Polyculture du machoiron Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus avec Oreochromis niloticus en etang

Fingerling catfish Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (P=4.0 g, FL=65.3 mm) and Oreochromis niloticus (P=11.2 g, TL=84.8 mm) were stocked in 0.06 ha earthen ponds at Pass (Annex of the Aquaculture Research Station at Layo, Côte d'Ivoire). The ponds were stocked at densities of 6700 catfish per ha, and 6700 catfish with 3350 tilapias per ha. The study lasted from February to August 1985 and the fish were fed daily at 6% of the estimated catfish biomass with 32% protein pellet. There were no differences in mean weekly water temperature (p > 0.05). The dissolved oxygen concentration was higher in ponds where tilapias were added (p < 0.05) The presence of tilapias seems to have improved water quality and did not affect growth and production of catfish (p > 0.05). Their presence also significantly increased total fish yield (p < 0.05) by 23.5%. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in catfish survival between the two production systems.

Contribution à l'écologie de quelques taxons du zooplancton de Côte d'Ivoire. 3 - Larves de décapodes et lucifer

The warm season is the abundance period of the planktonic larval stages of Decapod Crustacea and of Lucifer faxonii in Ivoirian waters. Two or three maxima occur each year during the enrichments interrupting the warm and oligotropic season: February (small upwellings), June - some years - (first rains) and September - November (flood of rivers, end of cold season). Vertical distribution follows seasonal variations and varies little among the taxons. In a general way, Decapod larvae and Lucifer inhabit superficial layers in cold season and sink down during the warm season. It allows them to follow the maximum of primary production. Lucifer faxonii is breeding almost the year long. Breeds succede at rate of 3,7 weeks approximately.

Excrétion organique du phytoplancton et activité bacterienne hétérotrophe dans le Dôme de Guinée (Océan Atlantique Tropical Est)

Primary production rates in the Gulf the Guinea (east tropical Atlantic) were measured with in situ incubations. The extracellular organic carbon passed through 0.8 u pore size membrane filters averaged 29.5% of the carbon fixed by photosynthesis. These is a good linear correlation (r=0.86) between assimilation and organic excretion. The significance and limits of the method for the measurements of low rates of photosynthesis is discussed. The influence of ecological factors (nutrients, light and stability) cannot be demonstrated. The importance of bacterial regeneration processes by reutilization of algal extracellular products is assessed.

Aspects principaux des variations du phytoplancton sur le plateau continental ivorien

21 surveys over the whole Ivorian continental shelf lead to a description of the phytoplankton repartition according to the different seasons: great and small cold seasons, discharge seasons, and warm seasons. Yearly means of surface cells concentrations range from 1000 to 30000 cells per liter, corresponding to a daily production of 386 to 1166 mg C/m2, according to regression analysis. These values make Côte d'Ivoire a rather rich region, which is subjected to wide standing crop variations.

Variabilité, circulation et chlorophylle dans la région du Dôme d'Angola en février-mars 1971

In February-March 1971 the hydrological conditions off Angola did not display the thermal dome mapped by Mazeika's averages (1967). Cold water cells observed are connected at the surface to a sinuous boundary between low-salinity coastal waters and high-salinity tropical oceanic waters. That boundary coincides rather regularly with an area where trades and SW winds alternate; photosynthesis growths rapidly in a thermoclinal layer that rises until 10 m of the surface but never outcrops. Below a poor and permanent homogeneous surface layer, chlorophyll concentrations show a distribution which is typical of divergence areas. Geostrophical and measured currents show off a transient process in horizontal and vertical movements, however the general curvature of the circulation is propitious to upwelling. Oxygen oversaturations of about 110%, suggest a moderate potential primary production which confirms slowness and alternation of movements. Also, the regular range of the various chemical and biological levels and moderate chlorophyll concentrations suggest an ecosystem where nutrients supply rapidly equilibrate phytoplankton consumption and not at all a 'phytoplankton bloom' area as that which exists in coastal upwelling. Values of Richardson's number show that instability becomes visible at the bottom of the euphotic layer. An evaluation of the vertical motion is inferred by the peculiar distribution and diurnal alternance of the winds shows that 'doming' structures may be sustained by local meteorological events.

