Distribution of biological, anthropogenic, and volcanic constituents in the San Francisco Bay Coastal System

Although conventional sediment parameters (mean grain size, sorting, and skewness) and provenance have typically been used to infer sediment transport pathways, most freshwater, brackish, and marine environments are also characterized by abundant sediment constituents of biological, and possibly anthropogenic and volcanic, origin that can provide additional insight into local sedimentary processes. The biota will be spatially distributed according to its response to environmental parameters such as water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, organic carbon content, grain size, and intensity of currents and tidal flow, whereas the presence of anthropogenic and volcanic constituents will reflect proximity to source areas and whether they are fluvially- or aerially-transported. Because each of these constituents have a unique environmental signature, they are a more precise proxy for that source area than the conventional sedimentary process indicators. This San Francisco Bay Coastal System study demonstrates that by applying a multi-proxy approach, the primary sites of sediment transport can be identified. Many of these sites are far from where the constituents originated, showing that sediment transport is widespread in the region. Although not often used, identifying and interpreting the distribution of naturally-occurring and allochthonous biologic, anthropogenic, and volcanic sediment constituents is a powerful tool to aid in the investigation of sediment transport pathways in other coastal systems.

Body sizes and dive characteristics of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) from Kakiak Point and Melville Bay (2005-2007)

We report on wintertime data collected from Baffin Bay and northern Davis Strait, a major gateway linking the Arctic with the subpolar North Atlantic, using narwhals (Monodon monoceros) as an oceanographic sampling platform. Fourteen narwhals were instrumented with satellite-linked time-depth-temperature recorders between 2005 and 2007. Transmitters collected and transmitted water column temperature profiles from each dive between December and April, where >90% of maximum daily dive depths reached the bottom. Temperature measurements were combined with 15 helicopter-based conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) casts taken in April 2007 across central Baffin Bay and compared with hydrographic climatology values used for the region in Arctic climate models. Winter temperature maxima for whale and CTD data were in good agreement, ranging between 4.0°C and 4.6°C in inshore and offshore Baffin Bay and in Davis Strait. The warm Irminger Water was identified between 57°W and 59°W (at 68°N) between 200 and 400 m depths. Whale data correlated well with climatological temperature maxima; however, they were on average 0.9°C warmer ±0.6°C (P < 0.001). Furthermore, climatology data overestimated the winter surface isothermal layer thickness by 50-80 m. Our results suggest the previously documented warming in Baffin Bay has continued through 2007 and is associated with a warmer West Greenland Current in both of its constituent water masses. This research demonstrates the feasibility of using narwhals as ocean observation platforms in inaccessible Arctic areas where dense sea ice prevents regular oceanographic measurements and where innate site fidelity, affinity for winter pack ice, and multiple daily dives to >1700 m offer a useful opportunity to sample the area.

Diatom biostratigraphy of the Kerguelen Plateau and Prydz Bay, Southern Ocean

Samples were examined for diatoms from 22 holes at 11 sites cored by ODP Leg 119 on the Kerguelen Plateau and in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica. Diatoms were observed in Oligocene through Holocene sediments recovered from the Kerguelen Plateau. The diatom flora from the Kerguelen Plateau is characterized by species such as Azpeitia oligocenica, Rocella gelida, Rocella vigilans, and Synedra jouseana in the Oligocene and Crucidenticula nicobarica, Denticulopsis hustedtii, Nitzschia miocenica, and Thalassiosira miocenica in the Miocene. This somewhat cosmopolitan assemblage gives way to a Pliocene and Holocene assemblage characterized by species such as Nitzschia kerguelensis, Thalassiosira inura, and Thalassiosira torokina, which are endemic to the Southern Ocean region. Samples examined from Prydz Bay are generally devoid of diatoms. The exception is Site 739, where diatoms occur sporadically in lower Oligocene and upper Miocene through Quaternary sediments. The Leg 119 diatom biostratigraphic results allow the development of a stratigraphic framework for the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. This diatom zonation integrates diatom zonations developed previously for other sectors of the Southern Ocean. The zonation proposed here is based on biostratigraphic events of both geographically widespread and endemic species calibrated to the paleomagnetic stratigraphy. As such, this zonation has application throughout the Southern Ocean and allows correlation from the southern high latitudes to the low latitudes.

