An upper atmospheric probe for auroral effects

An electrically floating bare tether in LEO orbit may serve as upper atmospheric probe. Ambient ions bombard the negatively biased tether and liberate secondary electrons, which accelerate through the same voltage to form a magnetically guided planar e-beam resulting in auroral effects at the E-layer. This beam is free from the S/C charging and plasma interaction problems of standard e-beams. The energy flux is weak but varies accross the large beam cross section, allowing continuous observation from the S/C. A brightness scan of line-integrated emissions, that mix emitting altitudes and tether points originating the electrons, is analysed. The tether is magnetically dragged at nighttime operation, when power supply and plasma contactor at the S/C are off for electrical floating; power and contactor are on at daytime for partial current reversal, resulting in thrust. System requirements for keeping average orbital height are discussed.

Short electrodynamic tethers

ED bare theters are best systems to deorbit S/C at end of service. For near polar orbits, usual tethers kept vertical by the gravity gradient, yield too weak magnetic drag. Here we propose keeping tethers perpendicular to the orbital plane. they mus be rigid and short for structural reasons, requiring power supply like Ion thrusters. terher tube-booms that can be rolled up on a drum would lie on each side of the S/C. One boom, carying in idle Hollow Cathode, collects electrons; the opposite boom's HC ejects electrons.

A "Free-Lunch" tour of the Jovian System

An ED-tether mission to Jupiter is presented. A bare tether carrying cathodic devices at both ends but no power supply, and using no propellant, could move 'freely' among Jupiter's 4 great moons. The tour scheme would have current naturally driven throughout by the motional electric field, the Lorentz force switching direction with current around a 'drag' radius of 160,00 kms, where the speed of the jovian ionosphere equals the speed of a spacecraft in circular orbit. With plasma density and magnetic field decreasing rapidly with distance from Jupiter, drag/thrust would only be operated in the inner plasmasphere, current being near shut off conveniently in orbit by disconnecting cathodes or plugging in a very large resistance; the tether could serve as its own power supply by plugging in an electric load where convenient, with just some reduction in thrust or drag. The periapsis of the spacecraft in a heliocentric transfer orbit from Earth would lie inside the drag sphere; with tether deployed and current on around periapsis, magnetic drag allows Jupiter to capture the spacecraft into an elliptic orbit of high eccentricity. Current would be on at succesive perijove passes and off elsewhere, reducing the eccentricity by lowering the apoapsis progressively to allow visits of the giant moons. In a second phase, current is on around apoapsis outside the drag sphere, rising the periapsis until the full orbit lies outside that sphere. In a third phase, current is on at periapsis, increasing the eccentricity until a last push makes the orbit hyperbolic to escape Jupiter. Dynamical issues such as low gravity-gradient at Jupiter and tether orientation in elliptic orbits of high eccentricity are discussed.

Propellantless de orbiting of space debris by bare electrodynamic tethers

A 3-year Project started on November 1 2010, financed by the European Commision within the FP-7 Space Program, and aimed at developing an efficient de-orbit system that could be carried on board by future spacecraft launched into LEO, will be presented. The operational system will deploy a thin uninsulated tape-tether to collect electrons as a giant Langmuir probe, using no propellant/no power supply, and generating power on board. This project will involve free-fall tests, and laboratory hypervelocity-impact and tether-current tests, and design/Manufacturing of subsystems: interface elements, electric control and driving module, electron-ejecting plasma contactor, tether-deployment mechanism/end-mass, and tape samples. Preliminary results to be presented involve: i) devising criteria for sizing the three disparate tape dimensions, affecting mass, resistance, current-collection, magnetic self-field, and survivability against debris itself; ii) assessing the dynamical relevance of tether parameters in implementing control laws to limit oscillations in /off the orbital plane, where passive stability may be marginal; iii) deriving a law for bare-tape current from numerical simulations and chamber tests, taking into account ambient magnetic field, ion ram motion, and adiabatic electron trapping; iv) determining requirements on a year-dormant hollow cathode under long times/broad emission-range operation, and trading-off against use of electron thermal emission; v) determining requirements on magnetic components and power semiconductors for a control module that faces high voltage/power operation under mass/volume limitations; vi) assessing strategies to passively deploy a wide conductive tape that needs no retrieval, while avoiding jamming and ending at minimum libration; vii) evaluating the tape structure as regards conductive and dielectric materials, both lengthwise and in its cross-section, in particular to prevent arcing in triple-point junctions.