L-shell x-ray yields and production cross sections of Zr and Mo bombarded by slow highly charged Ar16+ ions

The L-shell x-ray yields of Zr and Mo bombarded by slow Ar16+ ions are measured. The energy of the Ar16+ ions ranges from about 150keV to 350keV. The L-shell x-ray production cross sections of Zr and Mo are extracted from these yields data. The explanation of these experimental results is in the framework of the adiabatic directionization and the binding energy modified BEA approximation. We consider, in the slow asymmetric collisions such as Ar and Mo/Zr, the transient united atoms (UA) are formed during the ion-surface interaction and the direct-ionization is the main mechanism for the inner-shell vacancy production. Generally, the theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Rare Earth Pyrophosphates: Effective Catalysts for the Production of Acrolein from Vapor-phase Dehydration of Glycerol

Vapor-phase dehydration of glycerol to produce acrolein was investigated at 320 A degrees C over rare earth (including La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) pyrophosphates, which were prepared by precipitation method. The most promising catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, FT-IR, TG-DTA, BET and NH3-TPD measurements. The excellent catalytic performance of rare earth pyrophosphate depends on the appropriate surface acidity which can be obtained by the control of pH value in the precipitation and the calcination temperature, e.g. Nd-4(P2O7)(3) precipitated at pH = 6 and calcined at 500 A degrees C in the catalyst preparation.

Production of active oxygen species from Taxus cuspidata induced by far-UV radiation

In order to understand the role of active oxygen species in mediating plant injuries induced by far-UV radiation, seedlings of Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. were irradiated by far-UV rays in laboratory for 4 weeks. The production of organic free-radicals in detached needles, and the production of O-2(radical anion) and O-1(2) in isolated chloroplasts were detected weekly by electron spin resonance (ESR) to evaluate their relative importance. The results show that the cumulative effect of far-UV irradiation, is best indicated by the production of organic free radicals in the needles, O-2(radical anion) production in chloroplasts is the next. The enhancement of O-1(2) production in chloroplasts by the cumulative far-UV irradiation seems to be not so important as O-2(radical anion) in mediating injuries induced by, far-UV radiation because of its high background value.

Seasonal patterns of gross primary production and ecosystem respiration in an alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

We measured the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) in an alpine meadow ecosystem (latitude 37degrees29'-45'N, longitude 101degrees12'-23'E, 3250 m above sea level) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau throughout 2002 by the eddy covariance method to examine the carbon dynamics and budget on this unique plateau. Diurnal changes in gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R-e) showed that an afternoon increase of NEE was highly associated with an increase of R-e. Seasonal changes in GPP corresponded well to changes in the leaf area index and daily photosynthetic photon flux density. The ratio of GPP/R-e was high and reached about 2.0 during the peak growing season, which indicates that mainly autotrophic respiration controlled the carbon dynamics of the ecosystem. Seasonal changes in mean GPP and R-e showed compensatory behavior as reported for temperate and Mediterranean ecosystems, but those of GPP(max) and R-emax were poorly synchronized. The alpine ecosystem exhibited lower GPP (575 g C m(-2) y(-1)) than, but net ecosystem production (78.5 g C m(-2) y(-1)) similar to, that of subalpine forest ecosystems. The results suggest that the alpine meadow behaved as a CO2 sink during the 1-year measurement period but apparently sequestered a rather small amount of C in comparison with similar alpine ecosystems.

