"Multiplikationsklubben" : Ett matematikundervisningsprojekt i årskurs 2-4 för att automatisera multiplikationstabellen

I uppsatsen redovisas en studie som gjorts om ett multiplikationsprojekt, som går under namnet Multiplikationsklubben, vilket genomförs av lärare på två skolor i Mellansverige. Projektet syftar till en större måluppfyllelse i matematik genom en bättre automatiserad multiplikationstabell hos eleverna i grundskolans tidiga år. I studien granskas bakgrund, motiv och mål med Multiplikationsklubben. Elevers och lärares olika uppfattningar om multiplikation och tabellkunskaper samt syn på vad multiplikation innebär jämförs med de uppfattningar som olika forskare uttrycker i litteraturen. Genom intervjuer med två lärare och tolv elever på en av skolorna som deltar i Multiplikationsklubben analyseras projektet mot bakgrund av forskning i ämnet. Många av de uppfattningar och idéer som elever och lärare uttrycker återfinns i tidigare studier samt i populärvetenskaplig litteratur inom ämnet, t.ex. att en automatiserad multiplikationstabell hos eleven är grunden inom mycket av matematiken. En annan uppfattning är den att en automatiserad multiplikationstabell kan nås genom förståelse för tabellen och en variation i multiplikationsträningen vilket generar en motivation hos eleven i träningen. Studiens resultat visar att förståelsen för tabellen kan uppnås via en praktisk multiplikationsträning genom multiplikationsspel och ett klossbyggande som strävar mot en konkretisering av multiplikations-tabellen. Multiplikationsprojektet syftar till att lyfta matematiken och nå en högre måluppfyllelse hos eleverna genom en mer motiverande undervisning.

Att arbeta med begreppsförståelse i naturvetenskapsundervisning : En studie om hur lärare i årskurs 2-4 arbetar med naturvetenskapliga begrepp

Syftet med undersökningen är att undersöka hur lärare anger att de arbetar med att skapa begreppsbildning inom NO-ämnena för elever i årskurs 2-4, hur man arbetar för att eleverna ska anamma och förstå begrepp som bearbetas i undervisningen. Studien har genomförts med 8 pedagoger, varav 2 arbetar i årskurs 2, 2 som arbetar i årskurs 3, 3 lärare som arbetar i årskurs 4 och en lärare som arbetar i årskurs 1-3. Tanken med studien var att som blivande lärare i NO-ämnena få ta del av lärares goda exempel på hur begreppsförståelse skapas. Resultatet visar att samtliga lärare har många goda exempel på metoder för att arbeta med begreppsbildning men att alla metoder inte används av alla lärare. Samtliga lärare belyser vikten av kommunikation i begreppsbildningen och att det är något som måste ske kontinuerligt i undervisningen.

Photochemical degradation of 2,4-D and atrazine in well-defined media

Atrazine and 2,4-D are common herbicides used for crop, lawn, and rangeland management. Photochemical degradation has been proposed as one safe and efficient remediation strategy for both 2,4-D and Atrazine. In the presence of iron(llI) and hydrogen peroxide these herbicides decay by both thermal and light induced oxidation. Past studies have focused primarily on sun light as an energy source. This work provides a mechanistic description of herbicide degradation incorporating intermediate degradation products produced in the dark and under well-defined light conditions.

Leitura rítmica em denominadores 2, 4 e 8

Material destinado a alunos iniciantes de Música, com sugestões para atividades didáticas.

Avaliação da eficiência da mistura pronta de glyphosate + 2,4-D no controle da Commelina virginica L. em citros

Um dos herbicidas mais utilizados para o controle de plantas daninhas em pós-emergência nos pomares cítricos paulistas é o glyphosate. No entanto, este herbicida aplicado isoladamente e nas doses recomendadas, tem proporcionado seleção da planta daninha trapoeraba (Commelina virginica L.), devido à grande tolerância da mesma, somada à eficiente eliminação das demais espécies da comunidade infestante. em vista disso, e pela falta de opções , faz-se necessária a pesquisa de outros herbicidas ou misturas de herbicidas que sejam eficientes no controle da trapoeraba, de baixa toxicidade para os aplicadores, sistêmicos, e que sejam seletivos às plantas cítricas. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de estudar a eficiência da mistura pronta dos herbicidas glyphosate + 2,4-D amina no controle da trapoeraba em citros [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], em comparação com estes mesmos herbicidas aplicados isoladamente, bem como os possíveis efeitos fitotóxicos da mesma à cultura. O experimento foi instalado na região de Catanduva-SP, em um pomar de laranja Pera clone Rio, enxertada sobre limão Cravo, com dez anos de idade, plantado em um espaçamento de 8,0 x 6,5 m. A aplicação dos herbicidas foi realizada em 20 de fevereiro de 1991, de forma dirigida, em pós-emergência tardia da trapoeraba, quando a mesma já florescia e tinha altura variável entre 15 e 60 cm. A análise e interpretação dos resultados obtidos mostraram que a mistura pronta de glyphosate + 2,4-D apresenta um controle superior da trapoeraba em relação aos produtos aplicados isoladamente, não havendo diferenças significativas no controle para doses superiores a 0,60 + 0,80 kg i.a./ha. Os dados obtidos reforçam a teoria de sinergismo entre os dois produtos. em nenhum dos tratamentos foi verificado sintomas visuais de intoxicação nas laranjeiras.

