Supervivencia y crecimiento de las exportaciones argentinas: un estudio a nivel regional

Este proyecto pretende aportar ideas para la elaboración de políticas de promoción de exportaciones a nivel nacional y regional. Uno de los argumentos más utilizados en la elaboración de tales políticas es que la apertura a nuevos mercados y la diversificación de los productos exportados (que se conoce en la literatura como margen extensivo) contribuye al logro de mayores tasas de crecimiento de las exportaciones. No obstante, numerosos trabajos demuestran que la capacidad de mantener las relaciones comerciales en el tiempo y poder intensificarlas también juegan un rol importante. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados alcanzados en numerosas investigaciones, se parte de la hipótesis de que las diferencias en las tasas de crecimiento de las exportaciones de las provincias argentinas pueden explicarse teniendo en cuenta el rol que han tenido los márgenes intensivo y extensivo. Los principales objetivos del trabajo son: a) estudiar el crecimiento de las exportaciones argentinas a nivel provincial, distinguiendo entre el surgimiento de nuevos productos y mercados (margen extensivo) y la supervivencia e incremento de las relaciones comerciales ya existentes (margen intensivo); b) demostrar que la supervivencia de las relaciones de exportación entre las provincias y los países de destino es una condición necesaria para una posterior intensificación de las mismas; c) determinar el rol de la duración de las relaciones comerciales en el crecimiento de las exportaciones; d) identificar la importancia de las políticas públicas en relación a las diferencias encontradas en las tasas de crecimiento de las exportaciones de las provincias. La metodología que se utilizará se basa en Besedes y Prusa (2007) y ampliada por Minondo y Requena (2010) quienes descomponen el crecimiento absoluto de las exportaciones entre dos años consecutivos en cuatro partes: supervivencia, profundización, fracaso y margen extensivo. El componente de supervivencia es la cantidad de relaciones de exportación que se mantiene entre dos períododos consecutivos; el de profundización proporciona el crecimiento absoluto promedio de las relaciones de exportación que han sobrevivido; el componente fracaso es el valor de las relaciones de exportación que no continúan. La combinación de estos tres primeros componentes proporciona el incremento en las exportaciones que resultan del cambio en el valor de las relaciones comerciales que permanecen activas entre dos períodos consecutivos y se conoce en la literatura como el margen intensivo. El margen extensivo es el valor de las nuevas relaciones de comercio que ocurren cada año. Luego se descompone el margen extensivo en volumen y valor y se expresan todos los componentes en tasas de crecimineto. Se llevará a cabo además un análisis contrafáctico con el propósito de responder a la siguiente pregunta: ¿Cuál hubiera sido la performance exportadora de una provincia si su comportamiento respondiera a las características de otra región elegida como referencia ?. Si se observaran cambios importantes en las tasas de crecimiento, se podría concluir que los valores de los componentes sustituidos sirven para explicar esas diferencias. Los resultados que se obtengan en este trabajo podrán compararse con los alcanzados en investigaciones sobre el tema para otros países y que han utilizado una metodología similar y con los realizados para Argentina utilizando información a nivel de las firmas. Desde el punto de vista de la política económica, los resultados y conclusiones podrán ser considerados especialmente como referencia en la elaboración de políticas económicas regionales.

