Synthesis of new peptide derivatives that self-assemble into nanostructured hydrogels for biomedical applications

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências (área de especialização em Química)

Optimization of peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) for the detection of bacteria: the effect of pH, dextran sulfate and probe concentration

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique widely used for the detection and characterization of microbial populations. FISH is affected by a wide variety of abiotic and biotic variables and the way they interact with each other. This is translated into a wide variability of FISH procedures found in the literature. The aim of this work is to systematically study the effects of pH, dextran sulfate and probe concentration in the FISH protocol, using a general peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe for the Eubacteria domain. For this, response surface methodology was used to optimize these 3 PNA-FISH parameters for Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens) and Gram-positive species (Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus cereus). The obtained results show that a probe concentration higher than 300 nM is favorable for both groups. Interestingly, a clear distinction between the two groups regarding the optimal pH and dextran sulfate concentration was found: a high pH (approx. 10), combined with lower dextran sulfate concentration (approx. 2% [w/v]) for Gram-negative species and near-neutral pH (approx. 8), together with higher dextran sulfate concentrations (approx. 10% [w/v]) for Gram-positive species. This behavior seems to result from an interplay between pH and dextran sulfate and their ability to influence probe concentration and diffusion towards the rRNA target. This study shows that, for an optimum hybridization protocol, dextran sulfate and pH should be adjusted according to the target bacteria.

The Role of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in the Diagnosis of Congestive Heart Failure in Patients Presenting to an Emergency Department with Dyspnea

OBJECTIVE: To determine the utility of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF) in patients presenting with dyspnea to an emergency department (ED). METHODS: Seventy patients presenting with dyspnea to an ED from April to July 2001 were included in the study. Mean age was 72±16 years and 33 (47%) were male. BNP was measured in all patients at the moment of admission to the ED. Emergency-care physicians, blinded to BNP values, were required to assign a probable initial diagnosis. A cardiologist retrospectively reviewed the data (blinded to BNP measurements) and assigned a definite diagnosis, which was considered the gold standard for assessing the diagnostic performance of BNP. RESULTS: The mean BNP concentration was higher in patients with CHF (n=36) than in those with other diagnoses (990±550 vs 80±67 pg/mL, p<0.0001). Patients with systolic dysfunction had higher BNP levels than those with preserved systolic function (1,180±641 vs 753±437 pg/mL, p=0.03). At a blood concentration of 200 pg/mL, BNP showed a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 97.1%, positive predictive value of 97.3%, and negative predictive value of 100%. The application of BNP could have potentially corrected all 16 cases in which the diagnosis was missed by the emergency department physician. CONCLUSION: BNP measurement is a useful tool in the diagnosis of CHF in patients presenting to the ED with dyspnea.

Vacunación en la Enfermedad de Chagas experimental: estudio de mediadores involucrados en la protección en ratones y aplicación de la vacuna en perros. Vaccination in experimental Chagas'disease: study of intermediates involved in the protection of mice and application of the vaccine in dogs.

