Ordered mixed-layer structures in the Mighei carbonaceous chondrite matrix

High resolution transmission electron microscopy of the Mighei carbonaceous chondrite matrix has revealed the presence of a new mixed layer structure material. This mixed-layer material consists of an ordered arrangement of serpentine-type (S) and brucite-type (B) layers in the sequence ... SBBSBB. ... Electron diffraction and imaging techniques show that the basal periodicity is ~ 17 Å. Discrete crystals of SBB-type material are typically curved, of small size (<1 μm) and show structural variations similar to the serpentine group minerals. Mixed-layer material also occurs in association with planar serpentine. Characteristics of SBB-type material are not consistent with known terrestrial mixed-layer clay minerals. Evidence for formation by a condensation event or by subsequent alteration of preexisting material is not yet apparent. © 1982.

Mechanical properties of graphene : effects of layer number, temperature and isotope

Herein the mechanical properties of graphene, including Young’s modulus, fracture stress and fracture strain have been investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation results show that the mechanical properties of graphene are sensitive to the temperature changes but insensitive to the layer numbers in the multilayer graphene. Increasing temperature exerts adverse and significant effects on the mechanical properties of graphene. However, the adverse effect produced by the increasing layer number is marginal. On the other hand, isotope substitutions in graphene play a negligible role in modifying the mechanical properties of graphene.

Preliminary study on the stability of highly sensitive fiber Bragg grating temperature sensors [对高灵敏光纤光栅温度传感器的稳定性的初探]

As a novel sensitive element and due to its advantages of immunity to electrical interference, distributed measurement, etc., fiber Bragg grating (FBG) has been researched widely. To realize the substitution of high accurate electronic temperature sensors, high sensitive FBG temperature sensors can be made by taking advantage of its characters of being sensitive to both temperature and strain. Although there are reports about high sensitive FBG temperature sensors, however, few about their stability have been done. We manufactured a high sensitive FBG temperature sensor, and put it together with an average FBG temperature sensor and an electronic crystal temperature sensor into a stainless steel container filled by water to observe the room temperature change. By comparing their results in two weeks, we have found out that: although the high sensitive FBG temperature sensor is in much better agreement with the electronic crystal sensor than the average FBG sensor is, it has occurred some small drifts. Because the drifts appeared in the process of further pulling the FBG, it might be a result of the slip of the FBG fixing points. This contributes some good experiences to the application of FBG in high accuracy temperature measurement.

High-sensitivity fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor at high temperature [一种高温下高灵敏光纤光栅温度传感器的制作方法]

A method of making full use of the durable strain which fiber Bragg grating (FBG) can undertake is presented, which hugely improves the sensitivities of FBG temperature sensors at high temperature. When a sensor is manufactured at room temperature, its FBG should be given a pre-relaxing length according to the temperature it is asked to measure; once the temperature rise to the asked one, its FBG starts to be stretched and it starts to work with high sensitivity. The relationship between the pre-relaxing length and the working temperature is analyzed. In experiments, when the pre-relaxing lengths are 0.2mm、0.5mm、0.6mm, the working temperatures rise 25℃、50℃、61℃, respectively, and the sensitivities are almost the same (675pm/℃). The facts that the experimental results agree well with the theoretical analyses verify this method’s validity.

A fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor with adjustable sensitivity [一种灵敏度系数可调的光纤光栅温度传感器]

As a novel sensing element, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is sensitive to both temperature and strain. Basing on this character, high sensitivity FBG temperature sensor can be made. However, as a result of the strain limit of the fiber, the temperature range it can endure is quite narrow. This drawback limits its application and complicates its storage and transport. We design and manufacture a FBG temperature sensor with tunable sensitivity. By tuning its sensitivity, its temperature range is changed, which enlarges its application field, solves the problem of storage and transport, and brighten the future of FBG in temperature measurement. In experiment, by changing the fixing position of the bimetal we tuned the sensitivity of the high sensitivity FBG sensor to different values (-47 pm/℃，-97.7 pm/℃，-153.3 pm/℃).

