Partitioning the relative fitness effects of diet and trophic morphology in the threespine stickleback

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Reproduction of Cichla kelberi Kullander and Ferreira, 2006 introduced into an artificial lake in southeastern Brazil

O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar a reprodução de Cichla kelberi em um lago artificial no município de Leme, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A época reprodutiva ocorreu na primavera e verão. O L50 e o L100 desta espécie foram de 192 e 235 mm (L50) para machos e fêmeas, respectivamente e 290 mm (L100) para ambos os sexos. A desova foi do tipo parcelado. O tamanho dos ovócitos maduros foi de 428,4 µm, atingindo o máximo em 2.203,2 µm. A média da fecundidade foi de 12.129,2 ovócitos com média de cada desova de 4.897,7 ovócitos. Esta espécie adequou-se à definição de peixes com fecundação externa, não migradoras e com cuidado parental da prole. Os atributos para a introdução dos tucunarés podem ser tentadores. Porém, suas características reprodutivas e alimentares fazem com que não existam competidores ou predadores naturais e, assim, a sua expansão populacional seja de difícil controle e erradicação.

Capacidade de colonização de Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) em cercas-vivas, quebra-ventos e plantas invasoras

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a capacidade de colonização do Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) em espécies de cercas-vivas, quebra-ventos e plantas invasoras mais freqüentes em pomares cítricos. O ensaio foi conduzido em laboratório e casa-de-vegetação, utilizando-se 11 espécies vegetais (tratamentos): Hibiscus sp., Malvaviscus mollis, Grevillea robusta, Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia, Bixa orellana, Euphorbia splendens, Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis, Sida cordifolia e Ageratum conyzoides e Citrus sinensis. Adotou-se o delineamento estatístico de blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. Para cada unidade experimental, constituída de uma planta envasada, foram transferidas 100 fêmeas de B. phoenicis provenientes de uma criação estoque. Decorridos 45 dias após a transferência dos ácaros para as plantas invasoras e 60 dias para as cercas-vivas e os quebra-ventos, estas tiveram suas folhas destacadas e seus ramos repicados para avaliação dos totais de estágios de desenvolvimento. Os dados relativos às contagens foram transformados em ln(x+5) e analisados pelo teste F. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P < 0,05). As cercas-vivas e quebra-ventos mais favoráveis ao ácaro, em ordem decrescente, foram: M. mollis (6.342 ácaros), Hibiscus sp. (2.546), B. orellana (2.097), G. robusta (1.485) e M. caesalpiniaefolia (776). Nenhum ácaro foi encontrado em E. splendens. Com relação às plantas invasoras, foram: B. pilosa (2.238), C. benghalensis (920), S. cordifolia (738) e A. conyzoides (684). em C. sinensis foram contados 3.116 ácaros. Com exceção de E. splendens, todas as plantas mostraram-se favoráveis ao crescimento populacional de B. phoenicis. A presença destes nos pomares cítricos pode representar uma ameaça à cultura.

Fertility tables of two populations of the parthenogenetic species Poratia salvator (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Pyrgodesmidae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Developmental biology, polymorphism and ecological aspects of Stiretrus decemguttatus (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), an important predator of cassidine beetles

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Agressividade de linhagens de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. aurantifolii Tipo C em lima ácida 'Galego'

O presente trabalho objetivou gerar informações referentes à agressividade de linhagens de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. aurantifolii Tipo C(Xaa-C), produtoras (PP) e não produtoras de pigmento (NP) escuro em meio de cultura, comparativamente a X. axonopodis pv. citri Tipo A (Xac) . Os tratamentos foram formados por 14 linhagens, sendo sete de Xaa-C PP, cinco Xaa-C NP, e duas linhagens de Xac. As linhagens foram inoculadas através de ferimentos, em folhas de lima ácida 'Galego' (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle), com agulha previamente mergulhada em uma suspensão de células bacterianas (10(7) UFC/mL). Foram realizadas dez repetições para cada tratamento, representadas por uma planta cada. As plantas foram mantidas em casa de vegetação durante todo o experimento. As linhagens diferiram entre si quanto ao período de incubação, diâmetro e populações bacterianas das lesões e, comparativamente, Xaa-C NP mostraram-se mais agressivas do que Xaa-C PP. Algumas linhagens induziram sintomas que diferiram quanto à presença e extensão de anasarca, halo amarelo e saliência do tecido necrosado.