La Enfermedad de Chagas es una de las principales endemias de América Latina donde existen cerca de 18 millones de infectados y 90 millones en riesgo. Entre el 25 y el 30 por ciento desarrolla patología cardíaca o digestiva en el período crónico. Se ha postulado que mecanismos autoinmunes, sumados a la acción directa del parásito, podrían estar involucrados en la patogenia de la enfermedad. El desarrollo de vacunas tradicionales en Enfermedad de Chagas es una meta difícil de alcanzar, por lo cual parece más factible abordar estrategias basadas en la inmunomodulación, para disminuir la carga parasitaria, minimizar las acciones deletéreas en el periodo agudo y prevenir el desarrollo de patología en la etapa crónica. Para ello es necesario avanzar en el conocimiento de los mecanismos involucrados en la protección y en la patogenia. Si se acepta la hipótesis autoinmune, una estrategia de vacunación con un tripanosoma antigénicamente similar al T. cruzi pero no patógeno podría evitar posibles mecanismos autoagresivos. En nuestro Laboratorio se ha empleado un modelo de vacunación en ratones utilizando como inmunógeno el Trypanosoma rangeli, no patógeno en humanos. Los ratones vacunados, infectados con T. cruzi, mostraron buena respuesta inmune celular y humoral, bajas parasitemias, ausencia de lesiones histológicas, y sobrevida cercana al 100 por ciento. Los controles no vacunados tuvieron una elevada mortalidad. Debido al ciclo biológico del parásito, la defensa efectiva contra el T. cruzi requiere una potente respuesta de anticuerpos contra las formas extracelulares y una eficaz respuesta celular contra los amastigotes intracelulares. En el modelo desarrollado en nuestro laboratorio la protección se asocia con un adecuado equilibrio entre respuesta TH1 y TH2, con leve predominio TH1, disminución de citoquinas (Ck) proinflamatorias e incremento de receptores solubles de Ck. El esquema de inmunización demostró asimismo su eficacia en cobayos y en perros mantenidos en el Laboratorio. Hipótesis de trabajo: - La vacunación con T. rangeli desencadena mecanismos inmunomodulatorios que protegen de la infección con T. cruzi, entre los cuales se encuentran eventos que actúan tempranamente en el sitio de inoculación y en los que están involucradas células y moléculas del sistema inmune innato. - La vacunación a perros constituye una nueva herramienta en la lucha contra la Enfermedad de Chagas. Objetivos: i) profundizar el estudio tendiente a dilucidar los mecanismos involucrados en la resistencia inducida por la inmunización con T. rangeli en ratones; ii) estudiar el efecto que tiene el estrés físico de los ratones sobre la eficacia de la vacunación y iii) analizar la inmunogenicidad de la vacuna en perros de zonas endémicas para Enfermedad de Chagas. Material y metodos: Los ratones y perros serán vacunados con tres dosis de epimastigotes de T. rangeli, fijados con glutaraldehido y los controles solo recibirán PBS. Los ratones seran desafiados con T. cruzi. Se estudiará en liquido peritoneal: a) poblaciones celulares por Citometria de flujo; b) cuantificación de los distintos tipos de inmunoglobulinas, de citoquinas y sus receptores solubles, por ELISA, c) ON y arginasa, por técnicas colorimetricas; d) est.udio de la interacción macrófago-parásito y de receptores celulares por Inmunofluorescencia. e) En perros, se realizarán estudios parasitológicos (xenodiagnostico) y serológicos en vacunados y controles, 12 y 24 meses post vacunación. Resultados esperados e importancia del proyecto: se espera conocer los principales eventos tempranos que participan en la eliminación de los parásitos en los animales vacunados, el efecto del stress sobre la vacunación y asimismo, la inmunogenicidad de la vacuna en perros de campo. Todo ello permitirá obtener información sobre la eficacia de la vacunación experimental y podría aportar una herramienta adicional contra la Enfermedad de Chagas, interfiriendo en la cadena epidemiológica en áreas endémicas.

Downstream processing of influenza whole-virions for vaccine production

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2009

Population balance modeling of influenza A virus replication in MDCK cells during vaccine production

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Diss., 2015

Melanoma patients respond to a cytotoxic T lymphocyte-defined self-peptide with diverse and nonoverlapping T-cell receptor repertoires.

HLA-A2+ melanoma patients develop naturally a strong CD8+ T cell response to a self-peptide derived from Melan-A. Here, we have used HLA-A2/peptide tetramers to isolate Melan-A-specific T cells from tumor-infiltrated lymph nodes of two HLA-A2+ melanoma patients and analyzed their TCR beta chain V segment and complementarity determining region 3 length and sequence. We found a broad diversity in Melan-A-specific immune T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires in terms of both TCR beta chain variable gene segment usage and clonal composition. In addition, immune TCR repertoires selected in the patients were not overlapping. In contrast to previously characterized CD8+ T-cell responses to viral infections, this study provides evidence against usage of highly restricted TCR repertoire in the natural response to a self-differentiation tumor antigen.

