas dependências, visando o seu desenvolvimento. A referida Roça, enquanto um património arquitectónico, histórico, cultural, agroeconómico e natural, oferece as condições necessárias para a prática de turismo, relacionadas com a aventura, o espaço rural e a ecologia. Tais aspectos, aliados a uma infra-estrutura e a um planeamento adequado, tornam-se um excelente produto turístico. Com aplicação do inquérito por questionário para os residentes, comprova-se a possibilidade de implementação do projecto do ponto de vista social, desde que seja planeado de forma a prever impactos negativos e positivos futuros, e garantir um turismo sustentável.

First report of interspecific facultative social parasitism in the paper wasp genus Mischocyttarus Saussure (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)

First report of interspecific facultative social parasitism in the paper wasp genus Mischocyttarus Saussure (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Parasitism of colonies of the social wasp Mischocyttarus cerberus Ducke, 1918 by females of Mischocyttarus consimilis Zikán, 1949 was observed in a rural area of Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. In all monitored cases, the invasion occurred in the pre-emergence colony stage, generally by a single female of M. consimilis. The period of establishment of the foreign female in the host colony was marked by antagonistic behaviors between the host female and the invasive. In general, the architecture of the parasitized nest was modified from the typical architecture of the host species nest.

Género e Desenvolvimento Rural As agricultoras de Chã de Cana enquanto actores de desenvolvimento local

O presente trabalho intitulado “Género e Desenvolvimento Rural - As mulheres de Chã de Cana enquanto actores de desenvolvimento local”: atenta para outras dimensões do desenvolvimento rural, com o objectivo de desmistificar cada vez mais a complexidade que caracteriza essa categoria social, com realce para as particularidades de género e da ruralidade. O trabalho foi realizado com base na análise de informações recolhidas através de entrevistas, confrontadas com as várias abordagens e propostas de desenvolvimento, com maior ênfase para as abordagens territoriais, dando uma particular atenção à questão de género. O enfoque “mulher em desenvolvimento” deve ser entendido como uma forma diferenciada de engajamento das mulheres de Chã de Cana no processo de desenvolvimento local, engajamento esse que deve considerar as heterogeneidades de género como particularidades resultantes de um processo de construção social, de um sistema de símbolos e valores que, tende a ser orgânico portanto, se complementam num complexo processo de interacção social, e de sociabilidade, por vezes espontâneos.

El profesorado ante el reto de la diversidad cultural: un estudio de caso aplicado a la escuela rural

Analitza el pensament del professorat d'una escola rural davant el fenomen de la diversitat cultural. El treball intenta fer emergir els aspectes fonamentals que potenciaran o limitaran l'acció educativa del professorat i de l'escola per tal de normalitzar i d'incloure l'alumnat nouvingut i/o d'altres comunitats culturals ja afincades a la zona.

The evolution of anti-social rewarding and its countermeasures in public goods games.

Cooperation in joint enterprises can easily break down when self-interests are in conflict with collective benefits, causing a tragedy of the commons. In such social dilemmas, the possibility for contributors to invest in a common pool-rewards fund, which will be shared exclusively among contributors, can be powerful for averting the tragedy, as long as the second-order dilemma (i.e. withdrawing contribution to reward funds) can be overcome (e.g. with second-order sanctions). However, the present paper reveals the vulnerability of such pool-rewarding mechanisms to the presence of reward funds raised by defectors and shared among them (i.e. anti-social rewarding), as it causes a cooperation breakdown, even when second-order sanctions are possible. I demonstrate that escaping this social trap requires the additional condition that coalitions of defectors fare poorly compared with pro-socials, with either (i) better rewarding abilities for the latter or (ii) reward funds that are contingent upon the public good produced beforehand, allowing groups of contributors to invest more in reward funds than groups of defectors. These results suggest that the establishment of cooperation through a collective positive incentive mechanism is highly vulnerable to anti-social rewarding and requires additional countermeasures to act in combination with second-order sanctions.

Mujeres del medio rural y nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación: resultados del proyecto Rur@lia

Se presentan los resultados de la evaluación y seguimiento del programa Rur@lia aplicando una metodología de investigación social de acción participativa. Dicho programa se está llevando a cabo en la provincia de Granada, España y pretende dar a conocer las nuevas tecnologías en los pueblos. Su objetivo principal es la construcción y puesta en marcha de un Telecentro para la formación de mujeres que, por distintos motivos, tienen reducidas sus posibilidades de entrada al uso de los nuevos medios tecnológicos. Este es un proyecto de carácter innovador que pretende ser un agente de empoderamiento social a través de formas activas de participación ciudadana organizadas en base a un GIAP (Grupo de Investigación Acción Participativa). Este programa tiene como ámbito de actuación los municipios integrantes de la Unidad Territorial de Empleo y Desarrollo Local y Tecnológico (UTEDLT) de Alfacar: Alfacar, Cogollos Vega, Calicasas, Nívar, Víznar, Huetor Santillán, Beas de Granada y Güevéjar, además de los distritos de la capital granadina de Albaizin y zona norte.