Variable impedance LED matrix control system for lamps in PV applications

The interest in LED lighting has been growing recently due to the high efficacy, lifelime and ruggedness that this technology offers. However the key element to guarantee those parameters with these new electronic devices is to keep under control the working temperature of the semiconductor crystal. This paper propases a LED lamp design that fulfils the requ irements of a PV lighting systems, whose main quality criteria is reliability. It uses directly as a power supply a non·stabilized constant voltage source, as batteries. An electronic control architecture is used to regulate the current applied to the LEO matri)( according to their temperature and the voltage output value of the batteries with two pulse modulation signals (PWM) signals. The first one connects and disconnects the LEOs to the power supply and the second one connects and disconnects several emitters to the electric circuit changing its overall impedance. A prototype of the LEO lamp has been implemented and tested at different temperaturas and battery voltages.

Efficiency of electrodynamic tether thrusters

The performance efficiency of electrodynamic bare tethers acting as thrusters in low Earth orbit, as gauged by the ratio of the system mass dedicated to thrust over mission impulse, is analyzed and compared to the performance efficiency of electrical thrusters. Tether systems are much lighter for times beyond six months in space-tug operations, where there is a dedicated solar array, and beyond one month for reboost of the International Space Station, where the solar array is already in place. Bare-tether propulsive efficiency itself, with the tether considered as part of the power plant, is higher for space tugs. Tether optimization shows that thin tapes have greater propulsive efficiency and are less sensitive to plasma density variations in orbit than cylindrical tethers. The efficiency increases with tape length if some segment next to the power supply at the top is insulated to make the tether potential bias vanish at the lower end; multitape tethers must be used to keep the efficiency high at high thrust levels. The efficiency has a maximum for tether-hardware mass equal to the fraction of power-subsystem mass going into ohmic power, though the maximum is very flat. For space tugs, effects of induced-bias changes in orbit might need to be reduced by choosing a moderately large power-subsystem to tether-hardware mass ratio or by tracking the current-voltage characteristic of the solar array.

Advanced Control for Very Fast DC-DC Converters Based on Hysteresis of the C-out Current

The bandwidth achievable by using voltage mode control or current mode control in switch-mode power supply is limited by the switching frequency. Fast transient response requires high switching frequency, although lower switching frequencies could be more suitable for higher efficiency. This paper proposes the use of hysteretic control of the output capacitor $(C_{out})$ current to improve the dynamic response of the buck converter. An external voltage loop is required to accurately regulate the output voltage. The design of the hysteretic loop and the voltage loop are presented. Besides, it is presented a non-invasive current sensor that allows measuring the current in the capacitor. This strategy has been applied for DVS (dynamic voltage scaling) on a 5 MHz buck converter. Experimental results validate the proposed control technique and show fast transient response from 1.5 V to 2.5 V in 2 $mu{rm s}$.

Transformer-coupled converter for voltage modulation techniques

In high performance digital systems as well as in RF systems, voltage scaling and modulation techniques have been adopted to achieve a more efficient processing of the energy. The implementation of such techniques relies on a power supply that is capable of rapidly adjusting the system supply voltage. In this paper, a pulsewidth modulation multiphase topology with magnetic coupling is proposed for its use in voltage modulation techniques. Since the magnetic coupling in this topology is done with transformers instead of coupled inductors, the energy storage is reduced and very fast voltage changes are achieved. Advantages and drawbacks of this topology have been previously presented in the literature and in this paper, the design criteria for implementing a power supply for the envelope elimination and restoration technique in an RF system are presented along with an implementation of the power supply.