Estimation of (co)variance components and genetic parameters for weights of red-winged tinamou using random regression models

Com este trabalho objetivou-se determinar parâmetros genéticos para peso corporal de perdizes em cativeiro. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão aleatória na análise dos dados considerando os efeitos genéticos aditivos diretos (AD) e de ambiente permanente de animal (AP) como aleatórios. As variâncias residuais foram modeladas utilizando-se funções de variância de ordem 5. A curva média da população foi ajustada por polinômios ortogonais de Legendre de ordem 6. Os efeitos genéticos aditivos diretos e de ambiente permanente de animal foram modelados utilizando-se polinômios de Legendre de segunda a nona ordem. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos pelos modelos de ordem 6 de ajuste para os efeitos genéticos aditivos diretos e de ordem 3 para os de ambiente permanente pelo Critério de Informação de Akaike e ordem 3 para ambos os efeitos pelos Critério de Informação Bayesiano de Schwartz e Teste de Razão de Verossimilhança. As herdabilidades estimadas variaram de 0,02 a 0,57. O primeiro autovalor respondeu por 94 e 90% da variação decorrente de efeitos aditivos diretos e de ambiente permanente, respectivamente. A seleção de perdizes para peso corporal é mais efetiva a partir de 112 dias de idade.

Insecticide selectivity to two species of Trichogramma in three different hosts, as determined by IOBC/WPRS methodology

BACKGROUND: The use of Trichogramma species is a potential key strategy in integrated pest management. However, its effectiveness depends on the use of chemicals that do not interfere with parasitism and parasite population growth. Here, a study was made of the effects of synthetic insecticides on Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogramma exiguum in different hosts (Ephestia kuehniella, Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera frugiperda) and the influence of International Organisation for Biological Control (IOBC/WPRS) methodology in selectivity studies using different Trichogramma species. The insecticides used were commercial formulations (triflumuron at a concentration of 0.2 mL L-1 water, etofenprox at a concentration of 0.47 mL L-1 water and endosulfan at a concentration of 7.5 mL L-1 water); the control treatment consisted of distilled water. Eggs attached to cardboard cards were offered to parasitoids inside glass cages. Parasitised eggs, parasitism and adult emergence rates and parasitism reduction were evaluated.RESULTS: Endosulfan and etofenprox, classified as class-4 toxic products, were extremely toxic to the parasitoids. Triflumuron, classified as a non-toxic product, was selective to the parasitoids in eggs of all hosts.CONCLUSIONS: The methodology recommended by IOBC/WPRS influenced results regarding the use of different species of parasitoids, and the use of a single parasitoid species in their experiment is questionable. (C) 2011 Society of Chemical Industry

Áreas ecologicamente estáveis como instrumento de planejamento ambiental

The population growth phenomenon, coupled with recent urbanization, is seen in all continents and generates huge pressures on the physical and biotic environment, resulting in floods in several areas, desertification in others, and also various forms of pollution that cause serious problems to human health. It is appropriate to ask, what actions can be implemented in consolidated urban areas to improve the quality of life in this environment? What growth alternatives present themselves to today's society in order to keep an acceptable level of environmental quality in urban centers? A possibility is presented herein, stemming from the application of the Biotope Area Factor (BAF; www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de) to an area of a Brazilian municipality. Current growing waterproofing requirements fur lots of the area were assesed, comparing them with those that would be desirable by the implementation of the BAF. The associated costs of this deployment are also discussed.

The spatial dynamics of native and introduced blowflies (Dipt., Calliphoridae)

The spatial dynamics of three blowfly species was investigated using a spatially extended model of density-dependent population growth and the results indicate an overall stabilizing effect. Introduction of diffusive dispersal induced a quantitative effect of damping variation in population size on the route to a one-fixed point equilibrium in the native species, Cochliomyia macellaria. On the other hand, diffusive dispersal caused qualitative shifts in the dynamics of two invading species, Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya putoria. In both species diffusive dispersal can produce a qualitative shift from a two-point limit cycle to a one fixed-point dynamics. Quantitatively, dispersal also has the effect of damping oscillations in population size in the invading species.