Estrategias de reproducción social de mujeres jóvenes rurales frente al narcotráfico

El narcotráfico se instaló en la región de Tierra Caliente desde los años sesentas y se ha mantenido como una forma viable y legitima de empleo alternativo en las áreas rurales de la región. El narcotráfico es un fenómeno principalmente androcéntrico, pero ¿cuál es el papel que juegan las mujeres jóvenes en éste? Si bien la vinculación directa en las actividades de distribución de droga no es frecuente entre las jóvenes calentanas su participación a través de las relaciones que establecen con los hombres involucrados en estas actividades promueve la movilidad social y el mantenimiento de las estructuras sociales y familiares al interior de las comunidades rurales

Medio siglo de cambios paisajísticos en la montaña mediterránea. Percepción y valoración social del paisaje en la alta Garrotxa (Girona)

Rural depopulation and abandonment of farming activities have resulted in an intense transformation of the characteristic landscapes of Mediterranean mountains. A dynamic characterized by an intense process of expansion of forested cover in detriment to livestock and agricultural areas. This process, which produces effects such as biodiversity and cultural heritage loss and contributes to the spread of wildfires, can be mapped, quantified and described with high accuracy through the means of digital mapping, geographic information systems and landscape indexes. But what is the perception and valuation of these changes by the stakeholders involved in the management of these territories? This article attempts to answer this question in the protected area of Alta Garrotxa (Girona), where a strong correlation between landscape dynamics and their perception by the stakeholders is revealed. On the other hand, the valuation and future prospects produce diverse and often contradictory points of views that illustrate the existing difficulties to management

Managing Decisions Regarding Rural Expressway Routes and Associated Highway Bypasses, 2009

For several years, the Iowa Department of Transportation has constructed bypasses along rural highways. Most bypasses were constructed on the state’s Commercial Industrial Network (CIN). Now that work on the CIN has been completed and the system is open to traffic, it is possible to study the impacts of bypasses. In the past, construction of highway bypasses has led community residents and business people to raise concerns about the loss of business activity. For policy development purposes, it is essential to understand the impacts that a bypass might have on safety, the community, and economics. By researching these impacts, policies can be produced to help to alleviate any negative impacts and create a better system that is ultimately more cost-effective. This study found that the use of trade area analysis does not provide proof that a bypass can positively or negatively impact the economy of a rural community. The analysis did show that, even though the population of a community may be stable for several years and per capita income is increasing, sales leakage still occurs. The literature, site visits, and data make it is apparent that a bypass can positively affect a community. Some conditions that would need to exist in order to maximize a positive impact include the installation of signage along the bypass directing travelers to businesses and services in the community, community or regional plans that include the bypass in future land development scenarios, and businesses adjusting their business plans to attract bypass users. In addition, how proactive a community is in adapting to the bypass will determine the kinds of effects felt in the community. Results of statistical safety analysis indicate that, at least when crashes are separated by severity, bypasses with at-grade accesses appear to perform more poorly than either the bypasses with fully separated accesses or with a mix of at-grade and fully separated accesses. However, the benefit in terms of improved safety of bypasses with fully separated accesses relative to bypasses with a mixed type of accesses is not statistically conclusive.

Caracterização social e tecnológica da produção de uvas para mesa em pequenas propriedades rurais da região de Jales-SP

A viticultura é uma atividade relevante para os produtores rurais do Estado de São Paulo, sobretudo aqueles detentores de pequenas áreas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os principais aspectos sociais e tecnológicos utilizados na produção de uvas para mesa na região de Jales (SP). Os dados foram levantados nos anos de 2009 e 2010, a partir da aplicação de questionários a 19 produtores de uva e do acompanhamento do ciclo de produção de 10 propriedades. Os produtores cultivam pelo menos três cultivares diferentes de uva, sendo as principais: 'Niagara Rosada', 'Itália' e 'Benitaka'. A área média das propriedades é de, aproximadamente, 21 ha, e a área média com parreiras de uva é de 2,4 ha. A maioria dos produtores não conta com assistência técnica regular, não segue recomendações de adubação e não emprega critérios técnicos para o manejo da irrigação. O controle de doenças é realizado de forma preventiva e intensa, chegando a superar 100 aplicações por ciclo, no caso das uvas finas para mesa. Os resultados devem subsidiar a realização de outras pesquisas, assim como programas de planejamento e transferência de tecnologia, proporcionando ao produtor um manejo mais adequado da cultura, bem como o desenvolvimento sustentável rural regional.

