Inferência lógica e os sistemas de derivação

Nestes slides são apresentados conceitos sobre a inferência lógica e os sistemas de derivação. Define o conceito de argumento válido, e demonstra que a verificação da validade de argumentos pode ser feita por meio de tabelas-verdade e pelo uso de regras de inferência.

Lógica proposicional: Alfabeto e considerações iniciais

São apresentados alguns itens do Guia da Disciplina. Depois são apresentados alguns conceitos básicos de lógica proposicional, como: operadores e funções lógicas binárias, tabelas-verdade, consequência e equivalência lógica e proposições associadas à condicionais.

Comparação de sistemas de programação

Este trabalho compara as soluções disponibilizadas pelos sistemas Derive 5.0, Maple 6 e Mathematica 4.0 para problemas que encontramos no ensino secundário e também nos primeiros anos da universidade. Procuramos destacar os aspectos distintos entre cada um dos programas ao mesmo tempo que fazemos referência aos pontos em que tudo se passa de forma semelhante. Esta dissertação aborda o cálculo numérico, o cálculo simbólico, a programação e os gráficos. Para cada um dos assuntos é estudada a forma como se podem resolver os problemas através dos três sistemas comparando-se estas soluções. Inicialmente, é feita uma abordagem que permite ao utilizador adquirir os conhecimentos básicos acerca dos diversos programas. Tratamos de seguida de algumas questões relacionadas com o cálculo numérico e com algumas funções nomeadamente da Teoria dos Números. Referimos listas e funções e são analisadas diversas formas de manipular listas e os seus elementos bem como algumas áreas da Análise Matemática das quais destacamos as equações, a derivação e a integração compreendendo cálculo numérico e cálculo simbólico. Examinamos um vasto conjunto de operações definidas sobre matrizes (representadas como listas de listas) e polinómios que abrangem as operações mais comuns de cada um dos campos. Analisamos também a programação recursiva, a programação imperativa, a programação funcional e a programação por regras de reescrita. A abordagem aqui adoptada foi a de fornecer ao utilizador as construções chave mais importantes que cada paradigma de programação utiliza bem como as informações básicas acerca do funcionamento de cada uma delas de modo a permitir a resolução dos problemas propostos. Por último os gráficos sobre os quais incidiu a nossa análise foram os de uma e de duas variáveis representados no referencial cartesiano, gráficos estes que são os mais utilizados quer ao nível do ensino superior quer ao nível do ensino secundário. A qualidade e a facilidade de obter rapidamente as representações dão outra dimensão ao estudo dos gráficos principalmente quando estamos a falar de gráficos a três dimensões. A ideia de animação gráfica é também aqui abordada sendo evidente os benefícios da utilização da mesma nos programas em que é possível efectuá-la. Concluímos que na programação o Mathematica destaca-se em relação aos demais o mesmo se passando no Maple no respeitante à representação gráfica. O Derive permite que durante o contacto inicial seja mais fácil trabalhar e aprender a linguagem própria.

Dados, informação, conhecimento, ensino de programação, a inteligência empresarial e as suas motivações

O objetivo deste relatório é dar a conhecer um possível percurso de carreira para um aluno que, à entrada no mundo profissional, se interessou por sistemas de suporte à decisão e mais tarde enveredou por uma carreira de docente. Descrevi a minha experiência profissional desde a entrada no curso de Engenharia Informática e as opções que fui tomando durante e depois do curso, demonstrativas do interesse e tendências para a área de suporte à decisão dentro das TI, help desk, assim como pela área do ensino. Assim, o facto de ter trabalhado em diversas áreas e em diversas entidades, colaborei destacadamente na CENTRIA, Portugal Telecom (System Care) e Escola Secundária de Francisco Franco. Nestas entidades fiz desenvolvimento aplicacional em Text Mining, na definição de requisitos, na qualidade e integração de dados e na transmissão de ensinamentos. Esta multiplicidade de contextos permitiu a minha evolução profissional e humana. O curso na FCT-UNL capacitou-me para ser tolerante à frustração, devido aos inúmeros obstáculos com que me fui deparando ao longo do curso, transmitindo-me, assim, uma capacidade de adaptação ao nível das mais diversas tecnologias e metodologias. Ao longo da minha carreira, e graças a todos os ensinamentos assimilados, tenho conseguido ultrapassar sempre as tarefas difíceis a nível técnico, funcional e de gestão que me foram surgindo. Espero transmitir claramente como funcionam os meus projetos, as suas componentes, dificuldades e particularidades.