PLAN PROVINCIAL DE DESARROLLO REGIONAL

La innovación introducida a partir de la sanción de la Ley de Regionalización de la Provincia de Córdoba N° 9206 y la integración, puesta en marcha y funcionamiento de las comunidades regionales ha significado un gran esfuerzo de concertación intergubernamental y un caso rico en cuanto a los mecanismos de ajuste mutuo partidario, en términos de Lindblom (1979), aplicados tanto en la integración como en el funcionamiento cotidiano de las comunidades regionales. Para los municipios y comunas, el proceso de regionalización y el asociativismo intermunicipal es una oportunidad por un lado, para asumir nuevas responsabilidades (competencias y recursos) provenientes del Gobierno provincial, y por otro, para ganar efectividad a través de la centralización de competencias y recursos municipales y/o comunales, a los fines de intentar superar así las dificultades provenientes de la escala poblacional y territorial de la generalidad de los municipios y comunas existentes que dificultan la gestión del desarrollo regional. En síntesis, es una oportunidad de diseñar y gestionar políticas asociadas y coordinadas de desarrollo, de gobernar en términos de governance problemas regionales siendo gobiernos locales (Aguilar Villanueva, 1996). A los fines de maximizar las oportunidades y minimizar de la complejidad que trae aparejada el asociativos y el pasaje de lo local a lo regional, es necesaria la planificación concertada como así también la evaluación participativa: Plan Pcial. para el Desarrollo Regional e indicadores regionales. Las prioridades identificadas y los indicadores permitirían iniciar (o reiniciar) un proceso de diseño y gestión de políticas de desarrollo regional, de descentralización provincial y de integración intermunicipal, indispensables a los fines de gobernar con sentido público (Aguilar Villanueva, 1996). Hipótesis: La elaboración de Plan Provincial de Desarrollo Regional sobre la base de la identificación y construcción participativa de las prioridades de cada Región de la Provincia promueve el desarrollo integral a escala regional y provincial. Objetivos General: Diseñar participativamente el Plan Provincial de Desarrollo Regional de Córdoba a los fines de promover el desarrollo integral a escala regional y provincial. Específicos: a) Identificar participativamente a través de sus actores políticos – institucionales las principales prioridades de desarrollo de cada Región de la Provincia. b) Construir e interpretar las particularidades de cada región en base a una agregación provincial de las principales prioridades identificadas en cada Región. c) Revisar Sistema de Indicadores de Desarrollo Regional de medición periódica, en el marco del “Indicador de Desarrollo Regional para la Gestión” establecido en el artículo 22 de la Ley N° 9.206. d) Diseñar la Unidad Ejecutora del Indicador de Desarrollo Regional prevista en la Ley 9.206 para la medición y actualización periódica del citado indicador. Métodos a utilizar: investigación-acción participativa (datos secundarios se someterán a análisis de discurso principalmente. y datos primarios a través de técnicas cuantitativa y cualitativa). Resultados esperados a) Identificar las principales prioridades de desarrollo de cada Región de la Provincia. b) Contar con un “mapa” provincial de las principales prioridades. c) Contar con el “Indicador de Desarrollo Regional para la Gestión” establecido la Ley N° 9.206. d) Diseñar la Unidad Ejecutora del Indicador de Desarrollo Regional prevista en la Ley 9.206 para la medición y actualización periódica del citado indicador. Importancia del proyecto A los fines de promover el desarrollo integral a escala regional y provincial, superando los obstáculos existentes que impiden lograr una mejor calidad de vida para los habitantes de la provincia, es pertinente la elaboración de Plan de Desarrollo Regional sobre la base de la identificación y construcción participativa de las prioridades de cada Región de la Provincia.

Aplicación del análisis y prevención de falla al desarrollo regional de componentes mecánicos.

En el anterior período de dos años, se ha estudiado la aplicación del método científico al análisis de falla de componentes, como una etapa de formación y capacitación en el método utilizado para la investigación de roturas o fallas de piezas o sistemas mecánicos. Ante la tendencia al desarrollo local de componentes, reemplazo de importaciones, se evidencia que no siempre ésta acción se realiza verificando todos los aspectos del elemento a desarrollar. Tanto el diseño, la materia prima, el método de producción, deben ser analizados detalladamente por su influencia en el comportamiento de cada elemento. Particularmente, en la pequeña y mediana empresa, que no dispone de respaldo técnico suficiente para cubrir todos los aspectos de un desarrollo, existe la necesidad de recurrir a proveedores externos por asesoramiento. La experiencia acumulada en el Análisis de Falla, ofrece un enfoque crítico ante los diferentes factores intervinientes en un componente que permiten predecir, con buena aproximación, los puntos débiles que posee tanto un diseño como un método de producción y de esta forma, aportar al desarrollo exitoso del producto.

A review of the development of regional sludge treatment centres and a baseline characterisation of Irish sewage sludges

This Study assessed the development of sludge treatment and reuse policy since the original 1993 National Sludge Strategy Report (Weston-FTA, 1993). A review of the 48 sludge treatment centres, current wastewater treatment systems and current or planned sludge treatment and reuse systems was carried out Sludges from all Regional Sludge Treatment Centres (areas) were characterised through analysis of selected parameters. There have been many changes to the original policy, as a result of boundary reviews, delays in developing sludge management plans, development in technology and changes in tendering policy, most notably a move to design-build-operate (DBO) projects. As a result, there are now 35 designated Hub Centres. Only 5 of the Hub Centres are producing Class A Biosolids. These are Ringsend, Killamey, Carlow, Navan and Osberstown. Ringsend is the only Hub Centre that is fully operational, treating sludge from surrounding regions by Thermal Drying. Killamey is producing Class A Biosolids using Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion (ATAD) but is not, as yet, treating imported sludge. The remaining three plants are producing Class A Biosolids using Alkaline Stabilisation. Anaerobic Digestion with post pasteurisation is the most common form of sludge treatment, with 11 Hub Centres proposing to use it. One plant is using ATAD, two intend to use Alkaline Stabilisation, seven have selected Thermal Drying and three have selected Composting. While the remaining plants have not decided which sludge treatment to select, this is because of incomplete Sludge Management Plans and on DBO contracts. Analysis of sludges from the Hub Centres showed that all Irish sewage sludge is safe for agricultural reuse as defined by the Waste Management Regulations {Use of Sewage Sludge in Agriculture) (S.I. 267/2001), providing that a nutrient management plan is taken into consideration and that the soil limits of the 1998 (S.I. 148/1998) Waste Management Regulations are not exceeded.

