Towards an inculturated african communal model of ecclesia : clergy-laity collaborative ministry in Igboland of Southern Nigeria

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

L’impact de l’économie sur la pastorale du diocèse d’Idiofa en République Démocratique du Congo : analyse des répercussions sur l’exercice ministériel des prêtres

Cette thèse traite de l’impact de l’économie congolaise sur la pastorale du diocèse d’Idiofa, de la gestion de ce diocèse et de leurs répercussions sur le ministère des prêtres. Après plusieurs années de son érection, le diocèse d’Idiofa subit présentement les conséquences de la crise économique congolaise. Sa pastorale est malade, en panne et même bloquée. Partout, il n’y pas d’argent, les caisses sont vides, on ne peut ni manger ni célébrer l’Eucharistie. On assiste à la démotivation presque généralisée des prêtres : refus des obédiences ou contestation des affectations, séjours prolongés et études à l’étranger, absence, ignorance ou mystère des finances. Les gens et les prêtres sont de plus en plus pauvres. Cela contraste avec la croissance numérique des prêtres dans le diocèse d’Idiofa. À y regarder de près, cette croissance masque mal une énigme. Avec la pauvreté grandissante, on aurait dû s’attendre à une diminution du nombre des prêtres. Or, tel n’est pas le cas. On assiste à un phénomène inverse dans le diocèse d’Idiofa. À quoi est dû cet état de chose? Promotion sociale, recherche du bien être matériel? Hausse des vocations? Le problème paraît banal, mais c’est une question pratique qui nous conduit à une prise de conscience de notre agir et de notre identité ecclésiaux. Cette thèse aidera à saisir les enjeux en cause et leurs conséquences sur le ministère des prêtres et sur la population. Elle nous éclairera sur l’incapacité de notre Église locale à s’assumer et à réagir de façon réaliste dans notre contexte propre. L’écart est énorme entre sa théorie et sa pratique. Cette thèse vise une Église locale nouvelle qui se veut active, pratique et qui n’a pas le droit de méconnaître les problèmes des prêtres et des gens en situation difficile. S’il est vrai que le modèle ecclésial actuel est élaboré en fonction des défis et des aspirations des communautés diocésaines, comment expliquer que la même Église puisse reléguer aux oubliettes les problèmes économiques qui conditionnent la vie réelle des prêtres et des gens? La communauté diocésaine peut-elle se bâtir en négligeant l’aspect économique? Malgré la vitalité actuelle de l’Église du diocèse en termes numériques, liturgiques et sacramentaires, de graves insuffisances témoignent de sa paralysie actuelle et rendent l’avenir incertain : misère croissante des masses, mauvaise gestion, dépendance accrue, etc. Cette thèse veut que notre Église locale se sente interpellée dans son agir pastoral par ce problème économique. Une nouvelle orientation ou organisation pastorale s’avère donc nécessaire pour la subsistance et la croissance de notre Église et de son milieu. Notre thèse comprend sept chapitres. Le premier dresse un portrait économique de la République Démocratique du Congo avec ses immenses richesses et la crise qu’elle traverse tant au plan politique que économique. Le deuxième analyse l’écart entre les prises de position audacieuses de l’Église congolaise dans ce contexte et sa pratique cléricale et institutionnelle plus conservatrice. Le troisième décrit la situation pastorale du diocèse d’Idiofa, du ministère de brousse jusqu’à la gestion diocésaine en passant par ses diverses pastorales sectorielles. On y trouve l’exposé des faiblesses et des forces de ce diocèse. Le quatrième analyse la situation économique du diocèse tant en rapport avec la crise congolaise qu’avec les dynamiques internes du diocèse. On y voit émerger par exemple, la dépendance envers Rome, le favoritisme et le tribalisme financiers, la perte de moyens de production propres au diocèse, la pauvreté du clergé et, évidemment, des fidèles et des gens du diocèse. Le cinquième chapitre réévalue les progrès théologiques (adaptation, pierres d’attente, inculturation, reconstruction, libération et contextuelle) et des pratiques pastorales du diocèse en regard de sa réalité actuelle. Le sixième propose une interprétation théologique de la crise économique du diocèse d’Idiofa en fonction de l’Évangile, du salut considéré comme salut global concernant la transformation des structures historiques, de la mission de l’Église d’annoncer ce salut en paroles et en actes. Le septième et dernier chapitre propose une analyse des implications éthiques et ecclésiales. Il présente aussi quelques voies pastorales susceptibles de favoriser la prise en mains des communautés par elles-mêmes et l’assainissement des finances du diocèse : pastorales du grenier, des mains sales et du jardin partagé. La conclusion générale de la thèse rappelle les idées-forces et propose des pistes de solution.