Floating Bare Tether as Upper Atmosphere Probe

Use of a (bare) conductive tape electrically floating in LEO as an effective e-beam source that produces artificial auroras, and is free of problems that have marred standard beams, is considered. Ambient ions impacting the tape with KeV energies over most of its length liberate secondary electrons, which race down the magnetic field and excite neutrals in the E-layer, resulting in auroral emissions. The tether would operate at night-time with both a power supply and a plasma contactor off; power and contactor would be on at daytime for reboost. The optimal tape thickness yielding a minimum mass for an autonomous system is determined; the alternative use of an electric thruster for day reboost, depending on mission duration, is discussed. Measurements of emission brightness from the spacecraft could allow determination of the (neutral) density vertical profile in the critical E-layer; the flux and energy in the beam, varying along the tether, allow imaging line-of-sight integrated emissions that mix effects with altitude-dependent neutral density and lead to a brightness peak in the beam footprint at the E-layer. Difficulties in tomographic inversion, to determine the density profile, result from beam broadening, due to elastic collisions, which flattens the peak, and to the highly nonlinear functional dependency of line-of-sight brightness. Some dynamical issues are discussed.

Aplicación de energía geotérmica de muy baja entalpia para la climatización de un edificio de oficinas en Alcorcón, Madrid

El presente Proyecto tiene como propósito el estudio de la viabilidad de la implantación de energía geotérmica de muy baja entalpia para la climatización de un edificio empresarial en Madrid. Para ello se emplearon cálculos teóricos y simulaciones realizadas mediante programas informaticos especializados con el fin de estimar los parámetros técnicos necesarios para su viabilidad. Se estimo el suministro de la potencia necesaria a través de tres bombas de calor tipo agua-agua que sustituyen a las bombas de calor aire-agua individuales anteriormente instaladas. El intercambio de calor se realiza a través de sondas geotérmicas U-Simple. Se dimensionaron los colectores, bombas de circulación, deposito de inercia y vaso de expansión necesarios para funcionamiento del sistema. El estudio económico determino la necesidad de una alta inversión inicial, con una rentabilidad a medio plazo. Además de los beneficios económicos se realizo un estudio de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero demostrando la reducción de los mismos, lo que refleja que además de ser una tecnología económicamente viable es una energía limpia. ABSTRACT The objective of the present project is to evaluate the viability of the imposition of a low-enthalpy geothermal energy system for air conditioning in a business building in Madrid. In this study, both theoretical calculations and numerical simulations in specialized programs were used in order to estimate the technical parameters needed for its viability. We estimated the necessary power supply, which is delivered by three heat water-water pumps that substitute the individual heat air-water pumps previously installed. The heat exchange is achieved through geothermal vertical simple-U probes. Also in this work we have measured the collectors, flow pumps, inertia deposit and the water expansion vessel needed for the proper operation of the system. The economic study determined the need of a high initial investment with mid-term profit. In addition to the economic benefits, the greenhouse gases emissions were evaluated, finding that the geothermal energy system implies a reduction of these emissions. This reflects the fact that, in addition to being economically viable, the geothermal energy is considered a clean energy.

Trade-off study on deorbiting S/C in near polar orbit

Usual long, flexible, ED tethers kept vertical by the gravity gradient might be less efficient for deorbiting S/C in near-polar orbits than conventional (Hall, Ion) electrical thrusters. A trade-off study on this application is here presented for tethers kept horizontal and perpendicular to the orbital plane. A tether thus oriented must be rigid and short for structural reasons, requiring a non-convex cross section and a power supply as in the case of electrical thrusters. Very recent developments on bare-tether collection theory allow predicting the current collected by an arbitrary cross section. For the horizontal tether, structural considerations on length play the role of ohmic effects in vertical tethers, in determining the optimal contribution of tether mass to the overall deorbiting system. For a given deorbiting-mission impulse, tether-system mass is minimal at some optimal length that increases weakly with the impulse. The horizontal-tether system may beat both the vertical tether and the electrical thruster as regards mass requirements for a narrow length range centered at about 100 m, allowing, however, for a broad mission-impulse range.

