Using Modern Tools to Explain the Use of the Smith Chart

The concept of explaining the use of an old tool like the Smith chart, using modern tools like MATLAB [1] scripts in combination with e-learning facilities, is exemplified by two MATLAB scripts. These display, step by step, the graphical procedure that must be used to solve the double-stub impedance-matching problem. These two scripts correspond to two different possible ways to analyze this matching problem, and they are important for students to learn by themselves.

Capacity Enhancement Using MIMO Antenna Arrays in Realistic Macro-Cellular Urban Environment

In MIMO systems the antenna array configuration in the BS and MS has a large influence on the available channel capacity. In this paper, we first introduce a new Frequency Selective (FS) MIMO framework for macro-cells in a realistic urban environment. The MIMO channel is built over a previously developed directional channel model, which considers the terrain and clutter information in the cluster, line-of-sight and link loss calculations. Next, MIMO configuration characteristics are investigated in order to maximize capacity, mainly the number of antennas, inter-antenna spacing and SNR impact. Channel and capacity simulation results are presented for the city of Lisbon, Portugal, using different antenna configurations. Two power allocations schemes are considered, uniform distribution and FS spatial water-filling. The results suggest optimized MIMO configurations, considering the antenna array size limitations, specially at the MS side.

SAR determination and influence of the human head in the radiation of a mobile antenna for two different frequencies

The big proliferation of mobile communication systems has caused an increased concern about the interaction between the human body and the antennas of mobile handsets. In order to study the problem, a multiband antenna was designed, fabricated and measured to operate over two frequency sub bands 900 and 1800 MHz. After that, we simulated the same antenna, but now, in the presence of a human head model to analyze the head's influence. First, the influence of the human head on the radiation efficiency of the antenna has been investigated as a function of the distance between the head and the antenna and with the inclination of the antenna. Furthermore, the relative amount of the electromagnetic power absorbed in the head has been obtained.

Antena para sistema de localização interior

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Electrónica e Telecomunicações

Influence of the Human Head in the Radiation of a Mobile Antenna

The big proliferation of mobile communication systems has caused an increased concern about the interaction between the human body and the antennas of mobile handsets. In order to study the problem, a multiband antenna was designed, fabricated and measured to operate over two frequency sub bands 900 and 1800 MHz. After that, we simulated the same antenna, but now, in the presence of a human head model to analyze the head's influence. First, the influence of the human head on the radiation efficiency of the antenna has been investigated as a function of the distance between the head and the antenna and with the inclination of the antenna. Furthermore, the relative amount of the electromagnetic power absorbed in the head has been obtained. In this study the electromagnetic analysis has been performed via FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain).

Receptor MIMO em FPGA baseado no esquema de Alamouti

A oferta de serviços baseados em comunicações sem fios tem vindo a crescer exponencialmente na última década. Cada vez mais são exigidas maiores taxas de transmissão assim como uma melhor QoS, sem comprometer a potência de transmissão ou argura de banda disponível. A tecnologia MIMO consegue oferecer um aumento da capacidade destes sistemas sem requerer aumento da largura de banda ou da potência transmitida. O trabalho desenvolvido nesta dissertação consistiu no estudo dos sistemas MIMO, caracterizados pela utilização de múltiplas antenas para transmitir e receber a informação. Com um sistema deste tipo consegue-se obter um ganho de diversidade espacial utilizando códigos espaço-temporais, que exploram simultaneamente o domínio espacial e o domínio do tempo. Nesta dissertação é dado especial ênfase à codificação por blocos no espaço-tempo de Alamouti, a qual será implementada em FPGA, nomeadamente a parte de recepção. Esta implementação é efectuada para uma configuração de antenas 2x1, utilizando vírgula flutuante e para três tipos de modulação: BPSK, QPSK e 16-QAM. Por fim será analisada a relação entre a precisão alcançada na representação numérica dos resultados e os recursos consumidos pela FPGA. Com a arquitectura adoptada conseguem se obter taxas de transferência na ordem dos 29,141 Msimb/s (sem pipelines) a 262,674 Msimb/s (com pipelines), para a modulação BPSK.