Exploring alternatives for milk quality improvement and more efficient dairy production in a smallholder farming context – case study: Mantaro Valley (Peru)

Consumer demand is revolutionizing the way products are being produced, distributed and marketed. In relation to the dairy sector in developing countries, aspects of milk quality are receiving more attention from both society and the government. However, milk quality management needs to be better addressed in dairy production systems to guarantee the access of stakeholders, mainly small-holders, into dairy markets. The present study is focused on an analysis of the interaction of the upstream part of the dairy supply chain (farmers and dairies) in the Mantaro Valley (Peruvian central Andes), in order to understand possible constraints both stakeholders face implementing milk quality controls and practices; and evaluate “ex-ante” how different strategies suggested to improve milk quality could affect farmers and processors’ profits. The analysis is based on three complementary field studies conducted between 2012 and 2013. Our work has shown that the presence of a dual supply chain combining both formal and informal markets has a direct impact on dairy production at the technical and organizational levels, affecting small formal dairy processors’ possibilities to implement contracts, including agreements on milk quality standards. The analysis of milk quality management from farms to dairy plants highlighted the poor hygiene in the study area, even when average values of milk composition were usually high. Some husbandry practices evaluated at farm level demonstrated cost effectiveness and a big impact on hygienic quality; however, regular application of these practices was limited, since small-scale farmers do not receive a bonus for producing hygienic milk. On the basis of these two results, we co-designed with formal small-scale dairy processors a simulation tool to show prospective scenarios, in which they could select their best product portfolio but also design milk payment systems to reward farmers’ with high milk quality performances. This type of approach allowed dairy processors to realize the importance of including milk quality management in their collection and manufacturing processes, especially in a context of high competition for milk supply. We concluded that the improvement of milk quality in a smallholder farming context requires a more coordinated effort among stakeholders. Successful implementation of strategies will depend on the willingness of small-scale dairy processors to reward farmers producing high milk quality; but also on the support from the State to provide incentives to the stakeholders in the formal sector.

Traitement de données issues d'un corpus écrit multilingue. Approche agile pour l'analyse du discours eurorégional

L'article présente quelques éléments de la procédure mise en place pour traiter un corpus écrit comportant 617 textes (près de 500 000 mots) relatifs aux eurorégions. Complexe et hétérogène à plusieurs titres (technique, linguistique, éditorial, générique, énonciatif), le corpus pose la difficulté majeure de l’appréhension de données multilingues (français, italien, espagnol, anglais, allemand, néerlandais). Sa manipulation a nécessité une réflexion adaptée et une démarche de modélisation que nous qualifions d’« agile » en raison de son caractère souple et itératif. La plateforme d’analyse élaborée permet de disposer de résultats utiles à l’analyse qualitative ultérieure du discours eurorégional. Elle articule un logiciel d'analyse morphosyntaxique éprouvé (TreeTagger) à des programmes (Perl) et à une base de données (SQLite) développés pour optimiser les requêtes multilingues simultanées et l’exportation automatique des résultats. Les fonctionnalités liées à la localisation contextualisée de mots- pivots, au recueil de dénominations et à la détection de segments répétés nous servent ici de guides pour exprimer les besoins de la recherche, les problèmes rencontrés et les solutions proposées. L'analyse d'observables récurrents, à savoir les notions de décision et de responsabilité, illustre le propos.

Recovery of photosynthesis parameters fromin situprofiles of phytoplankton production

We examine a model of the rate of phytoplankton production in the ocean and its dependence on depth. The model is analysed as a function of photosynthesis parameters and it is shown that: (i) production profiles with depth are determined uniquely by the parameter values; (ii) daily water column production is not uniquely determined by the parameter values; (iii) a unique combination of parameters exists for which the model best fits a measured production profile. An inverse procedure is developed to recover photosynthesis parameters from measured profiles of primary production, and its performance tested by application to profiles of primary production collected at the Hawaii Ocean Time Series. For each profile tested, the method is successful in recovery of the photosynthesis parameters. The method can be applied to the estimation of photosynthesis parameters from data on in situ production profiles, which have been collected globally for more than half a century, thereby augmenting the world archive of these parameters for application in ecosystem modelling and estimation of primary production from remotely sensed data.

Línguas em Timor-Leste: que gestão escolar do plurilinguismo?