The role of ligneous vegetation for livestock nutrition in the sub-Sahelian and Sudanian zones of West Africa: Potential effects of climate change

Climate change and variability in sub-Saharan West Africa is expected to have negative consequences for crop and livestock farming due to the strong dependence of these sectors on rainfall and natural resources, and the low adaptive capacity of crops farmers, agro-pastoralist and pastoralists in the region. The objective of this PhD research was to investigate the anticipated impacts of expected future climate change and variability on nutrition and grazing management of livestock in the prevailing extensive agro-pastoral and pastoral systems of the Sahelian and Sudanian zones of Burkina Faso. To achieve this, three studies were undertaken in selected village territories (100 km² each) in the southern Sahelian (Taffogo), northern Sudanian (Nobere, Safane) and southern Sudanian (Sokouraba) zone of the country during 2009 and 2010. The choice of two villages in the northern Sudanian zone was guided by the dichotomy between intense agricultural land use and high population density near Safane, and lower agricultural land use in the tampon zone between the village of Nobere and the National Park Kaboré Tambi of Pô. Using global positioning and geographical information systems tools, the spatio-temporal variation in the use of grazing areas by cattle, sheep and goats, and in their foraging behaviour in the four villages was assessed by monitoring three herds each per species during a one-year cycle (Chapter 2). Maximum itinerary lengths (km/d) were observed in the hot dry season (March-May); they were longer for sheep (18.8) and cattle (17.4) than for goats (10.5, p<0.05). Daily total grazing time spent on pasture ranged from 6 - 11 h with cattle staying longer on pasture than small ruminants (p<0.05). Feeding time accounted for 52% - 72% of daily time on pasture, irrespective of species. Herds spent longer time on pasture and walked farther distances in the southern Sahelian than the two Sudanian zones (p<0.01), while daily feeding time was longer in the southern Sudanian than in the other two zones (p>0.05). Proportional time spent resting decreased from the rainy (June - October) to the cool (November - February) and hot dry season (p<0.05), while in parallel the proportion of walking time increased. Feeding time of all species was to a significantly high proportion spent on wooded land (tree crown cover 5-10%, or shrub cover >10%) in the southern Sahelian zone, and on forest land (tree crown cover >10%) in the two Sudanian zones, irrespective of season. It is concluded that with the expansion of cropland in the whole region, remaining islands of wooded land, including also fields fallowed for three or more years with their considerable shrub cover, are particularly valuable pasturing areas for ruminant stock. Measures must be taken that counteract the shrinking of wooded land and forests across the whole region, including also active protection and (re)establishment of drought-tolerant fodder trees. Observation of the selection behaviour of the above herds of cattle and small ruminant as far as browse species were concerned, and interviews with 75 of Fulani livestock keepers on use of browse as feed by their ruminant stock and as remedies for animal disease treatment was undertaken (Chapter 3) in order to evaluate the consequence of climate change for the contribution of browse to livestock nutrition and animal health in the extensive grazing-based livestock systems. The results indicated that grazing cattle and small ruminants do make considerable use of browse species on pasture across the studied agro-ecological zones. Goats spent more time (p<0.01) feeding on browse species than sheep and cattle, which spent a low to moderate proportion of their feeding time on browsing in any of the study sites. As far as the agro-ecological zones were concerned, the contribution of browse species to livestock nutrition was more important in the southern Sahelian and northern Sudanian zone than the southern Sudanian zone, and this contribution is higher during the cold and hot dry season than during the rainy season. A total of 75 browse species were selected on pasture year around, whereby cattle strongly preferred Afzelia africana, Pterocarpus erinaceus and Piliostigma sp., while sheep and goats primarily fed on Balanites aegyptiaca, Ziziphus mauritiana and Acacia sp. Crude protein concentration (in DM) of pods or fruits of the most important browse species selected by goats, sheep and cattle ranged from 7% to 13% for pods, and from 10% to 18% for foliage. The concentration of digestible organic matter of preferred browse species mostly ranged from 40% to 60%, and the concentrations of total phenols, condensed tannins and acid detergent lignin were low. Linear regression analyses showed that browse preference on pasture is strongly related to its contents (% of DM) of CP, ADF, NDF and OM digestibility. Interviewed livestock keepers reported that browse species are increasingly use by their grazing animals, while for animal health care use of tree- and shrub-based remedies decreased over the last two decades. It is concluded that due to climate change with expected negative impact on the productivity of the herbaceous layer of communal pastures browse fodder will gain in importance for animal nutrition. Therefore re-establishment and dissemination of locally adapted browse species preferred by ruminants is needed to increase the nutritional situation of ruminant stock in the region and contribute to species diversity and soil fertility restoration in degraded pasture areas. In Chapter 4 a combination of household surveys and participatory research approaches was used in the four villages, and additionally in the village of Zogoré (southern Sahelian zone) and of Karangasso Vigué (northern Sudanian zone) to investigate pastoralists’ (n= 76) and agro-pastoralists’ (n= 83) perception of climate change, and their adaptation strategies in crop and livestock production at farm level. Across the three agro-ecological zones, the majority of the interviewees perceived an increase in maximum day temperatures and decrease of total annual rainfall over the last two decades. Perceptions of change in climate patterns were in line with meteorological data for increased temperatures while for total rainfall farmers’ views contrasted the rainfall records which showed a slight increase of precipitation. According to all interviewees climate change and variability have negative impacts on their crop and animal husbandry, and most of them already adopted some coping and adaptation strategies at farm level to secure their livelihoods and reduce negative impacts on their farming system. Although these strategies are valuable and can help crop and livestock farmers to cope with the recurrent droughts and climate variability, they are not effective against expected extreme climate events. Governmental and non-governmental organisations should develop effective policies and strategies at local, regional and national level to support farmers in their endeavours to cope with climate change phenomena; measures should be site-specific and take into account farmers’ experiences and strategies already in place.