Contribuição para o estudo da aprendizagem da matemática e da programação em comunidades virtuais de prática com foco no uso de robots como mediadores da aprendizagem

Contribuição para o Estudo da Aprendizagem da Matemática e da Programação em Comunidades Virtuais de Prática com Foco no Uso de Robots como Mediadores da Aprendizagem O propósito deste estudo, desenvolvido no âmbito de um projeto de investigação que envolveu a utilização de robots na aprendizagem colaborativa da Matemática e da Informática através da Web, é analisar e discutir a noção de participação e o processo de construção do conhecimento em comunidades virtuais de prática. O referido projeto foi desenvolvido em três etapas principais. Na primeira, foram selecionadas as ferramentas de comunicação a serem utilizadas. A segunda etapa envolveu a elaboração e contextualização dos problemas-desafio a serem resolvidos pelos grupos virtuais. A terceira e última etapa do projeto compreendeu o registo e a recolha dos dados e informações obtidos nas reuniões virtuais com grupos de alunos do Ensino Secundário e sua posterior análise, utilizando uma abordagem qualitativa de natureza interpretativa, tendo como referencial teórico a teoria da aprendizagem situada de Lave e Wenger e os conceitos subjacentes às comunidades de prática, objetivando com isto melhor compreender os efeitos das tecnologias sobre tais comunidades, bem como as características da aprendizagem realizada em espaços virtuais. A utilização de robots como mediadores da aprendizagem facilitou a exploração de conceitos abstratos fundamentais relativos às áreas da Matemática e da Informática, permitindo com isto que as tarefas de programação necessárias à resolução dos problemas propostos fizessem mais sentido, pelo facto dos resultados obtidos poderem ser concretizados no mundo real.

Ambiente para avaliação de controladores fuzzy aplicados ao método de elevação artificial por bombeio centrífugo submerso

From their early days, Electrical Submergible Pumping (ESP) units have excelled in lifting much greater liquid rates than most of the other types of artificial lift and developed by good performance in wells with high BSW, in onshore and offshore environments. For all artificial lift system, the lifetime and frequency of interventions are of paramount importance, given the high costs of rigs and equipment, plus the losses coming from a halt in production. In search of a better life of the system comes the need to work with the same efficiency and security within the limits of their equipment, this implies the need for periodic adjustments, monitoring and control. How is increasing the prospect of minimizing direct human actions, these adjustments should be made increasingly via automation. The automated system not only provides a longer life, but also greater control over the production of the well. The controller is the brain of most automation systems, it is inserted the logic and strategies in the work process in order to get you to work efficiently. So great is the importance of controlling for any automation system is expected that, with better understanding of ESP system and the development of research, many controllers will be proposed for this method of artificial lift. Once a controller is proposed, it must be tested and validated before they take it as efficient and functional. The use of a producing well or a test well could favor the completion of testing, but with the serious risk that flaws in the design of the controller were to cause damage to oil well equipment, many of them expensive. Given this reality, the main objective of the present work is to present an environment for evaluation of fuzzy controllers for wells equipped with ESP system, using a computer simulator representing a virtual oil well, a software design fuzzy controllers and a PLC. The use of the proposed environment will enable a reduction in time required for testing and adjustments to the controller and evaluated a rapid diagnosis of their efficiency and effectiveness. The control algorithms are implemented in both high-level language, through the controller design software, such as specific language for programming PLCs, Ladder Diagram language.