Instituto de Sistemas Fotovoltaicos de Concentración concentration photovoltaics hybrid system first year of operation and improvements

A photovoltaic (PV) hybrid system combines PV with other forms of electricity generation, usually a diesel generator. The system presented in this paper uses concentration photovoltaic (CPV) as the main generator in combination with a storage system and the grid, configured as the backup power supply. The load of the system consists of an air conditioning system of an office building. This paper presents the results obtained from the first months of operation of the CPV hybrid system installed at Instituto de Sistemas Fotovoltaicos de Concentración facilities together with exhaustive simulations in order to model the system behaviour and be able to improve the self-consumption ratio. This system represents a first approach to the use of a CPV in office buildings complemented by an existing AC-coupled hybrid system. The contribution of this paper to the analysis of this new system and the existing tools available for its simulation, at least a part of it, can be considered as a starting point for the development of these kinds of systems.

Sistema portátil de medida de dispositivos sometidos a ensayos en campo

El proyecto fin de carrera “Sistema Portátil de Medida de Dispositivos Sometidos a Ensayos en Campo” es un proyecto acometido para el desarrollo y evaluación de un sistema de medición portátil y confiable, que permita la realización de mediciones de curvas I-V en campo, en condiciones reales de funcionamiento. Dado que la finalidad de este proyecto fin de carrera es la obtención de un sistema para la realización de mediciones en campo, en la implementación del proyecto se tendrán como requisitos principales de diseño el tamaño, la fuente de alimentación, el peso del sistema, además de la fiabilidad y una relativa precisión en la realización de mediciones. Durante la realización de este proyecto y dados los requerimientos anteriores de portabilidad y fiabilidad, se ha buscado ofrecer una solución de compromiso diseñando un equipamiento que sea realizable, que cumpla con los objetivos anteriores con un coste que no sea elevado y con la característica de que disponga de una facilidad de manejo que permita a cualquier usuario la utilización del mismo. El sistema final diseñado está basado en el dispositivo de adquisición de datos MyDAQ de National Instruments que permite la realización de múltiples tipos de mediciones. En base a este dispositivo de adquisición de datos, se ha diseñado un sistema de medición con una arquitectura que se implementa a través de un ordenador portátil, con un software de medición instalado que recopila e interpreta los datos, y que alimenta y controla al dispositivo a través del puerto USB. El sistema también implementa una carga variable que permite la medición de la curva I-V en iluminación de células o mini-paneles fotovoltaicos. Este diseño permite que para la realización de las mediciones de las curvas I-V en iluminación en campo sólo se requiera conectar el dispositivo de adquisición a un PC portátil con batería y a la carga variable. Aunque este diseño es específico para la medición de células solares se ha implementado de forma que pueda extrapolarse fácilmente a otro tipo de medición de tensión y corriente. Para la comprobación de la precisión del sistema portátil de medidas, durante el proyecto se ha procedido a la comparación de los resultados obtenidos del sistema diseñado con un equipo de caracterización en laboratorio. Dicho sistema de alta exactitud permite cuantificar la degradación real de la célula y establecer una comparación de mediciones con el sistema portátil de medida, ofreciendo resultados satisfactorios en todas las mediciones realizadas y permitiendo concluir la evaluación del sistema portátil como apto para las mediciones de dispositivos en campo. El proceso de evaluación del equipamiento diseñado consistiría en la medida de la curva I-V en laboratorio de un dispositivo fotovoltaico con instrumentación