Plasma concentrations of gut peptides in dairy cattle increase after calving

Effects of transition from late gestation to early lactation on plasma concentrations of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide 1-(7-36) amide (GLP-1), and cholecystokinin (CCK) have not been reported in cattle. The objective of the present study was to measure plasma concentrations of GLP-1, GIP, CCK, insulin, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acids in blood plasma obtained from the coccygeal vein of 32 Holstein cows at an average of 11 d before, and 5, 12, and 19 d after calving. Feed dry matter intake (DMI) averaged 14.4, 17.7, and 19.9 kg/d on d 5, 12, and 19 of lactation, respectively, as milk yield increased (30.6, 36.6, and 39.7 kg/d, respectively). Plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose were lower postpartum than prepartum, but did not differ among samples collected after calving. In contrast, plasma concentration of gut peptides increased linearly after calving, perhaps as a consequence of increased feed intake and nutrient absorption; however, the increases in plasma concentrations of GIP and GLP-1 as lactation progressed were not associated with increased DMI per se, and likely reflect the endocrine and metabolic adaptations of lactogenesis. In contrast, increased concentration of CCK was related both to increasing days in milk and DMI. By 19 d postpartum, concentrations of GLP-1, GIP, and CCK increased by 2.3-, 1.8-, and 2.8-fold, respectively, compared with values at 11 d before calving. Although these peptides have direct and indirect effects that reduce appetite and DMI in other species (including increased insulin secretion), these may be glucose- or insulin-dependent functions, and insulin and glucose concentrations were reduced in early lactation.

On the existence of extreme waves and the Stokes conjecture with vorticity

This is a study of singular solutions of the problem of traveling gravity water waves on flows with vorticity. We show that, for a certain class of vorticity functions, a sequence of regular waves converges to an extreme wave with stagnation points at its crests. We also show that, for any vorticity function, the profile of an extreme wave must have either a corner of 120° or a horizontal tangent at any stagnation point about which it is supposed symmetric. Moreover, the profile necessarily has a corner of 120° if the vorticity is nonnegative near the free surface.

A geometric approach to generalized Stokes conjectures

We consider the Stokes conjecture concerning the shape of extreme two-dimensional water waves. By new geometric methods including a nonlinear frequency formula, we prove the Stokes conjecture in the original variables. Our results do not rely on structural assumptions needed in previous results such as isolated singularities, symmetry and monotonicity. Part of our results extends to the mathematical problem in higher dimensions.

The Stokes conjecture for waves with vorticity

We study stagnation points of two-dimensional steady gravity free-surface water waves with vorticity. We obtain for example that, in the case where the free surface is an injective curve, the asymptotics at any stagnation point is given either by the “Stokes corner flow” where the free surface has a corner of 120°, or the free surface ends in a horizontal cusp, or the free surface is horizontally flat at the stagnation point. The cusp case is a new feature in the case with vorticity, and it is not possible in the absence of vorticity. In a second main result we exclude horizontally flat singularities in the case that the vorticity is 0 on the free surface. Here the vorticity may have infinitely many sign changes accumulating at the free surface, which makes this case particularly difficult and explains why it has been almost untouched by research so far. Our results are based on calculations in the original variables and do not rely on structural assumptions needed in previous results such as isolated singularities, symmetry and monotonicity.