Sistema inteligente para apoio à decisão na operação de uma malha de escoamento de petróleo

The petroleum production pipeline networks are inherently complex, usually decentralized systems. Strict operational constraints are applied in order to prevent serious problems like environmental disasters or production losses. This paper describes an intelligent system to support decisions in the operation of these networks, proposing a staggering for the pumps of transfer stations that compose them. The intelligent system is formed by blocks which interconnect to process the information and generate the suggestions to the operator. The main block of the system uses fuzzy logic to provide a control based on rules, which incorporate knowledge from experts. Tests performed in the simulation environment provided good results, indicating the applicability of the system in a real oil production environment. The use of the stagger proposed by the system allows a prioritization of the transfer in the network and a flow programming

Redes sociais e a lógica do desvio comportamental em relação às normas de trabalho

This paper aim to check a hypothesis that assumes several behaviors related to social work norm´s obeying as a phenomenon that can be explained by actor´s social network structure and the rational choice processes related to the social norm inside that network, principally the payoff´s analysis received by the closest actors, or neighbors, at a social situation. Taking the sociological paradigm of rational action theory as a basis, the focus is on a debate about the logic of social norms, from Émile Durkheim´s method to Jon Elster´s theory, but also including social network analysis´s variables according to Robert Hanneman; and also Vilfredo Pareto´s constants related to human sociability, at the aim to detect elements that can help the scholars to develop an agent based model which could explain the sociological problem of deviance by a better way than the common sense´s view about morality and ethics at a social work environment

Um estudo sobre as origens da Lógica Matemáitca

The present study has as objective to explaining about the origins of the mathematical logic. This has its beginning attributed to the autodidactic English mathematician George Boole (1815-1864), especially because his books The Mathematical Analysis of Logic (1847) and An Investigation of the Laws of Thought (1854) are recognized as the inaugural works of the referred branch. However, surprisingly, in the same time another mathematician called Augutus of Morgan (1806-1871) it also published a book, entitled Formal Logic (1847), in defense of the mathematic logic. Even so, times later on this same century, another work named Elements of Logic (1875) it appeared evidencing the Aristotelian logic with Richard Whately (1787-1863), considered the better Aristotelian logical of that time. This way, our research, permeated by the history of the mathematics, it intends to study the logic produced by these submerged personages in the golden age of the mathematics (19th century) to we compare the valid systems in referred period and we clarify the origins of the mathematical logic. For that we looked for to delineate the panorama historical wrapper of this study. We described, shortly, biographical considerations about these three representatives of the logic of the 19th century formed an alliance with the exhibition of their point of view as for the logic to the light of the works mentioned above. In this sense, we aspirated to present considerations about what effective Aristotelian´s logic existed in the period of Boole and De Morgan comparing it with the new emerging logic (the mathematical logic). Besides of this, before the textual analysis of the works mentioned above, we still looked for to confront the systems of Boole and De Morgan for we arrive to the reason because the Boole´s system was considered better and more efficient. Separate of this preponderance we longed to study the flaws verified in the logical system of Boole front to their contemporaries' production, verifying, for example, if they repeated or not. We concluded that the origins of the mathematical logic is in the works of logic of George Boole, because, in them, has the presentation of a new logic, matematizada for the laws of the thought similar to the one of the arithmetic, while De Morgan, in your work, expand the Aristotelian logic, but it was still arrested to her

Uma visita ao universo matemático de Lewis Carrol e o (re)encontro com sua lógica do nonsense

Notable mathematics teacher, Lewis Carroll, pseudonym of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832-1898), made the mixture of mathematics with literature a ludic environment for learning that discipline. Author of Alice s Adventures In Wonderland and its sequel Alice Through The Looking Glass, he eventually created a real and complex universe which uses what we call the logic of the nonsense as an element to motivate the development of mathematical thinking of the reader, taking it as well, learn by establishing a link between the concrete (mathematics) and the imaginary (their universe). In order to investigate and discuss the educational potential of their works and state some elements that can contribute to a decentralized math education from the traditional method of following the models and decorate formulas, we visited his works based on the studies of archeology of knowledge (FOUCAULT, 2007), the rational thought and symbolic thinking (VERGANI, 2003) and about the importance of stories and narratives to the development of human cognition (FARIAS, 2006). Through a descriptive, analytical study, we used the literary construction and presented part of our study in form of a mathematical novel, to give the mathematical school a particular charm, without depriving it of its basics properties as discipline and content. Our study showed how the works of Carroll have a strong didactic element that can deploy in various activities of study and teaching for mathematics classes

