The ones that come ready made:The identification and use of Sus tusks as tools at prehistoric cave sites in Malaysia

Evidence for osseous technologies has featured in excavation reports from Southeast Asia for almost a century and from archaeological deposits as old as 43,000 years BP. However, in contrast to the significance that is placed on this technology in other parts of the world, until recently, Southeast Asian assemblages have drawn only very limited attention. Concentrating on evidence from Malaysia, the current paper examines one element of this inventory of tools: the deliberate modification of pig canines and the means by which such alteration can be distinguished from patterns of natural tooth wear. Particular attention is paid to the bearded pig (Sus barbatus), as it is one of the two species of wild boar in Malaysia whose tusks are most likely to have been used by prehistoric toolmakers. Reference is also made to wider, regional ethnographic examples of known tusk implements and their accredited uses to further assist in the identification process. Distinguishing criteria for worked tusk are formulated according to the type and extent of modification. These criteria are then applied to archaeological specimens recovered from two prehistoric cave sites in Malaysia, Gua Bintong and Niah Cave.

This Grievable Life: Precarity, Land Tenancy, Climate Change and Flooding in the Kampung of Jakarta

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2015-12

NGOs, International Aid, and Mental Health in Cambodia

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-03

Gender and human security : the challenge facing Canada's human security policy /

During the 1980's and for much of the 1990's, many countries in the Asia Pacific were renowned for their economic development and prosperity. The Asian tigers were a source of great interest for many economists and international investors. The 1997 Asian financial crisis, however, dramatically altered the growth and the performance of these economies. The crisis sent several ofAsia's best performing economies on a downward spiral from which many have yet to fully recover. The crisis exposed the financial and the political weaknesses ofmany countries in the region. Moreover, the crisis severely affected the wellbeing and the security ofmany ofthe region's citizens. This text will examine the economic crisis in greater detail and explore current debates in the study of international relations theory. More specifically, this paper will examine recent challenges posed to traditional international relations theory and address alternative approaches to this field of study. This paper will examine Critical theory and its role in shifting the referent object of security from the state to the individual. In this context, this paper will also assess Critical theory's role in enabling such issues as gender and human security to find a place on the agendas of international relations scholars and foreign policy makers. The central focus ofthis study will be the financial crisis and its impact on human security in the Southeast Asia. Furthermore, this paper will assess the recovery efforts ofthe domestic governments, international organizations and various Canadian sponsored initiatives in the context ofhuman security.

Development of a bacteriophage-based biopesticide for fire blight

Fire blight is an economically important disease of apples and pears that is caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora. Control of the disease depends on limiting primaly blosson1 infection in the spring, and rapidly removing infected tissue. The possibility of using phages to control E.amylovora populations has been suggested, but previous studies have. failed to show high treatment efficacies. This work describes the development of a phage-based biopesticide that controls E. amylovora populations under field conditions, and significantly reduces the incidence of fire blight. This work reports the first use ofPantoea agglomerans, a non-pathogenic relative ofE. amylovora, as a carrier for E. amylovora.phages. Its role is to support a replicating population of these phages on blossom surfaces during the period when the flowers are most susceptible to infection. Seven phages and one carrier isolate were selected for field trials from existing collections of 56 E. amylovora phages and 249 epiphytic orchard bacteria. Selection of the . /' phages and carrier was based on characteristics relevant to the production and field perfonnance of a biopesticide: host range, genetic diversity, growth under the conditions of large-scale production, and the ability to prevent E. amylovora from infecting pear blossoms. In planta assays showed that both the phages and the carrier make significant contributions to reducirig the development of fire blight symptoms in pear blossoms. Field-scale phage production and purification methods were developed based on the growth characteristics of the phages and bacteria in liquid culture, and on the survival of phages in various liquid media. Six of twelve phage-carrier biopesticide treatments caused statistically signiflcant reductions in disease incidence during orchard trials. Multiplex real-time PCR was used to simultaneously monitor the phage, carrier, and pathogen populations over the course of selected treatments. In all cases. the observed population dynamics of the biocontrol agents and the pathogen were consistent with the success or failure of each treatment to control disease incidence. In treatments exhibiting a significantly reduced incidel1ce of fire blight, the average blossom population ofE.amylovora had been reduced to pre-experiment epiphytic levels. In successful treatments the phages grew on the P. agglomerans carrier for 2 to 3 d after treatment application. The phages then grew preferentially on the pathogen, once it was introduced into this blossom ecosystem. The efficacy of the successful phage-based treatnlents was statistically similar to that of streptomycin, which is the most effective bactericide currently available for fire blight prevention. The in planta behaviour ofE. amylovora was compared to that ofErwinia pyrifoliae, a closely related species that causes fire blight-like synlptoms on pears in southeast Asia. Duplex real-time PCR was used to monitor the population dynamics of both species on single blossonls. E. amylovora exhibited a greater competitive fitness on Bartlett pear blossoms than E. pyrifoliae. The genome ofErwinia phage Ea21-4 was sequenced and annotated. Most of the 8-4.7 kB genome is substantially different from previously described sequences, though some regions are notably similar to Salmonella phage Felix 01 . Putative functions were assigned to approximately 30% of the predicted open reading frames based on amino acid sequence comparisons and N-terminal sequencing of structural proteins.

Alternatives à l'assainissement centralisé dans les pays en développement: le cas des zones périurbaines du Vietnam

Dans le contexte d’urbanisation fulgurante de l’Asie du sud-est, les zones périurbaines agricoles vietnamiennes subissent des pressions environnementales croissantes et sont loin d’être équipées en infrastructures. L’assainissement présente un important manque d’investissement. La thèse s’est intéressée aux stratégies et aux mécanismes de financement qui aideront à réduire l’écart entre l’offre et la demande d’assainissement. Deux hypothèses principales ont été posées. D’abord, des fonds supplémentaires doivent provenir des ressources nationales, locales et celles des utilisateurs. La seconde hypothèse pose qu’il faudra investir avantage dans des activités qui augmenteront la durabilité des services d’assainissement, comme l’éducation et la promotion, qui en plus favorisent les contributions locales. La thèse a tenté de répondre à la question suivante : Dans le contexte périurbain d’Hanoi, comment mettre à contribution les ressources locales pour améliorer l’accès et la durabilité de l’assainissement? L’étude de cas est un projet communautaire pilote de gestion des eaux usées en banlieue d’Hanoi. Les facteurs de demande pour de l’assainissement et leurs effets sur la durabilité du projet ont été analysés auprès des ménages, des acteurs du village et des acteurs nationaux liés à l’assainissement. La thèse a d’abord permis d’actualiser les connaissances sur deux aspects importants : le cadre institutionnel qui encadre le financement de l’assainissement et les coûts et bénéfices de l’assainissement alternatif au Vietnam. Ces deux sujets présentaient une lacune sérieuse au niveau de la documentation. Puis, malgré de faibles capacités au niveau local, la demande réelle pour de l’assainissement était beaucoup plus importante que celle relevée dans la littérature. La recherche a permis de conclure que les institutions gouvernementales pourraient compter sur une plus grande contribution du milieu local si la planification ciblait ces facteurs : l’éducation et promotion, une grande part de décision et de gestion au niveau local et des technologies plus simples.