Indicadores clínicos e pré-hospitalares de sobrevivência no trauma fechado: uma análise multivariada

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar os indicadores clínicos e pré-hospitalares associados à sobrevivência de vítimas de trauma fechado. Foram utilizadas a análise de sobrevivência de Kaplan Meier, e de Riscos Proporcionais de Cox, para analisar a associação de 33 variáveis ao óbito precoce e tardio, propondo modelos multivariados. Os modelos finais até 48h pós-trauma evidenciaram altos coeficientes de risco promovidos pelas lesões abdominais, Injury Severity Score >25, procedimentos respiratórios avançados e compressões torácicas pré-hospitalares. No modelo até 7 dias, a pressão arterial sistólica na cena do acidente, se menor de 75mmHg, foi associada a maior risco de óbito e se ausente, foi associada ao mais elevado risco de óbito após 7 dias. A reposição de volume pré-hospitalar apresentou efeito protetor em todos os períodos. Os resultados sugerem que a magnitude da hipoxemia e da instabilidade hemodinâmica diante da hemorragia, influenciaram de forma significante o óbito precoce e tardio desse grupo de vítimas.

A longitudinal study of environmental tobacco smoke exposure in children: parental self reports versus age dependent biomarkers

Background: Awareness of the negative effects of smoking on children's health prompted a decrease in the self-reporting of parental tobacco use in periodic surveys from most industrialized countries. Our aim is to assess changes between ETS exposure at the end of pregnancy and at 4 years of age determined by the parents' self-report and measurement of cotinine in age related biological matrices.Methods: The prospective birth cohort included 487 infants from Barcelona city (Spain). Mothers were asked about maternal and household smoking habit. Cord serum and children's urinary cotinine were analyzed in duplicate using a double antibody radioimmunoassay. Results: At 4 years of age, the median urinary cotinine level in children increased 1.4 or 3.5 times when father or mother smoked, respectively. Cotinine levels in children's urine statistically differentiated children from smoking mothers (Geometric Mean (GM) 19.7 ng/ml; 95% CI 16.83–23.01) and exposed homes (GM 7.1 ng/ml; 95% CI 5.61–8.99) compared with non-exposed homes (GM 4.5 ng/ml; 95% CI 3.71–5.48). Maternal self-reported ETS exposure in homes declined in the four year span between the two time periods from 42.2% to 31.0% (p < 0.01). Nevertheless, most of the children considered non-exposed by their mothers had detectable levels of cotinine above 1 ng/mL in their urine.Conclusion: We concluded that cotinine levels determined in cord blood and urine, respectively, were useful for categorizing the children exposed to smoking and showed that a certain increase in ETS exposure during the 4-year follow-up period occurred.

Cardiac injuries in blunt chest trauma

Blunt chest traumas are a clinical challenge, both for diagnosis and treatment. The use ofCardiovascular Magnetic Resonance can play a major role in this setting. We present two cases: a12-year-old boy and 45-year-old man. Late gadolinium enhancement imaging enabled visualizationof myocardial damage resulting from the trauma.

O enfermeiro no cuidado à vítima de trauma com dor: o quinto sinal vital

Estudo qualitativo que avaliou o conhecimento do enfermeiro acerca da dor na vítima de trauma. Desenvolvido em um hospital público, por meio da aplicação de questionário e teste de conhecimento e tratados pela Análise de Conteúdo. A amostra compreendeu 27 enfermeiros, em sua quase totalidade de mulheres (92,6%), idade média 31 ±10,3 anos e maioria com formação inferior a 1 ano (51,8%). Os resultados evidenciaram a dor como sensação desagradável, sinal de alerta e uma experiência subjetiva. A avaliação da dor é vista por aspectos subjetivos e objetivos. A maioria (59,3%) desconhece os instrumentos de avaliação e dentre os que conhecem a escala numérica foi a mais referida. As estratégias de controle de dor mencionadas foram medidas em farmacológicas, não farmacológicas e combinadas. Todos os enfermeiros consideraram a avaliação da dor importante e um caminho para o tratamento humanizado e qualificado, que orienta a conduta terapêutica e restabelece o bem-estar do paciente.