The application of fiber Bragg grating sensor to high precision temperature measurement [基于光纤光栅的高精度测温传感器研究]

Basing on the character that Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) is sensitive to both temperature and strain, by using Al and Fe-Ni alloy’s bimetal structure, we successfully design and manufacture a high accuracy FBG temperature sensor for earthquake premonition. Furthermore, we analyze the accuracy of the FBG sensors with enhanced sensitivity for the first time, and get its accuracy is up to ±0.05℃ with highest resolution ever in all FBG temperature sensors (0.0014℃/pm). This work experimentally proves the feasibility of using FBG in the earthquake premonition monitoring, and builds the foundation for the application of optic technology in earthquake premonition monitoring.

Temporal summation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) contributions to the human pupil.

Purpose: IpRGCs mediate non-image forming functions including photoentrainment and the pupil light reflex (PLR). Temporal summation increases visual sensitivity and decreases temporal resolution for image forming vision, but the summation properties of nonimage forming vision are unknown. We investigated the temporal summation of inner (ipRGC) and outer (rod/cone) retinal inputs to the PLR. Method: The consensual PLR of the left eye was measured in six participants with normal vision using a Maxwellian view infrared pupillometer. Temporal summation was investigated using a double-pulse protocol (100 ms stimulus pairs; 0–1024 ms inter-stimulus interval, ISI) presented to the dilated fellow right eye (Tropicamide 1%). Stimulus lights (blue λmax = 460 nm; red λmax = 638 nm) biased activity to inneror outer retinal inputs to non-image forming vision. Temporal summation was measured suprathreshold (15.2 log photons.cm−2.s−1 at the cornea) and subthreshold (11.4 log photons.cm−2.s−1 at the cornea). Results: RM-ANOVAs showed the suprathreshold and subthreshold 6 second post illumination pupil response (PIPR: expressed as percentage baseline diameter) did not significantly vary for red or blue stimuli (p > .05). The PIPR for a subthreshold red 16 ms double-pulse control condition did not significantly differ with ISI (p > .05). The maximum constriction amplitude for red and blue 100 ms double- pulse stimuli did not significantly vary with ISI (p > .05). Conclusion: The non-significant changes in suprathreshold PIPR and subthreshold maximum pupil constriction indicate that inner retinal ipRGC inputs and outer retinal photoreceptor inputs to the PLR do not show temporal summation. The results suggest a fundamental difference between the temporal summation characteristics of image forming and non-image forming vision.

The cultivation of human retinal pigment epithelial cells on Bombyx mori silk fibroin

We have presently evaluated membranes prepared from Bombyx mori silk fibroin (BMSF), for their potential use as a prosthetic Bruch’s membrane and carrier substrate for human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell transplantation. Porous BMSF membranes measuring 3 μm in thickness were prepared from aqueous solutions (3% w/v) containing poly(ethylene oxide) (0.09%). The permeability coefficient for membranes was between 3 and 9 × 10-5 cm/s by using Allura red or 70 kDa FITC-dextran respectively. Average pore size (± sd) was 4.9 ± 2.3 µm and 2.9 ± 1.5 µm for upper and lower membrane surfaces respectively. Optimal attachment of ARPE-19 cells to BMSF membrane was achieved by pre-coating with vitronectin (1 µg/mL). ARPE-19 cultures maintained in low serum on BMSF membranes for approximately 8 weeks, developed a cobble-stoned morphology accompanied by a cortical distribution of F-actin and ZO-1. Similar results were obtained using primary cultures of human RPE cells, but cultures took noticeably longer to establish on BMSF compared with tissue culture plastic. These findings encourage further studies of BMSF as a substrate for RPE cell transplantation.

Improving the hydrogen gas sensing performance of Pt/MoO3 nanoplatelets using a nano thick layer of La2O3

In this paper, we present how a thin RF sputtered layer of lanthanum oxide (La2O3) can alter electrical and improve hydrogen gas sensing characteristics of Pt/molybdenum oxide (MoO3) nanostructures Schottky diodes. We derived the barrier height, ideality factor and dielectric constant from the measured I–V characteristics at operating temperatures in the range of 25–300 ◦C. The dynamic response, response and recovery times were obtained upon exposure to hydrogen gas at different concentrations. Analysis of the results indicated a substantial improvement to the voltage shift sensitivity of the sensors incorporating the La2O3 layer. We associate this enhancement to the formation of numerous trap states due to the presence of the La2O3 thin film on the MoO3 nanoplatelets. These trap states increase the intensity of the dipolar charges at the metal–semiconductor interface, which induce greater bending of the energy bands. However, results also indicate that the presence of La2O3 trap states also increases response and recover times as electrons trapping and de-trapping processes occur before they can pass through this thin dielectric layer.