Prevalence of intestinal parasites in small ruminants and their senstivity to treatments with ethnobotanical remedies in Cholistan, Pakistan

Livestock production contributes substantially to the livelihoods of poor rural farmers in Pakistan; strengthening pastoral communities plays an imperative role in the country’s thrive for poverty alleviation. Intestinal helminths constitute a major threat for pastoral livestock keepers in the whole country because chronic infestation leads to distinct losses in livestock productivity, particularly the growth of young animals. Synthetic anthelmintics have long been considered the only effective way of controlling this problem but high prices, side effects and chemical residues/toxicity problems, or development of resistance, lead to their very limited use in many pastoral systems. Additionally, poor pastoralists in remote areas of Pakistan hardly have access to appropriate anthelmintic drugs, which are also relatively expensive due to the long routes of transportation. The search for new and more sustainable ways of supporting livestock keepers in remote areas has given rise to studies of ethno-botanicals or traditional plant-based remedies to be used in livestock health care. Plant-based remedies are cheap or free of cost, environmentally safe and generally create no problem of drug resistance; they thus might substitute allopathic drugs. Furthermore, these remedies are easily available in remote areas and simple to prepare and/or administer. Cholistan desert is a quite poor region of Pakistan and the majority of its inhabitants are practicing a nomadic life. The region’s total livestock population (1.29 million heads) is almost twice that of the human population. Livestock husbandry is the primordial occupation of the communities and traditionally wealth assessment was based on the number of animals, especially goats and sheep, owned by an individual. Fortunately, about 60% of this desert region is richly endowed with highly adapted grasses, shrubs and trees. This natural flora has a rich heritage of scientifically unexplored botanical pharmacopoeia. Against this background, the present research project that was conducted under the umbrella of the International Center for Development and Decent Work at Kassel University, focused on a development aspect: in the Cholistan desert region it was firstly examined how pastoralists manage their livestock, which major health problems they face for the different animal species, and which of the naturally occurring plants they use for the treatment of animal diseases (Chapter 2). For this purpose, a baseline survey was carried out across five locations in Cholistan, using a structured questionnaire to collect data from 100 livestock farmers (LF) and 20 local healers (LH). Most of LF and LH were illiterate (66%; 70%). On average, LH had larger herds (109 animals) than LF (85 animals) and were more experienced in livestock husbandry and management. On average LF spent about 163 Euro per year on the treatment of their livestock, with a huge variability in expenditures. Eighty-six traditional remedies based on 64 plants belonging to 43 families were used. Capparaceae was the botanical family with the largest number of species used (4), followed by Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Solanaceae and Zygophyllaceae (3). The plants Capparis decidua (n=55 mentions), Salsola foetida (n=52), Suaeda fruticosa (n=46), Haloxylon salicornicum (n=42) and Haloxylon recurvum (n=39) were said to be most effective against the infestations with gastrointestinal parasites. Aerial parts (43%), leaves (26%), fruits (9%), seeds and seed oils (9%) were the plant parts frequently used for preparation of