On the distortion of turbulence by a progressive surface wave

A rapid-distortion model is developed to investigate the interaction of weak turbulence with a monochromatic irrotational surface water wave. The model is applicable when the orbital velocity of the wave is larger than the turbulence intensity, and when the slope of the wave is sufficiently high that the straining of the turbulence by the wave dominates over the straining of the turbulence by itself. The turbulence suffers two distortions. Firstly, vorticity in the turbulence is modulated by the wave orbital motions, which leads to the streamwise Reynolds stress attaining maxima at the wave crests and minima at the wave troughs; the Reynolds stress normal to the free surface develops minima at the wave crests and maxima at the troughs. Secondly, over several wave cycles the Stokes drift associated with the wave tilts vertical vorticity into the horizontal direction, subsequently stretching it into elongated streamwise vortices, which come to dominate the flow. These results are shown to be strikingly different from turbulence distorted by a mean shear flow, when `streaky structures' of high and low streamwise velocity fluctuations develop. It is shown that, in the case of distortion by a mean shear flow, the tendency for the mean shear to produce streamwise vortices by distortion of the turbulent vorticity is largely cancelled by a distortion of the mean vorticity by the turbulent fluctuations. This latter process is absent in distortion by Stokes drift, since there is then no mean vorticity. The components of the Reynolds stress and the integral length scales computed from turbulence distorted by Stokes drift show the same behaviour as in the simulations of Langmuir turbulence reported by McWilliams, Sullivan & Moeng (1997). Hence we suggest that turbulent vorticity in the upper ocean, such as produced by breaking waves, may help to provide the initial seeds for Langmuir circulations, thereby complementing the shear-flow instability mechanism developed by Craik & Leibovich (1976). The tilting of the vertical vorticity into the horizontal by the Stokes drift tends also to produce a shear stress that does work against the mean straining associated with the wave orbital motions. The turbulent kinetic energy then increases at the expense of energy in the wave. Hence the wave decays. An expression for the wave attenuation rate is obtained by scaling the equation for the wave energy, and is found to be broadly consistent with available laboratory data.

Experimental analysis of the Reynolds flocking model

The classic Reynolds flocking model is formally analysed, with results presented and discussed. Flocking behaviour was investigated through the development of two measurements of flocking, flock area and polarisation, with a view to applying the findings to robotic applications. Experiments varying the flocking simulation parameters individually and simultaneously provide new insight into the control of flock behaviour.

The effect of adding stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) haylage to a total mixed ration on performance and rumen function of lactating dairy cows

In vitro studies found that inclusion of dried stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) at 100 mg/g dry matter (DM) increased the pH of a rumen fluid inoculated fermentation buffer by 30% and the effect was persistent for 7 days. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of adding stinging nettle haylage to a total mixed ration on feed intake, eating and rumination activity, rumen pH, milk yield, and milk composition of lactating dairy cows. Six lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin Square design experiment with 3 treatments and 3 week periods. Treatments were a control (C) high-starch (311 g/kg DM) total mixed ration diet and two treatment diets containing 50 (N5) and 100 (N10) g nettle haylage (DM/kg) as a replacement for ryegrass silage (Lolium perenne). There was an increase (linear, P < 0.010) in the proportion of large particles and a reduction in medium (linear, P = 0.045) and fine particles (linear, P = 0.026) in the diet offered with increasing nettle inclusion. A numerical decrease (linear, P = 0.106) in DM intake (DMI) was observed as nettle inclusion in the diet increased. Milk yield averaged 20.3 kg/day and was not affected by diet. There was a decrease (quadratic, P = 0.01) in the time animals spent ruminating as nettle inclusion in the diet increased, in spite of an increase in the number of boli produced daily for the N5 diet (quadratic, P = 0.031). Animals fed the N10 diet spent less time with a rumen pH below 5.5 (P < 0.05) than cows fed the N5 diet. Averaged over an 8.5 h sampling period, there were no changes in the concentration or proportions of acetate or propionate in the rumen, but feeding nettle haylage reduced the concentrations of n-butyrate (quadratic, P < 0.001), i-butyrate (linear, P < 0.009) and n-caproate (linear, P < 0.003). Milk and fat and protein corrected milk yield were not affected when nettles replaced ryegrass silage in the diet of lactating dairy cows, despite a numerical reduction in feed intake. Rumination activity was reduced by the addition of nettle haylage to the diet, which may reflect differences in fibre structure between the nettle haylage and ryegrass silage fed. Changes observed in rumen pH suggest potential benefits of feeding nettle haylage for reducing rumen acidosis. However, the extent to which these effects were due to the fermentability and structure of the nettle haylage compared to the ryegrass silage fed, or a bioactive component of the nettles, is not certain

Fluctuations of the Stokes and anti-Stokes surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering intensities in an electrochemical environment

Stokes and anti-Stokes SERRS intensity fluctuations were observed from a roughened silver electrode immersed in diluted solutions of Brilliant Green (BG), a behaviour linked to single-molecule events. The distributions of the anti-Stokes to Stokes ratios were obtained and their shape showed a strong dependence on the applied potential.