Retinal and choroidal thickness in myopic anisometropia

Purpose: To compare the retinal thickness (RT) and choroidal thickness (ChT) between the fellow eyes of non-amblyopic myopic anisometropes. Methods: The eyes of 22 non-amblyopic myopic anisometropes (1 D spherical equivalent refraction [SER] anisometropia) were examined using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Customised software was used to register, align and average multiple foveal OCT B-Scan images from each subject in order to enhance image quality. Two independent masked observers manually determined the RT and ChT from each SD-OCT image up to 2.5 mm nasal and temporal to the fovea. Axial length (AXL) was measured using optical low coherence biometry during relaxed accommodation. Results: The mean SER anisometropia was 1.74 ± 0.95 D and the mean interocular AXL difference was 0.58 ± 0.41 mm. There was no significant difference in foveal RT between the fellow eyes (P > 0.05). Mean subfoveal ChT was significantly thinner in the more myopic eye (252 ± 46 μm compared to the fellow, less myopic eye (286 ± 58 μm) (P < 0.001). There was a moderate correlation between the interocular difference in subfoveal ChT and the interocular difference in AXL (r = -0.50, P < 0.01). Asian anisometropes displayed more regionally symmetrical (nasal-temporal)interocular differences in ChT profile compared to Caucasians. Conclusions: RT was similar between the fellow eyes of myopic anisometropes; however, the subfoveal choroid was significantly thinner in the more myopic (longer) eye of this anisometropic cohort. The interocular asymmetry in ChT correlated with the interocular difference in AXL.

A comparison study on hydrogen sensing performance of Pt/MoO3 nanoplatelets coated with a thin layer of Ta2O5 or La2O3

In this work, we investigate how hydrogen sensing performance of thermally evaporated MoO3 nanoplatelets can be further improved by RF sputtering a thin layer of tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) or lanthanum oxide (La2O3). We show that dissociated hydrogen atoms cause the thin film layer to be polarised, inducing a measurable potential difference greater than that as reported previously. We attribute these observations to the presence of numerous traps in the thin layer; their states allow a stronger trapping of charge at the Pt-thin film oxide interface as compared to the MoO3 sensors without the coating. Under exposure to H2 (10 000 ppm) the maximum change in dielectric constant of 45.6 (at 260 °C) for the Ta2O5/MoO3 nanoplatelets and 31.6 (at 220 °C) for La2O3/MoO3 nanoplatelets. Subsequently, the maximum sensitivity for the Ta2O5/MoO3 is 16.87 (at 260 °C) and La2O3/MoO3 is 7.52 (at 300 °C).

Enhanced hydrogen separation by vertically-aligned carbon nanotube membranes with zeolite imidazolate frameworks as a selective layer

Vertically-aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) membranes show very high permeation fluxes due to the inherent smooth and frictionless nature of the interior of the nanotubes. However, the hydrogen selectivities are all in the Knudsen range and are quite low. In this study we grew molecular sieve zeolite imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) via secondary seeded growth on the VACNT membranes as a gas selective layer. The ZIF layer has a thickness of 5–6 μm and shows good contact with the VACNT membrane surface. The VACNT supported ZIF membrane shows much higher H2 selectivity than Ar (7.0); O2 (13.6); N2 (15.1) and CH4 (9.8). We conclude that tailoring metal–organic frameworks on the membrane surface can be an effective route to improve the gas separation performance of the VACNT membrane.

