Testicular myxosporidiasis in anurans, with a description of Myxobolus fallax n. sp.

During studies of amphibian sperm cryopreservation, a new species of myxosporidean parasite (Myxozoa, Myxosporae) was observed in the testes of the Australian dwarf green tree frog Litoria fallax (Peters). Myxosporidiasis was found to have no affect on L. fallax body condition or sperm numbers. Myxobolus spores from L. fallax are morphologically distinct from Myxobolus hylae spores (infecting the sympatric Litoria aurea Lesson) and the three previously named (exotic to Australia) Myxobolus species found in anurans. Myxobolus fallax n. sp. is characterised by: pseudocyst white, spherical to ovoid, 141 x74 to 438 x337 mum in diameter (mature); plasmodium with spores loosely arranged within interior. Spores ovoid 13.4 +/- 0.5 (12.6-14.6) mum length, 9.5 +/- 0.4 (8.3-10.6) mum width, 6.8 +/- 0.4 (6.5-7.6) mum depth, 1.4 +/- 0.1 (1.3-1.6) length/width; polar capsules broadly pyriform and equal in size 4.2 +/- 0.3 (3.3-4.7) mum length, 2.4 +/- 0.2 (2.1-2.8) mum width; filament coils 7-8, wound tightly and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the capsule; polar filament 34 +/- 7.0 (18-50) mum length; intercapsular appendix and sutural ridge folds absent; and iodinophilous vacuole and mucous envelope lacking. In addition to this new species, data from archival samples of M. hylae are provided which show two morphologically distinct spore types. Both appeared rarely in the same pseudocysts and we cautiously retain the single species.

Combining the analyses of introgressive hybridisation and linkage mapping to investigate the genetic architecture of population divergence in the lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis, Mitchill)

Adaptation and reproductive isolation, the engines of biological diversity, are still elusive when discussing the genetic bases of speciation. Namely, the number of genes and magnitude of selection acting positively or negatively on genomic traits implicated in speciation is contentious. Here, we describe the first steps of an ongoing research program aimed at understanding the genetic bases of population divergence and reproductive isolation in the lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). A preliminary linkage map originating from a hybrid cross between dwarf and normal ecotypes is presented, whereby some of the segregating AFLP markers were found to be conserved among natural populations. Maximum-likelihood was used to estimate hybrid indices from non-diagnostic markers at 998 AFLP loci. This allowed identification of the most likely candidate loci that have been under the influence of selection during the natural hybridisation of whitefish originating from different glacial races. As some of these loci could be identified on the linkage map, the possibility that selection of traits in natural populations may eventually be correlated to specific chromosomal regions was demonstrated. The future prospects and potential of these approaches to elucidate the genetic bases of adaptation and reproductive isolation among sympatric ecotypes of lake whitefish is discussed.

Applications of accurate, high-precision Pb isotope ratio measurement by multi-collector ICP-MS

The isotope composition of Ph is difficult to determine accurately due to the lack of a stable normalisation ratio. Double and triple-spike addition techniques provide one solution and presently yield the most accurate measurements. A number of recent studies have claimed that improved accuracy and precision could also be achieved by multi-collector ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS) Pb-isotope analysis using the addition of Tl of known isotope composition to Pb samples. In this paper, we verify whether the known isotope composition of Tl can be used for correction of mass discrimination of Pb with an extensive dataset for the NIST standard SRM 981, comparison of MC-ICP-MS with TIMS data, and comparison with three isochrons from different geological environments. When all our NIST SRM 981 data are normalised with one constant Tl-205/Tl-203 of 2.38869, the following averages and reproducibilities were obtained: Pb-207/Pb-206=0.91461+/-18; Pb-208/Ph-206 = 2.1674+/-7; and (PbPh)-Pb-206-Ph-204 = 16.941+/-6. These two sigma standard deviations of the mean correspond to 149, 330, and 374 ppm, respectively. Accuracies relative to triple-spike values are 149, 157, and 52 ppm, respectively, and thus well within uncertainties. The largest component of the uncertainties stems from the Ph data alone and is not caused by differential mass discrimination behaviour of Ph and Tl. In routine operation, variation of sample introduction memory and production of isobaric molecular interferences in the spectrometer's collision cell currently appear to be the ultimate limitation to better reproducibility. Comparative study of five different datasets from actual samples (bullets, international rock standards, carbonates, metamorphic minerals, and sulphide minerals) demonstrates that in most cases geological scatter of the sample exceeds the achieved analytical reproducibility. We observe good agreement between TIMS and MC-ICP-MS data for international rock standards but find that such comparison does not constitute the ultimate. test for the validity of the MC-ICP-MS technique. Two attempted isochrons resulted in geological scatter (in one case small) in excess of analytical reproducibility. However, in one case (leached Great Dyke sulphides) we obtained a true isochron (MSWD = 0.63) age of 2578.3 +/- 0.9 Ma, which is identical to and more precise than a recently published U-Pb zircon age (2579 3 Ma) for a Great Dyke websterite [Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 180 (2000) 1-12]. Reproducibility of this age by means of an isochron we regard as a robust test of accuracy over a wide dynamic range. We show that reliable and accurate Pb-isotope data can be obtained by careful operation of second-generation MC-ICP magnetic sector mass spectrometers. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The phylogeography and connectivity of the latitudinally widespread scleractinian coral Plesiastrea versipora in the Western Pacific