Simulação de escoamentos incompressíveis não newtonianos em dutos com expansão brusca

O objetivo deste trabalho é a simulação numérica de escoamentos incompressíveis bidimensionais em dutos com expansão brusca, considerando o raio de expansão de 3 : 1. As equações governantes implementadas são as de Navier, que junto com relações constitutivas para a tensão visam representar comportamentos não newtonianos. A integração temporal é feita usando o esquema explícito de Runge-Kutta com três estágios e de segunda ordem; as derivadas espaciais são aproximadas pelo método de diferenças finitas centrais. Escoamentos em expansões bruscas para fluidos newtonianos apresentam um número de Reynolds crítico, dependente do raio de expansão, na qual três soluções passam a ser encontradas: uma solução sim étrica instável e duas soluções assimétricas rebatidas estáveis. Aumentando o número de Reynolds, a solução passa a ser tridimensional e dependente do tempo. Dessa forma, o objetivo é encontrar as diferenças que ocorrem no comportamento do fluxo quando o fluido utilizado possui características não newtonianas. As relações constitutivas empregadas pertencem à classe de fluidos newtonianos generalizados: power-law, Bingham e Herschel-Bulkley. Esses modelos prevêem comportamentos pseudoplásticos e dilatantes, plásticos e viscoplásticos, respectivamente. Os resultados numéricos mostram diferenças entre as soluções newtonianas e não newtonianas para Reynolds variando de 30 a 300. Os valores de Reynolds críticos para o modelo power-law não apresentaram grandes diferenças em comparação com os da solução newtoniana. Algumas variações foram percebidas nos perfis de velocidade. Entretanto, os resultados obtidos com os modelos de Bingham e Herschel-Bulkley apresentaram diferenças significativas quando comparados com os newtonianos com o aumento do parâmetro adimensional Bingham; à medida que Bingham é aumentado, o tamanho dos vórtices diminui. Além disso, os perfis de velocidade apresentam diferenças relevantes, uma vez que o fluxo possui regiões onde o fluido se comporta como sólido.