de alta precisión y condiciones controladas de luz y temperatura de un dispositivo, célula o mini-panel. Tras la medida inicial las células se instalarían en campo y se realizaría una caracterización periódica de los dispositivos mediante el sistema portátil de medida, que permitiría evidenciar si en la curva I-V bajo iluminación existe degradación, y en qué zona de la curva. Al finalizar el ensayo o en periodos intermedios se desmontarían los dispositivos para volver a medir la curva I-V con exactitud en laboratorio. Por tanto el sistema portátil de medida, debe permitir evaluar la evolución de la curva I-V en condiciones ambientales similares a obtenidas en medidas anteriores, y a partir de la misma determinar el modo de degradación del dispositivo, no siendo necesaria una elevada precisión de medida para ofrecer resultados exactos de degradación, que sólo podrán medirse en el laboratorio. ABSTRACT. The final degree project "Portable Measurement System For Devices Under Field Tests" is a project undertaken for the development and evaluation of portable and reliable measurement equipment, which allows the realization of I-V curve measurements in field conditions actual operation. Since the purpose of this final project is to obtain a system for conducting field measurements in the implementation of the project will have as main design requirements for size, power supply, system weight, plus reliability and precision relative to the taking of measurements. During the development of this project and given the above requirements portability and reliability, has sought to offer a compromise designing equipment that is achievable, that meets the above objectives with a cost that is not high and the feature that available management facility that allows any user to use it. The final system is designed based on the acquisition device MyDAQ NI data that allows the execution of multiple types of measurements. Based on this data acquisition device, we have designed a measurement system with an architecture that is implemented via a laptop, with measurement software installed that collects and interprets data, and feeds and controls the device through the USB port. The system also implements a variable load which allows measurement of the I-V curve lighting photovoltaic cells. This design allows performing measurements of I-V curves in lighting field is only required to connect the device to purchase a laptop with a battery and variable load. Although this design is specific for the measurement of solar cells has been implemented so that it can easily be extrapolated to other types of measuring voltage and current. To test the accuracy of the portable measurement system during the project has been carried out to compare the results of the designed system, a team of laboratory characterization. This system of high accuracy to quantify the actual degradation of the cell and a comparison of measurements with portable measurement system, providing satisfactory results in all measurements and allowing complete portable system assessment as suitable for measurements of devices field. The evaluation process designed equipment would be far laboratory I-V curve of a photovoltaic device with high precision instrumentation controlled light and temperature of a device, panel or mini-cell conditions. After initial measurement cells settle in a periodic field and device characterization will be achieved through the portable measurement system, which would show whether the I-V curve under illumination degradation exists, and in which area of the curve. At the end of the trial or in interim periods devices to remeasure the I-V curve accurately in laboratory dismount. Therefore the portable measurement system should allow evaluating the evolution of the I-V curve similar to previous measurements obtained in ambient conditions, and from it determine the mode of degradation of the device, not a high measurement accuracy to be necessary to provide degradation accurate results, which can only be measured in the laboratory.