Whereas terrestrial animal populations might show genetic connectivity within a continent, marine species, such as hermatypic corals, may have connectivity stretching to all corners of the planet. We quantified the genetic variability within and among populations of the widespread scleractinian coral, Plesiastrea versipora along the eastern Australian seaboard (4145 km) and the Ryukyu Archipelago (Japan, 681 km) using sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-2) from ribosomal DNA. Geographic patterns in genetic variability were deduced from a nested clade analysis (NCA) performed on a parsimony network haplotype. This analysis allowed the establishment of geographical associations in the distribution of haplotypes within the network cladogram, therefore allowing us to deduce phylogeographical patterns based under models of restricted gene flow, fragmentation and range expansion. No significant structure was found among Ryukyu Archipelago populations. The lack of an association between the positions of haplotypes in the cladogram with geographical location of these populations may be accounted for by a high level of gene flow of P. versipora within this region, probably due to the strong Kuroshio Current. In contrast, strong geographical associations were apparent among populations of P. versipora along the south-east coast of Australia. This pattern of restricted genetic connectivity among populations of P. versipora on the eastern seaboard of Australia seems to be associated with the present surface ocean current (the East Australian Current) on this side of the south-western Pacific Ocean.

Novos desafios para a capacita????o de lideran??a de alto n??vel na gest??o p??blica e governan??a em um mundo globalizante

Este artigo aborda as mudan??as econ??micas, sociais, ambientais e comportamentais que est??o ocorrendo no planeta, visando a estabelecer um contexto que sirva de base para o tipo de capacita????o mais adequado para os n??veis gerenciais de governo. A partir de tr??s fatores interdependentes ??? globaliza????o, difus??o da democracia e impactos na governan??a ??? ?? proposta uma estrutura de capacita????o, focalizando 12 diferentes ??reas.

Cenários de mudanças climáticas para a América do Sul : impacto no zoneamento agroclimático da cana-de-açúcar

O Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC) através do seu Quarto Relatório de Avaliação das Mudanças Climáticas Globais (IPCC-AR4), publicado em 2007, atribui as emissões de gases de efeito estufa como a principal causa do aumento médio das temperaturas e alerta para uma elevação entre 1,8 ºC e 6,4 ºC até 2100, podendo modificar assim a aptidão climática para as culturas agrícolas em diversas regiões do planeta. Diante disso, existe a necessidade de substituição dos combustíveis fósseis por fontes renováveis e limpas de energia, como o etanol. A cana-de-açúcar apresenta-se, portanto, como uma cultura estratégica na produção do etanol. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: 1) avaliar o desempenho dos Modelos Climáticos Globais (MCGs) do IPCC-AR4 na simulação de dados climáticos de temperatura do ar e precipitação pluviométrica para o período anual e mensal; 2) elaborar o zoneamento agroclimático da cana-de-açúcar para a América do Sul considerando o clima referência e o futuro para as décadas de 2020, 2050 e 2080 em função do cenário de emissão A1B considerado pessimista e que usa um equilíbrio entre todas as fontes de energia. Para a avaliação do desempenho dos MCGs, foram utilizados dados climáticos médios mensais observados de precipitação e temperatura do ar provenientes do Climatic Research Unit (CRU) e dados simulados oriundos dos 22 MCGs do IPCC (cenário 20c3m) compreendidos entre o período de 1961-1990, além do Multimodel (ensemble) – MM que é a média da combinação dos dados de todos os modelos. O desempenho dos MCGs foi avaliado pelos índices estatísticos: desvio padrão, correlação, raiz quadrada da média do quadrado das diferenças centralizadas e o “bias” dos dados simulados com os observados, que foram representados no diagrama de Taylor. Para a etapa da elaboração do zoneamento agroclimático procedeu-se o cálculo dos balanços hídricos (referência e futuros) da cultura, pelo método de Thornthwaite & Mather (1955). Para o cenário referência, utilizaram-se dados das médias mensais da precipitação e temperatura provenientes do CRU, enquanto que para as projeções futuras, dados provenientes das anomalias do Multimodel (ensemble) – MM para as décadas de 2020, 2050 e 2080, que foram ajustados, obtendo-se assim as projeções futuras para cada período analisado. Baseado nos mapas temáticos reclassificados de deficiência hídrica anual, temperatura média anual, excedente hídrico anual e no índice de satisfação das necessidades de água (ISNA), realizou-se uma sobreposição dessas informações obtendo assim, os mapas finais do zoneamento agroclimático da cana-de-açúcar. Posteriormente ao zoneamento, realizou-se a análise das transições (ganhos, perdas e persistências) entre as classes de aptidão climática da cultura. Os resultados mostram que o Multimodel (ensemble) – MM para o período mensal apresenta o melhor desempenho entre os modelos analisados. As áreas inaptas correspondem a maior parte da América do Sul e uma expressiva transição entre as classes de aptidão climática da cultura.

Phytomass production and nutrient accumulation by green manure species

Green manuring is recognized as a viable alternative to improve nutrient cycling in soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytomass production and nutrient accumulation in shoots of the summer green manures jack bean [Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.], dwarf pigeon pea (Cajanus cajanvar var. Flavus DC.), dwarf mucuna [Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merr] and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), under nitrogen fertilization and/or inoculation with N-fixing bacteria. A split plot design was arranged with the four Fabaceae species as main plots and nitrogen fertilization (with and without) and inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria (with and without) as the subplots, in a 2² factorial. The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with four replications. In the conditions of this trial, the sunn hemp had the highest production of shoot phytomass (12.4 Mg ha-1) and nutrient accumulation, while the dwarf mucuna had the lowest production of shoot phytomass (3.9 Mg ha-1) and nutrient accumulation. The results showed no effect of nitrogen fertilization or inoculation with N-fixing bacteria on the production of shoot phytomass and nutrient accumulation, except for inoculation without nitrogen fertilization, resulting in greater P accumulation (p <0.05) in the sunn hemp and greater Zn and Mn accumulation in the dwarf mucuna. These findings indicate that N fertilization or inoculation with N2-fixing bacteria for Fabaceae are low efficiency practices in the edaphoclimatic conditions of this study.

A Travel Optimization System for Academic Environments

Carpooling initiated in America in the 1970s due to the oil crisis. However, over the past years, carpooling has increased significantly across the world. Some countries have created a High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lane to encourage commuters not to travel alone. In additional, carpool websites has been developed to facilitate the connection between the commuters, making it possible to create a compatible match in a faster and efficient manner. This project focuses on carpooling, especially in an academic environment since younger people are more likely to choose carpool. Initially, an intense research was made to examine carpool studies that occurred all over the world, following with a research of higher education institutes that use carpooling as a transportation mode. Most websites created carpools by targeting people from a specific country. These commuters have different origins and destinations making it more complicated to create compatible matches. The objective of this project is to develop a system helping teachers and students from an academic environment to create carpool matches. This objective makes it easier to create carpools because these students and teachers have the same destination. During the research, it was essential to explore, as many as possible, existing carpool websites that are available across the world. After this analysis, several sketches were made to develop the layout and structure of the web application that’s being implemented throughout the project. Once the layout was established, the development of the web application was initiated. This project had its ups and downs but it accomplished all the necessary requirements. This project can be accessed on the link: http://ipcacarpool.somee.com. Once the website was up and running, a web-based survey was developed to study the reasons that motivate people to consider carpooling as an alternative to driving alone. To develop this survey was used a tool called Survey Planet. This survey contained 408 respondents, which 391 are students and 17 are teachers. This study concludes that a majority of the respondents don’t carpool, however they will consider carpooling if there was a dedicated parking space. A majority of the respondents that carpool initiated less than a year ago, indicating that this mean of transportation is recent.