Reator Gerador de Flocos - RGF : concepção e desenvolvimento básico

O objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi a concepção e o desenvolvimento de um sistema compacto de floculação em linha, em escala semipiloto, com o aproveitamento da energia cinética do fluxo hidráulico para promover a agitação necessária à dispersão de um polímero floculante e a geração dos flocos ao longo de um reator tubular helicoidal. O sistema denominado de Reator Gerador de Flocos (RGF), foi desenvolvido para a geração de flocos aerados ou não (com o uso de um colóide de Fe(OH)3, como modelo) e uma poliacrilamida catiônica de alto peso molecular (Mafloc 490C). Foram testados 5 modelos diferentes de RGFs (variação no comprimento/volume) para a geração dos flocos em diferentes vazões de alimentação e foi selecionado o reator mais eficiente em termos de separação sólido/líquido. Os estudos de avaliação da eficiência de floculação do RGF foram realizados comparativamente através da caracterização dos flocos formados e do comportamento dos flocos numa etapa posterior de separação sólido/líquido. Nos ensaios de geração de flocos não aerados foram medidos o tempo de sedimentação, a turbidez do sobrenadante e o volume sedimentado em cone Imhoff. Ainda, análise fotográfica possibilitou a medição do tamanho dos flocos não aerados e através da correlação logarítmica com a massa dos mesmos, foi possível determinar a dimensão fractal (dF) destes flocos de Fe(OH)3. A eficiência na geração de flocos aerados no RGF com o emprego de microbolhas (diâmetros inferiores a 70 mm) foi avaliada através da velocidade de ascensão dos flocos em uma célula cilíndrica fixa à uma coluna de flotação posterior ao RGF. Estudos de caracterização do regime hidráulico do reator com o emprego de traçadores (azul de metileno) e a determinação do gradiente de velocidade (G) e do número de Reynolds (Re) foram realizados. A curva de resposta do traçador apresentou um pico intenso e estreito, no perfil de velocidade investigado (3L.min-1), caracterizando um fluxo do tipo pistão para o RGF. Ainda, um regime turbulento (Re > 5000) e um G de 1420 s-1 foram determinados. O RGF 3 (modelo 3, com 12m/1,2 L) apresentou a melhor eficiência na geração dos flocos, com e sem o emprego de microbolhas. Nos ensaios de sedimentação, os melhores resultados em termos de velocidade de separação foram obtidos nas seguintes condições experimentais: 4 L.min-1 de vazão de alimentação, 5 mg.L-1 de Mafloc 490C, atingindo velocidade da ordem de 19 m.h-1, turbidez residual de 1 NTU, e volume de sólidos sedimentáveis de 7 mL.L-1. As análises fotográficas permitiram estimar flocos com diâmetros num intervalo entre 400 e 2000 mm. A partir do emprego da equação de sedimentação para fluxo laminar de Stokes, foi constatado o decréscimo da densidade flocos de Fe(OH)3 com o aumento do tamanho dos mesmos, atingindo um valor médio de 1019 kg.m-3. Um dF de 2,98 foi obtido, caracterizando um floco esférico, de baixa porosidade e com estrutura densa. Os melhores resultados na velocidade de ascensão dos flocos aerados foram obtidos com os seguintes parâmetros: vazão de alimentação de 2 L.min-1, concentração de 5 mg.L-1 de Mafloc 490C, sendo obtidas velocidades na ordem de 112 m.h-1. Esses flocos aerados ascendem com velocidades equivalentes à bolhas com diâmetros entre 185 e 240 mm (D50 entre 30-70 mm para as microbolhas individuais e isoladas). A alta velocidade de separação sólido/líquido obtida nos estudos com flocos aerados comparativamente com os flocos não aerados mostram claramente a viabilidade de emprego das microbolhas na separação por floculação- flotação (flutuação). Os resultados obtidos permitem prever um elevado potencial de aplicação em nível industrial do RGF, principalmente por apresentar um baixo tempo de residência, ausência de partes móveis (agitadores), pequena área ocupada, uma mistura do tipo pistão (ideal para floculação), ausência de curto-circuitos ou zonas mortas e um crescimento uniforme com elevada cinética na geração dos flocos.

Computations of the flow past a still sphere at moderate reynolds numbers using an immersed boundary method

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Transition to turbulence in the Reynolds' experiment

In this study we simulate numerically the Reynolds' experiment for the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a pipe. We present a discussion of the results from a dynamical systems perspective when a control parameter, the Reynolds number, is increased. The Landau scenario, where the transition is described by the excitation of infinite oscillatory modes within the fluid, is not observed. Instead what happens is best explained by the Ruelle-Takens scenario in terms of strange attractors. The Lyapunov exponent and fractal dimension for the attractor are calculated together with a measure of complex behaviour called the Lempel-Ziv complexity. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Modelling frequency distributions of 5 minute-averaged solar radiation indexes using Beta probability functions

Five minute-averaged values of sky clearness, direct and diffuse indices, were used to model the frequency distributions of these variables in terms of optical air mass. From more than four years of solar radiation observations it was found that variations in the frequency distributions of the three indices of optical air mass for Botucatu, Brazil, are similar to those in other places, as published in the literature. The proposed models were obtained by linear combination of normalized Beta probability functions, using the observed distributions derived from three years of data. The versatility of these functions allows modelling of all three irradiance indexes to similar levels of accuracy. A comparison with the observed distributions obtained from one year of observations indicate that the models are able to reproduce the observed frequency distributions of all three indices at the 95% confidence level.