remedies, while flowers, roots, bulbs and pods were less frequently used (<5%). Common preparations were decoction, jaggery and ball drench; oral drug administration was very common. There was some variation in the doses used for different animal species depending on age, size and physical condition of the animal and severity of the disease. In a second step the regionally most prevalent gastrointestinal parasites of sheep and goats were determined (Chapter 3) in 500 animals per species randomly chosen from pastoral herds across the previously studied five localities. Standard parasitological techniques were applied to identify the parasites in faecal samples manually collected at the rectum. Overall helminth prevalence was 78.1% across the 1000 animals; pure nematode infestations were most prevalent (37.5%), followed by pure trematode (7.9%), pure cestode (2.6%) and pure protozoa infestations (0.8%). Mixed infestations with nematodes and trematodes occurred in 6.4% of all animals, mixed nematode-cestode infestations in 3.8%, and all three groups were found in 19.1% of the sheep and goats. In goats more males (81.1%) than females (77.0%) were infested, the opposite was found in sheep (73.6% males, 79.5% females). Parasites were especially prevalent in suckling goats (85.2%) and sheep (88.5%) and to a lesser extent in young (goats 80.6%, sheep 79.3%) and adult animals (goats 72.8%, sheep 73.8%). Haemonchus contortus, Trichuris ovis and Paramphistomum cervi were the most prevalent helminths. In a third step the in vitro anthelmintic activity of C. decidua, S. foetida, S. fruticosa, H. salicornicum and H. recurvum (Chapter 2) was investigated against adult worms of H. contortus, T. ovis and P. cervi (Chapter 3) via adult motility assay (Chapter 4). Various concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 500 mg dry matter/ml of three types of extracts of each plant, i.e. aqueous, methanol, and aqueous-methanol (30:70), were used at different time intervals to access their anthelmintic activity. Levamisol (0.55 mg/ml) and oxyclozanide (30 mg/ml) served as positive and phosphate-buffered saline as negative control. All extracts exhibited minimum and maximum activity at 2 h and 12 h after parasite exposure; the 500 mg/ml extract concentrations were most effective. Plant species (P<0.05), extract type (P<0.01), parasite species (P<0.01), extract concentration (P<0.01), time of exposure (P<0.01) and their interactions (P<0.01) had significant effects on the number of immobile/dead helminths. From the comparison of LC50 values it appeared that the aqueous extract of C. decidua was more potent against H. contortus and T. ovis, while the aqueous extract of S. foetida was effective against P. cervi. The methanol extracts of H. recurvum were most potent against all three types of parasites, and its aqueous-methanol extract was also very effective against T. ovis and P. cervi. Based on these result it is concluded that the aqueous extract of C. decidua, as well as the methanol and aqueous-methanol extract of H. recurvum have the potential to be developed into plant-based drugs for treatment against H. contortus, T. ovis and P. cervi infestations. Further studies are now needed to investigate the in vivo anthelmintic activity of these plants and plant extracts, respectively, in order to develop effective, cheap and locally available anthelmintics for pastoralists in Cholistan and neighboring desert regions. This will allow developing tangible recommendations for plant-based anthelminthic treatment of sheep and goat herds, and by this enable pastoralists to maintain healthy and productive flocks at low costs and probably even manufacture herbal drugs for marketing on a regional scale.