Flutua_̧tiao populacional de formas aladas de Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Studies related with the flight activity of aphids captured with traps can be useful to predict the appearance of alate forms in the field. It is also useful to understand the population dynamics of those insects. This work was carried out at the Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, State of São Paulo, during the period from July 1997 to December 1999, aiming to determine the population curve of alate Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) in the region of Jaboticabal and the influence meteorological factors plays on it. The population survey was carried out in four places, and the alate aphids were sampled by yellow water traps. The influence of air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and sunshine brightness was verified using stepwise regression. The first captures of alate B. brassicae in the traps began at the end of June. In the region of Jaboticabal, the population curve of alate B. brassicae showed the highest frequency of flights during September. The appearance of alate forms in kale fields at initial stage of development was favored by maximum and minimum temperatures of 26.4°C and 13.5°C, respectively; relative humidity of 75.1%, and reduced rainfall.

Biologia comparada de Trialeurodes vaporariorum (West.) (Hemiptera - Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) em soja e cinco cultivares de feijão

With the development of greenhouse grown crops, the whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (West.) has become an important pest. Aiming at verifying the effect of host on the development of this species, the biology of the whitefly was studied on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars IAC-Carioca Pyatã, IAPAR-57, Jalo Precoce, IAC-Bico de Ouro, IAC-Maravilha and on soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivar Cristalina. The study was conducted at the Laboratório de Entomologia Agrícola - FCA-UNESP, at 25 ± 3°C temperature, 80 ± 10% RH and 14h photophase. The biological parameters assessed were duration, viability and number of nymphal instars; male and female longevity, oviposition period, number of eggs per female and sex ratio; egg viability and incubation period and the life cycle duration. Based on data obtained, fertility life tables were constructed to allow a comparative analysis of the effect of cultivars on the biological development and consequent population growth of this species. The bean cultivars IAC-Maravilha and Jalo Precoce negatively influenced T. vaporariorum development, whereas, the other bean cultivars studied, as well as the soybean cultivar Cristalina, provided good conditions for development of this pest.

Espécies invasoras: Conceitos, modelose atributos

The distribution of species in ecosystems is influenced by several biotic and abiotic factors, and physical barriers operate as filters to dispersion. The ancient processes of human migration and settlement, and the recent globalization trends are the main responsible factors for the transposition of geographic barriers by organisms and species introduction in regions outside their original distribution range. In order to designate introduced species, the adopted terminology may eventually lead to a lack of operational definitions, misleading the interpretation of paradigms concerning the invasion process. According to the literature, the criteria i) biogeographic, ii) population growth, and iii) spreading in the invaded region, should be taken into account as a manner to avoid subjective interpretations. Most of the presented models are inserted in the same paradigms to explain the status of the invasion process (arrival, establishment and invasion), although each model has its own concepts. Many authors consider both characteristics of the invader species and of the invaded environments to explain species success and establishment. The use of clear concepts, well established and non subjective concepts of introduced and invading species as well as its derivatives is crucial to unify the paradigms of the invasion process.

Some reflections on the future of the water quality of the corumbataí River basin, São Paulo state, Brazil

The waters of Corumbataí River in the middle and eastern part of São Paulo State, Brazil, are extensively used for human consumption; their water quality has been modified mainly due to increasing pressure caused by population growth, accompanied by a more accentuated industrial development for the whole São Paulo State in the early 1970s. The Corumbataí River basin has, over time, received significant emissions of municipal waste products and discharges of wastewater, sludge, sewage, sanitary and industrial effluents, but the first effluent treatment plant at Rio Claro city was only inaugurated at the end of the 1990s. Data on river water quality from two widely spaced locations in the Corumbataí River basin are reported in this paper; they indicate the need for continuous initiatives and efforts by decision makers in order to improve and preserve the water quality in the basin for the 21st century. Copyright © 2007 IAHS Press.

Latin America and the Caribbean in the World Economy 2010-2011: The region in the decade of the emerging economies

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