Assessment of touristical-recreation potential of Georgia on background regional climate change

The determination of the climatic potential of tourism to Tbilisi (the capital of Georgia) into the correspondence with that frequently utilized in other countries of the “tourism climate index” is carried out.

Aptidão cardiorrespiratória de uma amostra regional brasileira distribuída em diferentes tabelas

FUNDAMENTO: A maioria das tabelas de classificação da Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória (ACR) utilizadas na prática clínica é internacional e não foi validada para a população brasileira, podendo resultar em discrepâncias importantes, uma vez que essa classificação é extrapolada para a nossa população. Objetivo: Avaliar as principais tabelas de ACR disponíveis em uma amostra populacional brasileira do Planalto Médio do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados retrospectivos de 2.930 indivíduos, residentes em 36 cidades do Planalto Central do RS. Levaram-se em consideração presença dos fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular e valores estimados do consumo de oxigênio de pico (VO2pico), obtidos por meio de teste de esforço com protocolo de Bruce. Para classificar a ACR, os sujeitos foram distribuídos de acordo com o sexo e inseridos nas respectivas faixas etárias das tabelas de Cooper, American Heart Association (AHA) e da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), e classificados conforme seu VO2pico. RESULTADOS: A amostra feminina apresentou valores mais baixos de VO2pico do que a masculina (23,5 ± 8,5 vs. 31,7 ± 10,8 mL.kg-1.min-1, p < 0,001), e o VO2pico apresentou correlação inversa e moderada com a idade considerando-se ambos os sexos (R = -0,48, p < 0,001). Foi observada importante discrepância entre os níveis de classificação da ACR entre as tabelas, que variaram de 49% (COOPERxAHA) até 75% (UNIFESPxAHA). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos achados indicam discrepâncias importantes na classificação da ACR proveniente das tabelas avaliadas. Estudos futuros poderiam investigar se a utilização das tabelas internacionais são aplicáveis à população brasileira e às populações de diferentes regiões do Brasil.

Pulmonary Embolism Mortality in Brazil from 1989 to 2010: Gender and Regional Disparities

Abstract Background: A significant variation in pulmonary embolism (PE) mortality trends have been documented around the world. We investigated the trends in mortality rate from PE in Brazil over a period of 21 years and its regional and gender differences. Methods: Using a nationwide database of death certificate information we searched for all cases with PE as the underlying cause of death between 1989 and 2010. Population data were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). We calculated age-, gender- and region-specific mortality rates for each year, using the 2000 Brazilian population for direct standardization. Results: Over 21 years the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) fell 31% from 3.04/100,000 to 2.09/100,000. In every year between 1989 and 2010, the ASMR was higher in women than in men, but both showed a significant declining trend, from 3.10/100,000 to 2.36/100,000 and from 2.94/100,000 to 1.80/100,000, respectively. Although all country regions showed a decline in their ASMR, the largest fall in death rates was concentrated in the highest income regions of the South and Southeast Brazil. The North and Northeast regions, the lowest income areas, showed a less marked fall in death rates and no distinct change in the PE mortality rate in women. Conclusions: Our study showed a reduction in the PE mortality rate over two decades in Brazil. However, significant variation in this trend was observed amongst the five country regions and between genders, pointing to possible disparities in health care access and quality in these groups.

Climate and land-use changes effects on the distribution of a regional endemism: Melanophryniscus sanmartini (Amphibia, Bufonidae)

ABSTRACT Amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate group according to the IUCN. Land-use and land cover change (LULCC) and climate change (CC) are two of the main factors related to declining amphibian populations. Given the vulnerability of threatened and rare species, the study of their response to these impacts is a conservation priority. The aim of this work was to analyze the combined impact of LULCC and CC on the regionally endemic species Melanophryniscus sanmartini Klappenbach, 1968. This species is currently categorized as near threatened by the IUCN, and previous studies suggest negative effects of projected changes in climate. Using maximum entropy methods we modeled the effects of CC on the current and mid-century distribution of M. sanmartini under two IPCC scenarios - A2 (severe) and B2 (moderate). The effects of LULCC were studied by superimposing the potential distribution with current land use, while future distribution models were evaluated under the scenario of maximum expansion of soybean and afforestation in Uruguay. The results suggest that M. sanmartini is distributed in eastern Uruguay and the south of Brazil, mainly related to hilly and grasslands systems. Currently more than 10% of this species' distribution is superimposed by agricultural crops and exotic forest plantations. Contrasting with a recent modelling study our models suggest an expansion of the distribution of M. sanmartini by mid-century under both climate scenarios. However, despite the rise in climatically suitable areas for the species in the future, LULCC projections indicate that the proportion of modified habitats will occupy up to 25% of the distribution of M. sanmartini. Future change in climate conditions could represent an opportunity for M. sanmartini, but management measures are needed to mitigate the effects of habitat modification in order to ensure its survival and allow the eventual expansion of its distribution.