Provision of information and documentation on education in the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education. 'Provisión de información y documentación en educación en el Ministerio Federal de Educación de Austria'.

En un país pequeño como Austria es necesario recibir estímulo del exterior a nivel europeo respectivamente internacional para que los responsables vean lo útil que son las iniciativas nacionales en el campo de documentación educativa. Trabajar de manera comparativa en un contexto europeo ayuda a comprender mejor su propia posición y sirve de base para tomar decisiones y para desarrollar nuevos proyectos en el futuro. Ha crecido el interés en utilizar la información y documentación educativa durante las últimas décadas. Actualmente los ministros de educación ya no pueden seguir su trabajo sin recurrir a todos aquellos datos que han sido recopilados en los respectivos países y presentados a través de las redes europeas como EURYDICE, la red europea de información en educación (htttp://www.eurydice.org).

Els catecismes populars de Mallorca : d'instrument pastoral a mitjà de control cultural de l'estat. 'Los catecismos populares de Mallorca : de instrumento pastoral a medio de control cultural estatal'.

Comunicación presentada al Tercer Encontre de Ciències Humanes i Socials dels Paisos Catalans, desarrollado en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de las Islas Baleares, entre diciembre de 1978 y enero de 1979

“The Ministry of Obligation warns”: it is necessary to protect the sexual offender adolescents

This text deals with a part of the research-action “Multifamiliar groups with sexual offender adolescents” and emphasizes the written production of the adolescents during the process. two texts were involved: the first one was a letter addressed to the parents and the second was an evaluation of the multifamiliar group. Seven adolescents between 14 and 17 years old wrote the texts. About the first text we discussed: the adolescent as responsible for the domestic work; the adolescent and his need to receive support and protection and the adolescent and the recognition of his growth phase. about the second text: the feelings of the adolescent regarding sexual abuse; the relation with the institution that carries out the intervention; the symbols that identify his ambivalence. We comment about the sexual abuse practiced by these adolescents as from two main points: the adolescence seen as a development phase and the role played by the family in the conduction of this phase.

L'acompanyament pastoral de persones que viuen amb VIH-Sida. 'El acompañamiento pastoral de personas que viven con el VIH-Sida'.

Resumen basado en el del autor en catalán

El acompañamiento pastoral en la escuela : un estilo de hacer pastoral.

Se analiza el acompañamiento pastoral en la educación, con el objetivo de ofrecer pautas para el establecimiento de una escuela pastoral. Se define el concepto de acompañamiento pastoral, que es una relación establecida libremente entre acompañado y acompañante en orden al crecimiento personal espiritual. Además, se indican las características principales para la educación en la fe cristiana y se muestran los objetivos fundamentales del acompañamiento. Finalmente, se describen los rasgos considerados básicos de la figura del acompañante pastoral.

Los centros de tiempo libre, una oportunidad pastoral.

Comentario sobre el centro de tiempo libre como marco privilegiado de vivencia de la fe.

Hacia una revisión de la pastoral de la Enseñanza en los colegios de la Iglesia : 1.000 religiosos asistieron al IX Congreso de la FERE.