Blocking layer optimisation of poly(3-hexylthiopene)based solid state dye sensitized solar cells

The optimisation study of the fabrication of a compact TiO2 blocking layer (via Spray Pyrolysis Deposition) for poly (3-hexylthiopene) (P3HT) for Solid State Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (SDSCs) is reported. We used a novel spray TiO2 precursor solution composition obtained by adding acetylacetone to a conventional formulation (Diisopropoxytitanium bis (acetylacetonate) in ethanol). By Scanning Electron Microscopy a TiO2 layer with compact morphology and thickness of around 100 nmis shown. Through a Tafel plot analysis an enhancement of the device diode-like behaviour induced by the acetylacetone blocking layer respect to the conventional one is observed. Significantly, the device fabricatedwith the acetylacetone blocking layer shows an overall increment of the cell performance with respect to the cellwith the conventional one (DJsc/Jsc = +13.8%, DFF/FF = +39.7%, DPCE/PCE = +55.6%). A conversion efficiency optimumis found for 15 successive spray cycles where the diode-like behaviour of the acetylacetone blocking layer is more effective. Over three batches of cells (fabricated with P3HT and dye D35) an average conversion efficiency value of 3.9% (under a class A sun simulator with 1 sun A.M. 1.5 illumination conditions) was measured. From the best cell we fabricated a conversion efficiency value of 4.5% was extracted. This represents a significant increment with respect to previously reported values for P3HT/dye D35 based SDSCs.

Damage diagnosis for complex steel truss bridges using multi-layer genetic algorithm

Considerate amount of research has proposed optimization-based approaches employing various vibration parameters for structural damage diagnosis. The damage detection by these methods is in fact a result of updating the analytical structural model in line with the current physical model. The feasibility of these approaches has been proven. But most of the verification has been done on simple structures, such as beams or plates. In the application on a complex structure, like steel truss bridges, a traditional optimization process will cost massive computational resources and lengthy convergence. This study presents a multi-layer genetic algorithm (ML-GA) to overcome the problem. Unlike the tedious convergence process in a conventional damage optimization process, in each layer, the proposed algorithm divides the GA’s population into groups with a less number of damage candidates; then, the converged population in each group evolves as an initial population of the next layer, where the groups merge to larger groups. In a damage detection process featuring ML-GA, as parallel computation can be implemented, the optimization performance and computational efficiency can be enhanced. In order to assess the proposed algorithm, the modal strain energy correlation (MSEC) has been considered as the objective function. Several damage scenarios of a complex steel truss bridge’s finite element model have been employed to evaluate the effectiveness and performance of ML-GA, against a conventional GA. In both single- and multiple damage scenarios, the analytical and experimental study shows that the MSEC index has achieved excellent damage indication and efficiency using the proposed ML-GA, whereas the conventional GA only converges at a local solution.

Cross-layer design and optimization for wireless networked control systems

Wireless networked control systems (WNCSs) have been widely used in the areas of manufacturing and industrial processing over the last few years. They provide real-time control with a unique characteristic: periodic traffic. These systems have a time-critical requirement. Due to current wireless mechanisms, the WNCS performance suffers from long time-varying delays, packet dropout, and inefficient channel utilization. Current wirelessly networked applications like WNCSs are designed upon the layered architecture basis. The features of this layered architecture constrain the performance of these demanding applications. Numerous efforts have attempted to use cross-layer design (CLD) approaches to improve the performance of various networked applications. However, the existing research rarely considers large-scale networks and congestion network conditions in WNCSs. In addition, there is a lack of discussions on how to apply CLD approaches in WNCSs. This thesis proposes a cross-layer design methodology to address the issues of periodic traffic timeliness, as well as to promote the efficiency of channel utilization in WNCSs. The design of the proposed CLD is highlighted by the measurement of the underlying network condition, the classification of the network state, and the adjustment of sampling period between sensors and controllers. This period adjustment is able to maintain the minimally allowable sampling period, and also maximize the control performance. Extensive simulations are conducted using the network simulator NS-2 to evaluate the performance of the proposed CLD. The comparative studies involve two aspects of communications, with and without using the proposed CLD, respectively. The results show that the proposed CLD is capable of fulfilling the timeliness requirement under congested network conditions, and is also able to improve the channel utilization efficiency and the proportion of effective data in WNCSs.