O processo avaliativo institucional de desempenho do sistema público municipal de Teresina-PI (2001 a 2005): entre a lógica da excelência e a lógica da aprendizagem

This work focalize the institutional and educational evaluation, aiming to investigate the Municipal System Institutional Evaluation Performance of Teresina City Piauí (2001-2005), and to reflect about Institutional System Performance and its contribution to compose a new learning evaluation practice. In this sense, classifies elements about the evaluation practice in two Elementary Education municipal public schools, involving Education Municipal Bureau technicians as managers, pedagogues, teachers and students. Based on the ethnographic studies principles in the educational area, the work employs investigative procedures like document analysis, interviews with groups and individuals and also participator s comments. Intending to comprehend the complexity produced by the institutional and education evaluation processes, the wok reveals the Institutional Evaluation legal and educational political basis and the several positions assumed by the Learning Evaluation, as a classification tool or as a learning enhancement. This work points, as results, to a evaluation culture bipolarity carried out by the Municipal Education System as a explicit control and regulation toll, related to the classification and learning in a interaction process that operates both in the pressure and the reflection, as a culture practice established between excellence of logic and learning. The evaluation history has been construct on the evaluation actions dialectics, joint simultaneously between the Institutional Evaluation Performance and the learning evaluation. The senses, meanings and actions bipolarity is a interaction process product sustained between the institutional evaluation, under the scholar ranking application, and the learning evaluation. In this relativity, the teacher evaluation practice is found, ruled by interesting, thoughts and actions on the school evaluation, allowing a higher security and support to the learning results. Grounded in the researched reality, its possible to say that the teacher s evaluation practice is diversified, with different characteristics, when it is done in the learning search and in the learning intention. In the first case, reflects, rearranges and constructs new actions that lead the student to produce learning. In the second, shows the will, the wish of learning, but is a weak action, producing a not really significant learning and development; as a result, remains the mark approach as a determinant in the student future. The work s hope is to contribute not just to rethink these two evaluations dimensions the institutional and the learning ones but also to organize the school and to improve the pedagogic process

Metodologia para modelagem, validação e programação de controladores lógicos industriais usando statecharts básicos

Due of industrial informatics several attempts have been done to develop notations and semantics, which are used for classifying and describing different kind of system behavior, particularly in the modeling phase. Such attempts provide the infrastructure to resolve some real problems of engineering and construct practical systems that aim at, mainly, to increase the productivity, quality, and security of the process. Despite the many studies that have attempted to develop friendly methods for industrial controller programming, they are still programmed by conventional trial-and-error methods and, in practice, there is little written documentation on these systems. The ideal solution would be to use a computational environment that allows industrial engineers to implement the system using high-level language and that follows international standards. Accordingly, this work proposes a methodology for plant and control modelling of the discrete event systems that include sequential, parallel and timed operations, using a formalism based on Statecharts, denominated Basic Statechart (BSC). The methodology also permits automatic procedures to validate and implement these systems. To validate our methodology, we presented two case studies with typical examples of the manufacturing sector. The first example shows a sequential control for a tagged machine, which is used to illustrated dependences between the devices of the plant. In the second example, we discuss more than one strategy for controlling a manufacturing cell. The model with no control has 72 states (distinct configurations) and, the model with sequential control generated 20 different states, but they only act in 8 distinct configurations. The model with parallel control generated 210 different states, but these 210 configurations act only in 26 distinct configurations, therefore, one strategy control less restrictive than previous. Lastly, we presented one example for highlight the modular characteristic of our methodology, which it is very important to maintenance of applications. In this example, the sensors for identifying pieces in the plant were removed. So, changes in the control model are needed to transmit the information of the input buffer sensor to the others positions of the cell