Safety and immunogenicity of the M72/AS01 candidate tuberculosis vaccine in HIV-infected adults on combination antiretroviral therapy: a phase I/II, randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: Tuberculosis (TB) is highly prevalent among HIV-infected people, including those receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), necessitating a well tolerated and efficacious TB vaccine for these populations. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the candidate TB vaccine M72/AS01 in adults with well controlled HIV infection on cART. DESIGN: A randomized, observer-blind, controlled trial (NCT00707967). METHODS: HIV-infected adults on cART in Switzerland were randomized 3 : 1 : 1 to receive two doses, 1 month apart, of M72/AS01, AS01 or 0.9% physiological saline (N = 22, N = 8 and N = 7, respectively) and were followed up to 6 months postdose 2 (D210). Individuals with CD4⁺ cell counts below 200 cells/μl were excluded. Adverse events (AEs) including HIV-specific and laboratory safety parameters were recorded. Cell-mediated (ICS) and humoral (ELISA) responses were evaluated before vaccination, 1 month after each dose (D30, D60) and D210. RESULTS: Thirty-seven individuals [interquartile range (IQR) CD4⁺ cell counts at screening: 438-872 cells/μl; undetectable HIV-1 viremia] were enrolled; 73% of individuals reported previous BCG vaccination, 97.3% tested negative for the QuantiFERON-TB assay. For M72/AS01 recipients, no vaccine-related serious AEs or cART-regimen adjustments were recorded, and there were no clinically relevant effects on laboratory safety parameters, HIV-1 viral loads or CD4⁺ cell counts. M72/AS01 was immunogenic, inducing persistent and polyfunctional M72-specific CD4⁺ T-cell responses [medians 0.70% (IQR 0.37-1.07) at D60] and 0.42% (0.24-0.61) at D210, predominantly CD40L⁺IL-2⁺TNF-α⁺, CD40L⁺IL-2⁺ and CD40L⁺IL-2⁺TNF-α⁺IFN-γ⁺]. All M72/AS01 vaccines were seropositive for anti-M72 IgG after second vaccination until study end. CONCLUSION: M72/AS01 was clinically well tolerated and immunogenic in this population, supporting further clinical evaluation in HIV-infected individuals in TB-endemic settings.

In vitro cell activating properties of the composite ribosomal vaccine D53

D53 (RibomuntyR) is a composite vaccine made of immunogenic ribosomes from 4 bacterial species (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae) associated with a membrane proteoglycan from a non encapsulated strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. D53 is a potent inducer of interleukin-1 production by mouse BALB/c spleen cells as shown by the C3H/HeJ thymocyte co-stimulation assay. Furthermore D53 triggers DNA synthesis by mouse spleen cells and induces the maturation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulin secreting cells. Polyclonal B cell activation by D53 was readily achieved in the C3H/HeJ strain which is deficient in its response to E. coli lipopolysaccharide. The proliferative response to D53 was abrogated by removal of B cells from the spleen cell suspension, but it was not altered after depletion of T cells or adherent cells. D53 induced polyclonal B cell activation of spleen cells from athymic nude mice and from CBA/N mice. Each component of D53 induced polyclona B cell activation except ribosomes from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Each triggered Interleukin-1 synthesis except ribosomes from Klebsiella penumoniae. These in vitro properties may account for some of the in vivo immunostimulating properties of this composite vaccine.

GP38, P28-I and P28-II: candidates for a vaccine against Schistosomiasis

Three antigens protective against Schistosoma mansoni have been extensively characterized. The schistosomulum surface antigen GP38 possesses an immunodominant carbohydrate epitope of which the structure has been defined. Protection can be achieved via the transfer of monoclonal antibodies recognizing the epitope or by immunization with anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies. The glycan epitope is shared with the intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata as well as being present on other molluscs, including the Keyhole Limpet. A group of molecules at 28 kDa were initially characterized in adult worms and shown to protect rats and mice against a challenge infection. One of these molecules, P28-I, was cloned and expressed in E. coli, yeast and vaccinia virus. The recombinant antigen significantly protected rats, hamsters and baboons against a challenge infection. P28-I is a glutathione-S-transferase and the recombinant antigen produced in yeast exhibits the enzyme activity and has been purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. A second P28 antigen, P28-II, has also been cloned, fully sequenced and expressed. This recombinant antigen also protects against S. mansoni infection.

Prospects for a nonliving vaccine against Schistosomiasis based on cell-mediated immune resistance mechanisms

We have designed a vaccine model based on induction of cell-mediated immunity and shown that it protects mice against Schistosoma mansoni infection. Mice are immunized by intradermal injection with schistosome antigens plus BCG. Resistance is dependent on the route of antigen presentation and the adjuvant chosen. The pattern of resistance correlates with sensitization of T lymphocytes for production of gamma interferon, a macrophage activating lymphokine that stimulates the cellular effector mechanism of protection. Purified schistosome paramyosin, a muscle cell component present in soluble parasite antigenic preparations, is immunogenic for T lymphocytes and induces resistance when given intradermally with BCG. It is likely that this protein, and possibly other soluble molecules that are released by the parasites of a challenge infection, induce a cellular inflammatory response resulting in larval trapping and/or killing by activated macrophages. These results verify the feasibility of a vaccine against schistosomiasis based on induction of cell-mediated immune resistance mechanisms.