Muscongus Bay and Seal Harbor, Maine, Nautical Chart, 1776 (Image 1 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the untitled, historic nautical chart: [A chart of St. Georges River, Broad Bay &c.] (sheet originally published in 1776). The map is [sheet 34] from the Atlantic Neptune atlas Vol. 3 : Charts of the coast and harbors of New England, from surveys taken by Samuel Holland and published by J.F.W. Des Barres, 1781. Scale [ca. 1:50,000]. This layer is image 1 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map, representing the northern portion of the map. Covers the Muscongus Bay and Seal Harbor, Maine Region. The image is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'World Mercator' (WGS 84) projected coordinate system. All map collar information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows coastal features such as harbors, inlets, rocks, channels, points, coves, shoals, islands, and more. Includes also selected land features such as cities and towns and buildings. Relief is shown by hachures; depths by soundings. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection. The entire Atlantic Neptune atlas Vol. 3 : Charts of the coast and harbors of New England has been scanned and georeferenced as part of this selection.

Muscongus Bay and Seal Harbor, Maine, Nautical Chart, 1776 (Image 2 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the untitled, historic nautical chart: [A chart of St. Georges River, Broad Bay &c.] (sheet originally published in 1776). The map is [sheet 35] from the Atlantic Neptune atlas Vol. 3 : Charts of the coast and harbors of New England, from surveys taken by Samuel Holland and published by J.F.W. Des Barres, 1781. Scale [ca. 1:50,000]. This layer is image 2 of 2 total images of the two sheet source map, representing the southern portion of the map. Covers the Muscongus Bay and Seal Harbor, Maine Region. The image is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'World Mercator' (WGS 84) projected coordinate system. All map collar information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows coastal features such as harbors, inlets, rocks, channels, points, coves, shoals, islands, and more. Includes also selected land features such as cities and towns and buildings. Relief is shown by hachures; depths by soundings. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection. The entire Atlantic Neptune atlas Vol. 3 : Charts of the coast and harbors of New England has been scanned and georeferenced as part of this selection.

New York Bay and Harbor, 1776 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Chart of the entrance of Hudson's River, from Sandy Hook to New York : with the banks, depths of water, sailing-marks, & ca. It was printed for Robt. Sayer & John Bennett, sea chart & map-sellers ... 1st June 1776. Scale [ca. 1:70,000]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 18N NAD83 projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows coastal features such as lighthouses, rocks, channels, points, coves, islands, and more. Depths shown by soundings and shading. Relief shown by hachures. Includes notes. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Isla Grevy and Isla Bayly Region, Islas Wollaston, Tierra del Fuego, Chile, 1891 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Seagull Harbour, Gretton Bay, Wollaston Island : Tierra del Fuego by the U.S. Ex.Ex. 1839 ; R.H. Wyman, Commo. U.S.N. Hydrographer to the Bureau of Navigation. Extensive corr. July 1891. It was published by the Hydrographic Office in 1891. Scale [ca. 1:10,600]. Covers the Isla Grevy and Isla Bayly Region, Islas Wollaston, Tierra del Fuego, Chile. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'Mercator' projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, shoreline features, bays, harbors, inlets, points, rocks, anchorage points and bottom types, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Depths shown by soundings. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection and the Harvard University Library as part of the Open Collections Program at Harvard University project: Organizing Our World: Sponsored Exploration and Scientific Discovery in the Modern Age. Maps selected for the project correspond to various expeditions and represent a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Cape of Good Hope and Cape Town Region, South Africa, Nautical Chart, 1822 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic, paper map entitled: Survey of the Cape of Good Hope, by Lieut. A.T.E. Vidal of H.M.S. Leven, assisted by Captn. Chas. Lechmere, R.N. Lieut T. Boteler, and Mr. H.A. Gibbons, Admlty. Midn. under the direction of Captn. W.F.W. Owen, 1822. J. & C. Walker sculpt. It was published according to Act of Parliament at the Hydrographical Office of the Admiralty, 4th March 1828. Scale [ca. 1:153,512]. Covers the Cape Peninsula region, including False Bay and Cape Town, South Africa. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'WGS 1984 UTM 34S' coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows coastal features such as beacons, rocks, channels, points, coves, islands, bottom soil types, anchorage points, and more. Includes also selected land features such as roads, drainage, land cover, selected buildings, towns, and more. Relief shown by contours; depths by soundings. Includes notes, table of heights, and two views. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Free State Region, South Africa, 1899 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Stanford's new map of the Orange Free State, the southern part of the South African Republic, the northern frontier of Cape Colony, Natal, Basutoland and Delagoa Bay. It was published by E. Stanford in 1899. Scale 1:1,000,000 The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, railroads and stations, administrative and territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by shading and spot heights.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Fī bayān ansāb al-Shaykh al-Imām ... Abū al-Ḥasan ʻAlī ibn ʻAbd Allāh ... al-Shādhilī : manuscript, undated

Title from caption.