Environmental life cycle assessment of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates

The majority of worldwide structures use concrete as its main material. This happens because concrete is economically feasible, due to its undemanding production technology and case Of use. However, it is widely recognized that concrete production has a strong environmental impact in the planet. Natural aggregates use is one of the most important problems of concrete production nowadays, since they are obtained from limited, and in some countries scarce, resources. In Portugal, although there are enough stone quarries to cover coarse aggregates needs for several more years, Supplies of fine aggregates are becoming scarcer, especially in the northern part of the country. On the other hand, as concrete structures' life cycle comes to an end, an urgent need emerges to establish technically and economically viable solutions for demolition debris, other than for use as road base and quarry fill. This paper presents a partial life cycle assessment (LCA) of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates performed with EcoConcrete tool. EcoConcrete is a tailor-made, interactive, learning and communications tool promoted by the Joint Project Group (JPG) on the LCA of concrete, to qualify and quantify the overall environment impact of concrete products. It consists of an interactive Excel-spreadsheet in which several environmental inputs (material quantities, distances from origin to production Site, production processes) and outputs (material, energy, emissions to air, water, soil or waste) are collected in a life cycle inventory, and are then processed to determine the environmental impact (assessment) of the analysed concrete, in terms of ozone layer depletion, smog or "greenhouse" effect.

Análise funcional comparativa de algoritmos de aprendizagem por reforço

De entre todos os paradigmas de aprendizagem actualmente identificados, a Aprendizagem por Reforço revela-se de especial interesse e aplicabilidade nos inúmeros processos que nos rodeiam: desde a solitária sonda que explora o planeta mais remoto, passando pelo programa especialista que aprende a apoiar a decisão médica pela experiencia adquirida, até ao cão de brincar que faz as delícias da criança interagindo com ela e adaptando-se aos seus gostos, e todo um novo mundo que nos rodeia e apela crescentemente a que façamos mais e melhor nesta área. Desde o aparecimento do conceito de aprendizagem por reforço, diferentes métodos tem sido propostos para a sua concretização, cada um deles abordando aspectos específicos. Duas vertentes distintas, mas complementares entre si, apresentam-se como características chave do processo de aprendizagem por reforço: a obtenção de experiência através da exploração do espaço de estados e o aproveitamento do conhecimento obtido através dessa mesma experiência. Esta dissertação propõe-se seleccionar alguns dos métodos propostos mais promissores de ambas as vertentes de exploração e aproveitamento, efectuar uma implementação de cada um destes sobre uma plataforma modular que permita a simulação do uso de agentes inteligentes e, através da sua aplicação na resolução de diferentes configurações de ambientes padrão, gerar estatísticas funcionais que permitam inferir conclusões que retractem entre outros aspectos a sua eficiência e eficácia comparativas em condições específicas.

Tradição em transformação: representações sociais de tradição em associações culturais

Dissertação conducente à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Educação Social e Intervenção Comunitária

Avaliação da rentabilidade económica dos sistemas de microgeração fotovoltaica em Portugal (1990-2010)

Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica - ramo de Energia

Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável (EDS) no âmbito do Currículo Regional da Educação Básica da Região Autónoma dos Açores (CREB)

Mestrado, Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, 26 de Junho de 2013, Universidade dos Açores (Relatório de Estágio).

Diversidade de briófitos e alterações climáticas nos Açores: olhar para o futuro para delinear o presente

Jornadas "Ciência nos Açores – que futuro? Tema Ciências Naturais e Ambiente", Ponta Delgada, 7-8 de Junho de 2013.