Desarrollo de un sistema automático de medida para el control del consumo en sistemas empotrados

El Grupo de Diseño Electrónico y Microelectrónico de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid -GDEM- se dedica, entre otras cosas, al estudio y mejora del consumo en sistemas empotrados. Es en este lugar y sobre este tema donde el proyecto a exponer ha tomado forma y desarrollo. Según un artículo de la revista online Revista de Electrónica Embebida, un sistema empotrado o embebido es aquel “sistema controlado por un microprocesador y que gracias a la programación que incorpora o que se le debe incorporar, realiza una función específica para la que ha sido diseñado, integrando en su interior la mayoría de los elementos necesarios para realizar dicho función”. El porqué de estudiar sobre este tema responde a que, cada vez, hay mayor presencia de sistemas empotrados en nuestra vida cotidiana. Esto es debido a que se está tendiendo a dotar de “inteligencia” a todo lo que puedan hacer nuestra vida un poco más fácil. Nos podemos encontrar dichos sistemas en fábricas, oficinas de atención a los ciudadanos, sistemas de seguridad de hogar, relojes, móviles, lavadoras, hornos, aspiradores y un largo etcétera en cualquier aparato que nos podamos imaginar. A pesar de sus grandes ventajas, aún hay grandes inconvenientes. El mayor problema que supone a día de hoy es la autonomía del mismo sistema, ya que hablamos de aparatos que muchas veces están alimentados por baterías -para ayudar a su portabilidad–. Por esto, se está intentando dotar a dichos sistemas de una capacidad de ahorro de energía y toma de decisiones que podrían ayudar a duplicar la autonomía de dicha batería. Un ejemplo claro son los Smartphones de hoy en día, unos aparatos casi indispensables que pueden tener una autonomía de un día. Esto es poco práctico para el usuario en caso de viajes, trabajo u otras situaciones en las que se le dé mucho uso y no pueda tener acceso a una red eléctrica. Es por esto que surge la necesidad de investigar, sin necesidad de mejorar el hardware del sistema, una manera de mejorar esta situación. Este proyecto trabajará en esa línea creando un sistema automático de medida el cual generará las corrientes que servirán como entrada para verificar el sistema de adquisición que junto con la tarjeta Beagle Board permitirá la toma de decisiones en relación con el consumo de energía. Para realizar este sistema, nos ayudaremos de diferentes herramientas que podremos encontrar en el laboratorio del GDEM, como la fuente de alimentación Agilent y la Beagle Board –como principales herramientas de trabajo- . El objetivo principal será la simulación de unas señales que, después de pasar un proceso de conversión y tratado, harán la función de representación del consumo de cada una de las partes que pueden formar un sistema empotrado genérico. Por lo tanto, podemos decir que el sistema hará la funcionalidad de un banco de pruebas que ayudará a simular dicho consumo para que el microprocesador del sistema pueda llegar a tomar alguna decisión. ABSTRACT. The Electronic and Microelectronic Design Group of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid -GDEM- is in charge, between other issues, of improving the embedded system’s consumption. It is in this place and about this subject where the exposed project has taken shape and development. According to an article from de online magazine Revista de Electronica Embebida, an embedded system is “the one controlled by a microprocessor and, thanks to the programing that it includes, it carries out a specific function what it has been designed for, being integrated in it the most necessary elements for realizing the already said function”. The because of studying this subject, answers that each time there is more presence of the embedded system in our daily life. This is due to the tendency of providing “intelligence” to all what can make our lives easier. We can find this kind of systems in factories, offices, security systems, watchers, mobile phones, washing machines, ovens, hoovers and, definitely, in all kind of machines what we can think of. Despite its large vantages, there are still some inconveniences. Nowadays, the most important problem is the autonomy of the system itself when machines that have to be supplied by batteries –making easier the portability-. Therefore, this project is going after a save capacity of energy for the system as well as being able to take decisions in order to duplicate batteries’ autonomy. Smartphones are a clear example. They are a very successful product but the autonomy is just one day. This is not practical for users, at all, if they have to travel, to work or to do any activity that involves a huge use of the phone without a socket nearby. That is why the need of investigating a way to improve this situation. This project is working on this line, creating an automatic system that will generate the currents for verifying the acquisition system that, with the beagle board, will help taking decisions regarding the energy’s consumption. To carry out this system, we need different tools that we can find in the laboratory of the group previously mentioned, like power supply Agilent and the Beagle Board – as main working tools –. The main goal is the simulation of some signals that, after a conversion process, will represent de consumption of each of the parts in the embedded generic system. Therefore, the system will be a testing ground that simulate the consumption, once sent to the processor, to be processed and so the microprocessor system might take some decision.

A voltage disturbances prototype for testing electrical generators connected to microgrids

The search for new energy models arises as a necessity to have a sustainable power supply. The inclusion of distributed generation sources (DG) allows to reduce the cost of facilities, increase the security of the grid or alleviate problems of congestion through the redistribution of power flows. In remote microgrids it is needed in a particular way a safe and reliable supply, which can cover the demand for a low cost; due to this, distributed generation is an alternative that is being widely introduced in these grids. But the remote microgrids are especially weak grids because of their small size, low voltage level, reduced network mesh and distribution lines with a high ratio R/X. This ratio affects the coupling between grid voltages and phase shifts, and stability becomes an issue of greater importance than in interconnected systems. To ensure the appropriate behavior of generation sources inserted in remote microgrids -and, in general, any electrical equipment-, it is essential to have devices for testing and certification. These devices must, not only faithfully reproduce disturbances occurring in remote microgrids, but also to behave against the equipment under test (EUT) as a real weak grid. This also makes the device commercially competitive. To meet these objectives and based on the aforementioned, it has been designed, built and tested a voltage disturbances generator, in order to provide a simple, versatile, full and easily scalable device to manufacturers and laboratories in the sector.