Human capital as a factor of growth and employment at the regional level. The case of Spain

We use statistical techniques to quantify the effects of school attainment on individual wages, participation rates and employment probabilities in Spain, and to measure the contribution of education to labour productivity at the regional level. These estimates are then combined with data on private and public expenditure on education and with information on taxes and social benefits to construct measures of the private and social returns to schooling, to explore the effects of public policies on private incentives to invest in human capital, and to analyse the long-term effects of schooling on public finances. The results are used, together with estimates of the returns to alternative assets, to draw some tentative conclusions regarding the adequacy of the aggregate investment patterns observed in the regions of Spain, and to identify changes in the design of national and EU cohesion and growth policies that may help enhance their effectiveness.

Personal redistribution and the regional allocation of public investment

How should an equity-motivated policy-marker allocate public capital (infrastructure) across regions. Should it aim at reducing interregional differences in per capita output, or at maximizing total output? Such a normative question is examined in a model where the policy-marker is exclusively concerned about personal inequality and has access to two policy instruments. (i) a personal tax-transfer system (taxation is distortionary), and (ii) the regional allocation of public investment. I show that the case for public investment as a significant instrument for interpersonal redistribution is rather weak. In the most favorable case, when the tax code is constrained to be uniform across regions, it is optimal to distort the allocation of public investment in favor of the poor regions, but only to a limited extent. The reason is that poor individuals are relatively more sensitive to public trans fers, which are maximized by allocating public investment efficiently. If! the tax code can vary across regions then the optimal policy may involve an allocation of public investment distorted in favor of the rich regions.

On the regional impact of public capital formation in Spain

The objective of this paper is to investigate, in a methodologically consistent manner, the regional effects of public capital formation and the possible existence of regional spillover effects in Spain. The empirical results are based on VAR estimates at both the aggregate and regional levels using output, employment, and private capital, as well as different measures of public capital. Empirical results suggest that public capital affects output positively at the aggregate level as well as in all but one region. For most regions, the effects of public capital installed in the region itself are important but the spillover effects induced from public capital installed elsewhere are also very important. In fact, the spillover effects account for over half of the total effects of public capital formation in Spain. Furthermore, these spillover effects have a clear geographical pattern in that they tend to be more important in the peripheral regions of the country. We also find that relative to their share of the Spanish output, the biggest beneficiaries of public capital formation are the largest regions in the country. This suggests that public capital formation has contributed to concentration of output in these regions. Finally, in terms of the effects of public capital formation on the private inputs we find that both private capital and employment are affected positively at the aggregate level as well as for most of the regions. Nevertheless, the effects on private capital seem to be larger. Also, the spillover effects are very important for private capital but not for employment. This reflects a great degree of dynamism and mobility in the capital markets as opposed to the labor markets.

Regional decomposition of CO2 emissions in the world: a cluster analysis

The purpose of this paper is to study the possible differences among countries as CO2 emitters and to examine the underlying causes of these differences. The starting point of the analysis is the Kaya identity, which allows us to break down per capita emissions in four components: an index of carbon intensity, transformation efficiency, energy intensity and social wealth. Through a cluster analysis we have identified five groups of countries with different behavior according to these four factors. One significant finding is that these groups are stable for the period analyzed. This suggests that a study based on these components can characterize quite accurately the polluting behavior of individual countries, that is to say, the classification found in the analysis could be used in other studies which look to study the behavior of countries in terms of CO2 emissions in homogeneous groups. In this sense, it supposes an advance over the traditional regional or rich-poor countries classifications .

Regional income inequalities in Europe: an updated measurement and some decomposition results

In this paper well-known summary inequality indexes are used to explore interregional income inequalities in Europe. In particular, we mainly employ Theils’population-weighted index because of its appealing properties. Two decomposition analysis are applied. First, regional inequalities are decomposed by regional subgroups (countries). Second, intertemporal inequality changes are separated into income and population changes. The main results can be summarized as follows. First, data confirm a reduction in crossregional inequality during 1982-97. Second, this reduction is basically due to real convergence among countries. Third, currently the greater part of European interregional disparities is within-country by nature, which introduce an important challenge for the European policy. Fourth, inequality changes are due mainly to income variations, population changes playing a minor role.