Algoritmos genéticos: uso de lógica nebulosa e análise de convergência por cadeia de Markov

In this work, the Markov chain will be the tool used in the modeling and analysis of convergence of the genetic algorithm, both the standard version as for the other versions that allows the genetic algorithm. In addition, we intend to compare the performance of the standard version with the fuzzy version, believing that this version gives the genetic algorithm a great ability to find a global optimum, own the global optimization algorithms. The choice of this algorithm is due to the fact that it has become, over the past thirty yares, one of the more importan tool used to find a solution of de optimization problem. This choice is due to its effectiveness in finding a good quality solution to the problem, considering that the knowledge of a good quality solution becomes acceptable given that there may not be another algorithm able to get the optimal solution for many of these problems. However, this algorithm can be set, taking into account, that it is not only dependent on how the problem is represented as but also some of the operators are defined, to the standard version of this, when the parameters are kept fixed, to their versions with variables parameters. Therefore to achieve good performance with the aforementioned algorithm is necessary that it has an adequate criterion in the choice of its parameters, especially the rate of mutation and crossover rate or even the size of the population. It is important to remember that those implementations in which parameters are kept fixed throughout the execution, the modeling algorithm by Markov chain results in a homogeneous chain and when it allows the variation of parameters during the execution, the Markov chain that models becomes be non - homogeneous. Therefore, in an attempt to improve the algorithm performance, few studies have tried to make the setting of the parameters through strategies that capture the intrinsic characteristics of the problem. These characteristics are extracted from the present state of execution, in order to identify and preserve a pattern related to a solution of good quality and at the same time that standard discarding of low quality. Strategies for feature extraction can either use precise techniques as fuzzy techniques, in the latter case being made through a fuzzy controller. A Markov chain is used for modeling and convergence analysis of the algorithm, both in its standard version as for the other. In order to evaluate the performance of a non-homogeneous algorithm tests will be applied to compare the standard fuzzy algorithm with the genetic algorithm, and the rate of change adjusted by a fuzzy controller. To do so, pick up optimization problems whose number of solutions varies exponentially with the number of variables

Utilização de modelos de programação não-linear para sistematização de terras para irrigação em áreas regulares

Objetivou-se com este trabalho, desenvolver modelos de programação não-linear para sistematização de terras, aplicáveis para áreas com formato regular e que minimizem a movimentação de terra, utilizando o software GAMS para o cálculo. Esses modelos foram comparados com o Método dos Quadrados Mínimos Generalizado, desenvolvido por Scaloppi & Willardson (1986), sendo o parâmetro de avaliação o volume de terra movimentado. Concluiu-se que, ambos os modelos de programação não-linear desenvolvidos nesta pesquisa mostraram-se adequados para aplicação em áreas regulares e forneceram menores valores de movimentação de terra quando comparados com o método dos quadrados mínimos.

Arquitetura de controladores fuzzy em redes foundation fieldbus

Foundation Fieldbus Industrial networks are the high standard technology which allows users to create complex control logic and totally decentralized. Although being so advanced, they still have some limitations imposed by their own technology. Attempting to solve one of these limitations, this paper describes how to design a Fuzzy controller in a Foundation Fieldbus network using their basic elements of programming, the functional blocks, so that the network remains fully independent of other devices other than the same instruments that constitute it. Moreover, in this work was developed a tool that aids this process of building the Fuzzy controller, setting the internal parameters of functional blocks and informing how many and which blocks should be used for a given structure. The biggest challenge in creating this controller is exactly the choice of blocks and how to arrange them in order to effectuate the same functions of a Fuzzy controller implemented in other kind of environment. The methodology adopted was to divide each one of the phases of a traditional Fuzzy controller and then create simple structures with the functional blocks to implement them. At the end of the work, the developed controller is compared with a Fuzzy controller implemented in a mathematical program that it has a proper tool for the development and implementation of Fuzzy controllers, obtaining comparatives graphics of performance between both