Ticks' response to feeding on host immunized with glandular extracts of Rhipicephalus sanguineus females fed for 2, 4, and 6 days. I. Inactivity or early degeneration of salivary glands?

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Detached leaf culture: Viability to evaluate 2,4-D toxicity symptoms in cotton apex leaves

To study the viability of detached leaf culture technique, studies were carried out with detached leaves from cotton apex (true trilobed leaves). The prepared leaves were sprayed with 2,4-D amine and ester, at rates of 10, 30, 70, and 100% of the recommended doses. Detached leaves without herbicide spray were used as controls. Simultaneously, a greenhouse experiment was conducted with the same treatments as used for the detached leaves experiment. Toxicity was measured through a 0-to-5 grading according to the percentage of affected leaf area in the detached leaves experiment or examining the affected rate of whole plant as indicated in the greenhouse. Results showed that the ester form of the herbicide induced earlier and more severe toxicity symptoms in detached leaves and greenhouse grown plants. Positive and significant correlations (p < 0.001) were found between toxicity results obtained at 7 and 14 days after application in detached leaves and greenhouse plants (r = 0.97 and 0.92, respectively). Negative, significant correlations (p < 0.005) were found between the toxicity levels found at 7 and 14 days after application in detached leaves and dry matter of cotton plants grown in the greenhouse (r = -0.92 and -0.92, respectively).

Eficácia do glyphosate e 2,4-d no controle de espécies de trapoerabas (commelina spp.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of glyphosate and 2,4-D for the Commelina benghalensis, Commelina diffusa and Commelina erecta. Three experiments were conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized in factorial scheme 3x7+1 (three herbicides x seven periods - hour after application) for two methods for measuring absorption of herbicides (simulated rain and cut the leaves applied), and a control without application, with four replications. The herbicides used were: glyphosate (1,080 g ha(-1)), 2,4-D amine (720 g ha(-1)) and, mixture glyphosate + 2,4-D (720 + 720 g ha(-1)). It was evaluated seven time intervals for washing (simulating rainfall after application) and cut (simulation abortion as a strategy of defense) the leaves applied: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours after herbicide application (HHA). The minimum period for absorption of glyphosate alone and in mixture with 2,4 -D presented a satisfactory control (> 90.0%) was around 12 HHA to C. benghalensis, C. diffusa and C. erecta, independently of washing or cut the leaves applied. This observed behavior can influence the time required without rain after herbicide application, besides that, the plants aborted part of the stem with injuries to avoid the herbicide translocation, especially when was used the 2,4-D alone. Concluded that glyphosate alone and in mixture with 2,4-D were efficient and that the differences in the control of species may be due to variation of time to absorb the herbicide.

Influência da chuva na eficácia do herbicida 2,4-D no controle de Myriophyllum aquaticum

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de controle de duas doses do herbicida 2,4-D pulverizado em plantas de M. aquaticum e submetido à simulação de chuva em diferentes períodos de tempo após sua aplicação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, disposto em um esquema fatorial 2 x 8 (duas doses de herbicida e oito intervalos de chuva). Utilizou-se o herbicida 2,4-D, na formulação comercial DMA 806, em duas doses: 670 e 1.340 g e.a. ha-1. A simulação de uma chuva de 15 mm, com duração de cinco minutos, foi realizada em oito intervalos de tempo após a pulverização do herbicida (0,25h, 0,5h, 1h, 2h, 4h, 8h, 12h e sem chuva). Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos. As duas doses avaliadas do herbicida 2,4-D foram eficientes no controle das plantas de M. aquaticum, mesmo com ocorrência de chuva 15 minutos após sua aplicação.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Palladium(II) Complexes of 1,2,4-Triazole on Murine Peritoneal Macrophages

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Synthesis, characterization, X-ray structure and in vitro anti mycobacterial and antitumoral activities of Ru(II) phosphine/diimine complexes containing the "SpymMe(2)" ligand, SpymMe(2)=4,6-dimethyl-2-mercaptopyrimidine

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Acute 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid intoxication in broiler chicks

The acute toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a herbicide, was studied in chicks dosed with 100, 300, 500, or 600 mg 2,4-D/kg BW, by the oral route. Clinical, laboratory, and histopathological methods were used as indicators of toxicity. After acute exposure, the herbicide decreased motor activity and induced muscular weakness and motor incoordination; decreased weight gain; increased serum creatine kinase (CK) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities and serum uric acid (UA), creatinine (CR), and total proteins (TP) levels; and did not change serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. These changes were time-and dose-dependent and reversible. The LD50 (lethal dose 50%) calculated for oral 2,4-D in chicks was 420 mg/kg BW (385 to 483). Chromatographic analysis of the serum of the intoxicated chicks showed the presence of the herbicide; the amount found was dose-and time-dependent, increasing from 2 to 8 h after exposure and decreasing afterwards. Histopathological post-mortem studies conducted on intoxicated chicks showed hepatic (vacuolar degeneration of the hepatocytes), renal (tubular nephrosis), and intestinal (hemorragic) lesions. Taken together, the observed alterations mainly reflected kidney and muscle tissue damage, although hepatic toxicity may also have occurred after acute 2,4-D intoxication.

Ethyl (E)-2-methoxyimino-2-(4-nitrobenzoyl)acetate

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

(Z)-Ethyl 2-hydroxyimino-2-(4-nitrobenzyl)ethanoate

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

2,2,6-Trimethyl-5-[2-(4-methylphenyl)ethynyl]-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)