O presente estudo tem por objetivo compreender, no contexto geopolítico de Timor-Leste, quais as imagens, funções e estatutos das línguas que aí circulam e, simultaneamente, percecionar de que modo a Escola gere essa pluralidade linguística. Para o efeito, tivemos em conta as representações/imagens relativamente às línguas, às suas funções e estatutos, não só dos alunos e dos diferentes atores educativos (professores, diretores de escola e formadores do 1.º e 2.º ciclo), mas também aquelas que circulam em contexto social alargado, onde incluímos os intervenientes e os responsáveis pelas políticas educativas e outros elementos da população. Foi deste modo que procurámos perceber de que forma tais representações se influenciam reciprocamente e se refletem na Escola. O estudo realizado foi de cariz etnográfico. Assim, o investigadorobservador, colocado no terreno, foi produzindo um diário do observador e recolhendo informação etnográfica, através da sua convivência com a sociedade timorense (escritos do quotidiano, questionário à polícia, observação de aula, entre outros), auscultando as “vozes” quer dos alunos (por meio de biografias linguísticas e desenhos), quer dos atores educativos (através de biografias linguísticas e entrevistas), quer ainda dos intervenientes nas políticas educativas (com recurso a entrevistas) e de alguns jovens timorenses, recorrendo de novo às entrevistas. Simultaneamente, foi feita uma recolha documental, ao longo de todo o período em que o estudo decorreu, que integrou fontes escritas (documentos oficiais, como sejam os documentos reguladores das políticas linguísticas e os manuais, fontes não oficiais, incluindo documentos vários e testemunhos e fontes estatísticas, como os Censos) e fontes não escritas (imagens e sons registados, estes posteriormente transcritos). Todos estes dados foram classificados em dados primários e secundários, em função da sua relevância para o estudo. Para a sua análise socorremo-nos da análise de conteúdo para as biografias, as entrevistas e os manuais de língua portuguesa, estes no quadro de uma abordagem para a diversidade linguística e cultural, de uma análise documental para os documentos reguladores do Sistema Educativa e outros documentos oficiais relativos às línguas e, finalmente, recorremos a uma análise biográfica (Molinié, 2011) para os desenhos realizados pelos alunos. Os resultados obtidos vieram evidenciar o multilinguismo social e escolar que se vive no país, as imagens e as funções que as línguas desempenham nestes dois contextos, o escolar e o da sociedade alargada, permitindo-nos compreender que a Escola não é apenas um microcosmos dentro da sociedade, mas um espaço de encontro, por vezes de confronto, entre diversas línguas, culturas e identidades. Ela é também espaço onde as questões do plurilinguismo são mais desafiantes na medida em que as línguas não são apenas objeto de ensino aprendizagem, mas desempenham igualmente funções importantes na aquisição dos saberes escolares, na interação social e no desenvolvimento cognitivo dos alunos. Nestes contextos, ocorrem duas situações relevantes, uma é o facto de a Escola ser um lugar onde os repertórios linguísticos plurilingues dos alunos entram em contacto com as línguas de escolarização, o português, o tétum e o malaio indonésio e outra é que saberes escolares e saberes culturais utilizam línguas diferentes, isto é, os primeiros são veiculados em tétum e português, eventualmente em malaio indonésio, mas os saberes culturais são expressos nas línguas autóctones, ameaçadas, porém, por uma crescente expansão do tétum. Contudo, estas línguas criam também espaços privados, identitários e de coesão social dentro da grande cidade que é Díli. São línguas “secretas” e “de defesa.” Por fim, referiremos a urgência para que se tomem medidas no sentido de se criar um consenso sobre a normalização do tétum, que conduza à sua aplicação em contexto educativo e ao seu desenvolvimento funcional, isto é, que leve à planificação do seu estatuto. Visa-se, com este estudo, contribuir para que os atores, acima referidos, possam «repensar» a Escola, em Timor Leste, e, em particular, no que diz respeito à gestão das línguas que nela circulam, através de uma política linguística (educativa) que beneficie o Sistema Educativo, com eventuais repercussões no âmbito do currículo, da produção de materiais e da formação de professores. Face aos resultados obtidos, ainda que consideremos este estudo como parcelar, pelo facto de ter decorrido, sobretudo, na capital timorense, permitimo-nos sugerir a necessidade de esbater fronteiras entre o espaço escolar e as realidades dos alunos, encontrando uma gestão escolar deste plurilinguismo que crie um currículo mais integrador dos saberes linguísticos dos alunos.