Reconfigurable antenna for mobile devices

O trabalho descrito nesta dissertação de mestrado foca-se em geral na investigação de antenas impressas. São apresentados conceitos básicos, em conjunto com alguns exemplos desenvolvidos. No entanto, o principal foco prende-se com técnicas de miniaturização e reconfigurabilidade de antenas. A miniaturização de antenas é um tema de investigação de longa data, no entanto, novas técnicas e soluções são apresentadas regularmente. Nesta tese, é aplicada uma técnica recente, baseada na introdução de indutores encapsulados no elemento ressonante de uma antena, que permite miniaturizar um monopólio impresso com uma frequência de ressonância de 2.5 GHz. Outro assunto abordado neste trabalho é a reconfigurabilidade de antenas. Algumas das técnicas mais comuns na investigação actual são apresentadas e debatidas. Uma solução com recurso a díodos PIN é usada para estudar esta capacidade. Os conceitos e características deste tipo de componentes são apresentadas sendo feito o desenho e fabrico de um possível monopólio impresso reconfigurável para operação em dupla banda. Por fim, são combinadas as técnicas de miniaturização com inductor encapsulado e reconfigurabilidade através de díodos PIN, por forma a projectar uma antena reconfigurável muito pequena, para operação em duas bandas distintas. Os resultados são discutidos e com base nestes, algumas possíveis otimizações são propostas. The work reported in this dissertation is focused in the printed antenna research. Basic concepts of printed antennas are presented, along with a few examples that were developed. The main focus however, is around miniaturization and reconfigurability of antennas. Antenna miniaturization is a long time research subject, however, new techniques and solutions are presented everyday. In this thesis, a recent technique based on the introduction of chip inductors in the resonating element of a printed antenna is used in order to miniaturize a monopole with a resonating frequency at 2.5 GHz. Another issue approached in this work is antenna reconfigurability. Some common techniques used in antenna reconfiguration are presented and debated. A solution with PIN diodes is used to study this capability. The concepts and characteristics of this type of components are presented and an example of a reconfigurable printed monopole for dual-band operation is designed and fabricated. At last, miniaturization with chip inductor and reconfigurability through PIN diodes are used together to create a very small antenna for dual-band operation. The simulated and measured results are discussed and upon these, some possible optimizations are proposed.

Bi-Dimensional Characterization of a Wimax Radio Channel at 3.5GHz

This paper presents the characterization of an indoor Wimax radio channel using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) [1] method complemented with the Convolutional Perfect Matched Layer (CPML) technique [2]. An indoor 2D scenario is simulated in the 3.5GHz band (IEEE 802.16d-2004 and IEEE 802.16e-2005 [3]). In this study, we used two complementary techniques in both analysis, technique A and B for fading based on delay spread and technique C and D for fading based on Doppler spread. Both techniques converge to the same result. Simulated results define the channel as flat, slow and without inter-symbolic interference (ISI), making the application of the spatial diversity the most appropriate scheme.

Low Profile Multi-Band Antenna for Mobile Communications

In this paper, the design of low profile antennas by using Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structures is introduced. Taking advantage of the fact that they can behave as Perfect Magnetic Conductor (PMC), it is shown that these structures exhibit dual band in-phase reflection at WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) bands, the 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz bands. These structures are applied to PIFA (Planar Inverted-F Antenna) and the results show that it is possible to obtain low profile PIFA's.

Antenas cornetas para o satélite CosmoGal

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações

Corrugated horn antenna for a CosmoGal satellite with reduced dimensions

This paper presents the design methodology for the creation of corrugated horn antennas for the CosmoGal satellite. The mission will collect the radiation of the cosmic microwave background, by a radiometer in three different radio astronomy frequency bands (10.6-10.7GHz; 15.35-15.4GHz; 23.6-24GHz). It is discussed the design of several types of horns, simulated with the CST software. The best result points to a choked Gaussian corrugated horn antenna, with directivity of 23 dBi, side lobes 35 dB below and cross polarization better than -45 dB. Plus, with the advantage of having a small dimension, with a total length of only 7.43λ © 2014 IEEE.

RFID passive tag antenna for cork bottle stopper

In this paper we propose a possible design for a RFID tag antenna embedded into cork. The antenna is small and conformal and intended to be used into bottle stoppers for tracking and logging purposes of wine or other beverages. The proposed design is based on an inductive ring and an added resistance in order to modify the current distributions of the antenna. The resulting antenna has a relatively directive radiation pattern and despite the small efficiency it is able to operate with a commercial RFID reader at a reasonable distance. © 2014 IEEE.

The impact of different power dividers used in a non-uniform planar antenna array

Wireless communications are widely used for various applications, requiring antennas with different features. Often, to achieve the desired radiation pattern, is necessary to employ antenna arrays, using non-uniform excitation on its elements. Power dividers can be used and the best known are the T-junction and the Wilkinson power divider, whose main advantage is the isolation between output ports. In this paper the impact of this isolation on the overall performance of a circularly polarized planar antenna array using non-uniform excitation is investigated. Results show a huge decrease of the array bandwidths either in terms of return loss or in polarization, without resistors. © 2014 IEEE.

UHF RFID tag antenna for bottle labeling

In this paper we present a possible design for a passive RFID tag antenna on paper substrate to be integrated into bottle labels. Considering the application scenario, we verified and determined the permittivity and dissipation factor of the materials in order to simulate all the possible sources that would influence the antenna performance. The measured results reported a maximum reading range of 1.45 m even though the efficiency obtained with the antenna integrated into the bottle was only of 3%. © 2014 IEEE.

A high-rate mimo receiver in an FPGA

This paper describes the hardware implementation of a High-Rate MIMO Receiver in an FPGA for three modulations, namely BPSK, QPSK and 16-QAM based on the Alamouti scheme. The implementation with 16-QAM achieves more than 1.6 Gbps with 66% of the resources of a medium-sized Virtex-4 FPGA. This results indicate that the Alamouti scheme is a good design option for hardware implementation of a high-rate MIMO receiver. Also, using an FPGA, the modulation can be dynamically changed on demand.