Perfil do idoso vítima de trauma atendido em uma Unidade de Urgência e Emergência

O objetivo deste artigo foi identificar o perfil epidemiológico do idoso vítima de trauma atendido em uma Unidade de Urgência e Emergência de um hospital universitário. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, do tipo descritivo e transversal. O tratamento dos dados deu-se pelo uso de estatística descritiva e de gráficos e tabelas. A maioria das vítimas residia na cidade de Campinas (93,5%) e era do sexo feminino (66,7%), a faixa etária predominante foi de 70 a 74 anos e grande parte possuía comorbidades (77,8%) com prevalência da Hipertensão Arterial. Quanto ao tipo de acidente resultante do trauma as quedas da própria altura apresentaram maior incidência (79,6%). As lesões resultantes caracterizaram-se pelo predomínio de lesões de superfície (22,7%) seguido pelo traumatismo cranioencefálico leve (15,1%). Com relação ao destino da vítima nas primeiras 24 horas 49,1% obteve alta hospitalar e 22,2% sofreu internação hospitalar para abordagem cirúrgica da lesão.

Parental care time in four European countries: comparing types and contexts

The intensity of parental investments in child care time is expected to vary across families with different norms and time-constraints. Additionally, it should also differ across countries, since the abilities of parents to harmonize family and work vary by national context. In our opinion, however, this question remains inconclusive for two main reasons: 1) only some countries have been studied from a comparative approach; 2) previous studies have not paid enough attention to the analysis of how the conditional effects of education and employment affect parental investments.In this paper we used nationally representative time-use data from Denmark, Flanders, Spain and the United Kingdom (N=4,031) to explore how employment and education predict variations in child care time. IN Britain and Spain employment has a strong negative effect on fathers’ child care, but a weaker one in Flanders and particularly in Denmark. In contrast, maternal employment has a strong negative impact in all four countries. Education increases child care time significantly only among Spanish mothers and fathers, as well as British mothers. Nonetheless, we find that college-educated mothers under similar time-constraints increase substantially their expected child care time in Britain, Flanders and Spain; for fathers we find a more mixed picture. Routine child care activities are more sensitive to both maternal and paternal employment than interactive child care activities. Finally, we observe that working a public sector job generally increases a total time allocated to parental care, controlling for several demographic and socioeconomic variables.

Who benefits from parental leave in Spain? : a life course analysis

This paper analyses the extent to which individual and workplacecharacteristics and regional policies influence the use and duration ofparental leave in Spain. The research is based on a sample of 125,165people, and 6,959 parental leaves stemming from the ‘Sample ofWorking Life Histories’ (SWLH), 2006. The SWLH consists of administrative register data which include information from threedifferent sources: Social Security, Municipality and Income TaxRegisters. We adopt a simultaneous equations approach to analyse theuse (logistic regression) and duration (event history analysis) ofparental leave, which allows us to control for endogeneity and censoredobservations. We argue that the Spanish parental leave scheme increases gender and social inequalities insofar as reinforces genderrole specialization, and only encourages the reconciling of work andfamily life among workers with a good position in the labour market(educated employees with high and stable working status).

Productivities, preferences, and parental child care

We study the interplay of preferences and market productivities on parenting, and show the preferences, when identified, provide a better explanation of caring decisions than has, so far, been demonstrated in the literature. We qualify the standard finding the parental education in a key determinant of care by showing important interaction effects with marital homogamy. We find that homogamy has opposite effects on child care and couple specialization for high and low educated parents. Identification has been made possible by a unique couple-based time diary study for Denmark

Explaining parental dedication to child care in Spain

The quality of the time dedicated to child care has potential positive effects on children’s life chances. However, the determinants of parental time allocation to child care remain largely unexplored, particularly in context undergoing rapid family change such as Spain. We assess two alternative explanations for differences between parents in the amount of time spent with children. The first, based in the relative resources hypothesis, links variation in time spent with children to the relative attributes (occupation, education or income) of one partner to the other. The second, derived from the social status hypothesis, suggests that variation in time spent with children is attributable to the relative social position of the pair (i.e. higher status couples spend more time with children regardless of within-couple difference).To investigate theses questions, we use a sample of adults (18-50) from the Spanish Time Use Survey (STUS) 2002-2003 (n=7,438). Limiting the analysis to adults who are married or in consensual unions, the STUS allows to assess both the quantity and quality of parental time spent with children. We find little support for the “relative resources hypothesis”. Instead, consistent with the “social status hypothesis”, we find that time spent on child care is attributable to the social position of the couple, regardless of between-parent differences in income of education.