Nature experiences to the enterprises-Case Etela-Savo

This thesis examines the experience travelling and incentive travelling in the area of Etela-Savo. The incentive travels have become more popular in the recent years. The enterprises and companies have started to reward their staff for efficiency by giving them experience travels instead of money rewards. The staff needs refreshing because of the development of work technology and because of physical and mental demands of the work. Short experience travels with activities give motivation and refresh the staff. There were two target groups in this thesis: entrepreneurs which produce the experiences and the staffs which have proved them. With the help of these target groups experience products, activities and travelling possibilities were studied and also how the experiences had been felt and where they had been acquired from. There are theoretical and empirical parts in this thesis. The research methodology was mainly idiographical and also qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. The empirical information was collected with the help of a questionnaire and a theme interview. The result of the study was that the area's travelling attractions, which are the nature, hundreds of lakes, large forests and the beautiful landscape give good possibilities to experience travelling and incentive travelling. The experience must contain a physical, social and mental element. A good experience activity must also contain some actions in the nature, light physical exercise and a possibility to the customer to take part in action. The experience feeling was felt as an unique happening and enjoyment, which will help the customers managing in their work, removing stress and developing team working skills. The experience was caused by the contrast between work/everyday life and the happening, and by succeeding in the activity in addition they felt a very strong community spirit in the experience feeling. Women received the experience feeling much more strongly than men. There were also differences in feelings between ages.

Los Grandes olvidados: las personas mayores en el entorno rural = The Great Forgotten Issue: Older People in Rural Context

Ageing is a heterogeneous subject being been able to distinguish profiles in function of sex, age, economic situation, cultural levels, habitat, family structure, health, etc. The objectives of this article are to identify forms of life to age in the rural environment and to concretize intervention proposals to increase active and participatory ways of life. 7 in-depth interviews to experts, 21 to older people, 5 to professionals and two focal groups of professionals and significant social agents were performed to collect data. Results identify 4 styles of aging: an opportunity for the change; a natural phase of the life; a moment to compensate and; a moment of abandonment. Conclusions summarize intervention proposals to increase active and participatory ways of ageing in different contexts to help professionals responsible for the services of older people care

Las personas mayores como actores en la comunidad rural: innovación y empowerment

Este artículo parte de dos ideas ampliamenteaceptadas en la literatura gerontológica actual, envejecer es un proceso heterogéneo íntimamente relacionado con el entorno y, el envejecimiento activo y satisfactorio esta vinculado con la participación social. Ahora bien, sigue existiendo un gran desconocimiento de los procesos de envejecimiento característicos de las zonas rurales y una falta de características de losprofesionales rurales y de las estrategias innovadoras para promover el envejecimiento activo y el fortalecimiento de estas comunidades. El artículo estábasado en los resultados obtenidos en unainvestigación cualitativa, realizada en la comarca del Alt Empordà, Catalunya. Con un total de 53 participantes. Los resultados muestran el significado que tiene lacomunidad para las personas mayores del entorno rural, confirman la necesidad de un perfil profesional rural y elaboran propuestas de acción contextualizadasque permiten reforzar a la comunidad, sin urbanizarla, a través del fortalecimiento de sistemas de participación social

Universal Service Policies in Europe & Latam: Evidence on Bridging the Divide in Rural Areas

Broadband access is a key factor for economic and social development. However, providing broadband to rural areas is not attractive to private telecommunications operators due its low or zero investment return. To deal with broadband provision in rural areas, different governance systems based on private and public cooperation have appeared. This paper not only identifies and defines public and private cooperation models but also assesses their impact on overcoming the digital divide in rural areas. The results show that public ownership infrastructure under private management policy has had positive effects on reducing the broadband digital divide and being applied to areas with higher digital divide; subsides to private operators providers only positive effects on reducing broadband digital divide; but public infrastructure with public management programs did not. The results, obtained using quasi-experimental methods, suggest the importance of incentives and control mechanisms in broadband universal service provision plans.

Peatlands and plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia : Complex realities for resource governance, rural development and climate change mitigation

Peatlands play a crucial role in Indonesia's economic development, and in its stated goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Improved peatland management - including a national moratorium on the granting of any new conversion licenses - forms a cornerstone of Indonesia's climate change mitigation commitment. At the same time, rapid expansion of the plantation sector is driving wide-scale drainage and conversion of peat swamp ecosystems. The province of Riau, in central Sumatra, finds itself at the crossroads of these conflicting agendas. This essay presents a case study of three islands on Riau's east coast affected by industrial timber plantation concessions. It examines the divergent experiences, perceptions and responses of communities on the islands. A mix of dramatic protests, localised everyday actions and constructive dialogue has succeeded in delaying or perhaps halting one of the concessions, while negotiations and contestation with the other two continue. With the support of regional and national non-governmental organisations and local government, communities are pursuing alternative development strategies, including the cultivation of sago, which requires no peat drainage. While a powerful political economy of state and corporate actors shapes the contours of socio-environmental change, local social movements can alter trajectories of change, promoting incremental improvements and alternative pathways.