L'homosexualité dans la littérature jeunesse québécoise (1988-2003) du paratexte au personnage

Soixante ans après Orage sur mon corps, comment l'homosexualité adolescente est-elle représentée dans la littérature au Québec? Basée sur la presque totalité des romans et nouvelles pour la jeunesse qui ont abordé le thème de l'homosexualité au Québec ces 15 dernières années, cette analyse se veut d'abord et avant tout un tour d'horizon des romans et nouvelles jeunesses québécoises ou éditées dans une collection jeunesse québécoise, qui présentent un ou plusieurs personnages homosexuels"actifs". Il m'apparaît pertinent de voir, dans un premier temps, par qui ces textes ont été écrits, comment ils sont présentés, dans quelles collections et chez quels éditeurs ils ont été publiés, dans quelles circonstances ils ont pris ou non une place enviable dans la production jeunesse et quelles voies ils ont utilisées pour parvenir à leurs fins. Chaque texte est donc soumis à une analyse systématique de ses auteur, éditeur, directeur de collection, collection, titre et couverture (première et quatrième de couverture). Les informations du paratexte éclairent, dans un second temps, les personnages homosexuels qui sont présentés dans les titres retenus. L'examen du personnage s'effectue autour de points spécifiques: description (physique et psychologique), auxiliaires, références à des éléments ou personnages publics homosexuels, sexualité, autonomie et fonctionnalité dans le texte, principe de l'écart minimal, etc., tout en débordant à l'occasion sur certains éléments dignes d'attention. Cette analyse se veut un premier regard sur ces oeuvres, pour comprendre d'où elles sortent, â quoi elles répondent, dans quel courant elles s'inscrivent et comment elles s'y sont prises pour aborder un sujet délicat dans une société où l'on fait une grande place au roman-miroir tout en éprouvant un malaise évident lorsqu'il est question de sexualité adolescente."--Résumé abrégé par UMI.

Étude comparative d'un journalisme de 1955 avec celui de 2006 dans le quotidien québécois La Presse le cas du journalisme sportif

La recherche porte sur les changements que le journalisme a subis au fil du temps, et particulièrement sur les mutations de toutes sortes que connaît le journalisme sportif entre 1955 et 2006. Elle a pour objectif la mise en évidence des ressemblances et des dissemblances des pages sportives des deux époques étudiées et s'inscrit ainsi dans la lignée des recherches sur les changements paradigmatiques du journalisme, dont les théories ont été proposées par Colette Brin, Jean Charron et Jean de Bonville (1996, 2002, 2004). Le corpus est constitué des pages sportives du quotidien québécois La Presse de 1955 et de 2006. La date des deux journaux a été choisie en fonction d'un événement de référence, le match final de la Coupe Stanley, respectivement le 15 mars 1955 et le 20 juin 2006. Les méthodes retenues, une analyse de contenu et une analyse de textes, visent essentiellement à permettre l'atteinte de notre objectif principal, à savoir une étude comparative des pages sportives de 1955 et de 2006. Trois hypothèses ont été posées. La première, postulant l'existence de différences marquées entre 1955 et 2006, a été confirmée, puisque de nombreuses dissemblances ont été observées, particulièrement en ce qui a trait à l'aspect visuel des deux journaux et à la nature impressionniste du langage. La seconde hypothèse, liée à l'existence présumée d'une relation différente ente le journaliste et le lecteur, a également été largement confirmée. La troisième hypothèse, selon laquelle certains éléments caractéristiques du journalisme de communication allaient jaillir de l'analyse interprétative, a été partiellement confirmée. Les mises en garde de plusieurs chercheurs ainsi que les limites d'une telle recherche ne nous permettent pas d'affirmer l'existence effective du journalisme de communication, mais plutôt de faire ressortir certains points qui montrent que le journalisme contemporain semble aller dans la direction de la communication plutôt que celle de l'information.