Parental investments in children: how bargaining and educational homogamy affect time allocation

This study examines parental time investment in their children, distinguishing between developmental and non-developmental care. Our analyses centre on three influential determinants: educational background, marital homogamy, and spouses' relative bargaining power. We find that the emphasis on quality care time is correlated with parents' education, and that marital homogamy reduces couple specialization, but only among the highly educated. In line with earlier research, we identify gendered parental behaviour. The presence of boys is an important condition for fathers' time dedication, but primarly among lower educated fathers. To the extent that parental stimulation is decisive for child outcomes, our findings suggest the persistence of important inequalities. This emerges through our special attention to behavioural differences across the educational distribution among households.

Finding a suitable job: the effect of the institutional context on self-perceived over-education

The current research compares the perception of over-education in four different European countries, resorting to European Household Panel Data. The results confirm that the type of educational system accounts for some of the cross-national differences in self-perceived over-education. In qualificational spaces, like Denmark, where vocational training receives more importance, self-perceived over-education is not associated as much with educational attainment as in the so-called’ organisational spaces’, like Spain, France and Italy. Yet, the results confirm that, controlling for the system of education, the traits and regulation of the labour market also have an effect on over-education. Thus, in Spain, where temporary employment has soared in recent decades, this type of contract is clearly associated with the perception of over-education, to a much higher extent than in Italy or France. Temporary contracts in Spain may not work as a steppig stone for attaining a job suitable to the training received by the individual, as they may in the case of France or Italy. In sum, not only institutions offering skills and human capital, but labour market regulation as well, have a clear impact on the incidence of over-education.

The role of the New Trauma and Injury Severity Score (NTRISS) for survival prediction

The objective of this study was to verify if replacing the Injury Severity Score (ISS) by the New Injury Severity Score (NISS) in the original Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) form would improve the survival rate estimation. This retrospective study was performed in a level I trauma center during one year. ROC curve was used to identify the best indicator (TRISS or NTRISS) for survival probability prediction. Participants were 533 victims, with a mean age of 38±16 years. There was predominance of motor vehicle accidents (61.9%). External injuries were more frequent (63.0%), followed by head/neck injuries (55.5%). Survival rate was 76.9%. There is predominance of ISS scores ranging from 9-15 (40.0%), and NISS scores ranging from 16-24 (25.5%). Survival probability equal to or greater than 75.0% was obtained for 83.4% of the victims according to TRISS, and for 78.4% according to NTRISS. The new version (NTRISS) is better than TRISS for survival prediction in trauma patients.

Levantamento epidemiológico dos acidentes motociclísticos atendidos em um Centro de Referência ao Trauma de Sergipe

O trauma por acidentes motociclísticos atinge um grande número de vítimas e se constitui um grave problema de saúde pública no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo documental com abordagem quantitativa que objetivou levantar dados epidemiológicos de 554 vítimas de acidentes motociclísticos atendidos nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2006 em um centro de referência ao trauma de Sergipe. As análises dos resultados evidenciaram predominância de homens (82,7%) com idade média de 27,78 anos que deram entrada no turno da noite (45,9%), domingo (27,3%), que tiveram como lesão as escoriações (n=169), nas regiões da cabeça, face e pescoço. Permaneceram no hospital até 12 horas (76%), evoluindo para alta. Dos casos registrados, 14,6% tinham suspeita de ingestão alcoólica e 19,3% não utilizavam capacete durante o acidente.

Idosos vítimas de trauma: análise de fatores de risco

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar fatores de risco para o trauma em idosos a partir de abordagem quantitativa e transversal, utilizando análise de regressão logística. Foi realizado no pronto-socorro de dois hospitais da cidade de Curitiba-PR. Foram entrevistados 261 idosos, sendo 56,7% mulheres e 43,3% homens. A idade variou de 60 a 103 anos, com maior concentração em idosos menores de 70 anos (44,8%). Os mecanismos de trauma mais frequentes foram: queda (75,9%), atropelamento (9,6%), trauma direto (5,4%) e acidente automobilístico (3,8%). A análise multivariada permitiu afirmar que, o gênero feminino, a presença de cuidador, medicação de uso contínuo e problemas auditivos aumentam significativamente a probabilidade de trauma por queda. Problemas de visão sem uso de óculos e idosos com renda de até três salários mínimos tendem a ter maior probabilidade de trauma por queda. Os fatores que mais interferem no trauma em idosos podem, se avaliados durante a consulta de enfermagem, possibilitar ações de saúde para a sua prevenção.