Congreso Nacional de la federación española de colegios religiosos de enseñanza de España. Se señalaron como defectos principales de la juventud la falta de madurez y egoísmo de un 38 por ciento que se educó en colegios religiosos, un 32 en centros del estado, y un 19 en institutos municipales y varias. En cuanto a la formación religiosa recibida por los encuestados un 11 por ciento de respuestas positivas frente a un 74 por ciento que contestó que la formación religiosa que recibió fue negativa. Este Congreso trata de estudiar la crisis religiosa que sufre la juventud debida a la influencia europea y a la sociedad de confort en la que vivimos. Se proponen tomar medidas para intentar paliar esta crisis y presentar la doctrina de la iglesia de una forma más realista a los jóvenes.

Poder pastoral, acomodo y territorialidad en las Cartas Annuas jesuitas de Quito (Estudios)

Este artículo analiza las Cartas Annuas jesuitas entre 1586 y 1660 que hacen referencia a la Audiencia de Quito. Esta fuente poco consultada se utiliza para sondear las estrategias jesuitas de evangelización y el régimen de administración de sacramentos de la orden en Quito. El artículo propone que las estrategias de evangelización jesuita dieron un giro al pasar de un encuentro con la religión nativa que incluyó un interés en mitos prehispánicos y extirpación de idolatría a un enfoque tabula rasa que se centraba en la administración de sacramentos. El artículo atribuye este giro a la transferencia del Colegio jesuita de Quito de la provincia jesuita de Perú a la provincia del Nuevo Reino (Nueva Granada). El artículo contextualiza el encuentro jesuita con la cultura nativa y la operación del régimen sacramental con referencia al concepto de las dos evangelizaciones de Juan Carlos Estenssoro, la noción de poder pastoral de Michel Foucault y la idea de la confesionalización perteneciente a la historiografía de la modernidad temprana europea.

Livelihood adaptation to risk: Constraints and opportunities for pastoral development in Ethiopia's afar region

Development policies in the pastoral areas of Africa assume that pastoralists are poor. Using the Afar pastoralists of Ethiopia as the focus of research this article challenges this depiction of pastoralism by exploring pastoral livelihood goals and traditional strategies for managing risk. Investment in social institutions to minimise the risk of outright destitution, sometimes at the cost of increased poverty, and significant manipulation of local markets enable the Afar to exploit a highly uncertain and marginal environment. Improved development assistance and enhanced targeting of the truly vulnerable within pastoral societies demands an acceptance that pastoral poverty is neither uniform nor universal.

Facebook faith - social networking in a faith based community

This paper views the increasing social networking as an efficient emerging ministry to the moveable generation. Through social network such as Facebook, ministry from a pastoral perspective can become more authentic and meaningful. Ministry is relational. Social Networking sites provide a strong platform to being part in other people’s life. Social networking and living online builds community beyond geographical boarders. Young adults and youths digital identity often reflects their faith, this is supported by research which suggests a practice of more openness to share and expose private issues online. Spiritual and religious views are freely shared, creating sacred spaces in the midst of life practising a holistic faith identity in a secular community. Providing a strong platform for information flow, Social Network is attractive in a postmodern society where inviting people to join in events are perceived as non threatening, making church community events transparent and available to people who do not attend church, inviting spiritual friendships and relationships. Social Networking strengthens relationship in a non hierarchical manner and invites the minister into lives where there previously would have been barriers, engaging in prayer and bible study as well as pastoral care through social networking, thus relationships deepens via social networking making people real. It has been observed that, although community building happens on the net, church affiliation loyalty remains to the local community. Therefore presence ministry though social networks emerges as a core form of ministry, where relations to youth who move from local church to university campuses are kept alive. The asynchronous nature of communication within social networking eases the minister in her work. The minister is able to engage with many individuals at the same time. Before the minister could visit one person at a time, now she visits 5-6 individuals at any given time. Therefore social networking not only increases the quality of the work, but also empowers the minister to be more efficient.