PGPRs and nitrogen-fixing legumes: a perfect team for efficient Cd phytoremediation?

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic, biologically non-essential and highly mobile metal that has become an increasingly important environmental hazard to both wildlife and humans. In contrast to conventional remediation technologies, phytoremediation based on legume rhizobia symbiosis has emerged as an inexpensive decontamination alternative which also revitalize contaminated soils due to the role of legumes in nitrogen cycling. In recent years, there is a growing interest in understanding symbiotic legume rhizobia relationship and its interactions with Cd. The aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive picture of the main effects of Cd in N-2-fixing leguminous plants and the benefits of exploiting this symbiosis together with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria to boost an efficient reclamation of Cd-contaminated soils.

Estudio regional sobre las dimensiones sociales en el manejo de areas marinas protegidas: casos en Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras y Panama

Explora la percepción de las personas residentes en las comunidades costeras vinculadas a los espacios marinos protegidos en Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica y Panamá. Profundiza, a partir de estudios de caso y el análisis comparativo, los temas de gobernanza, derechos humanos y distribución justa y equitativa de beneficios derivados de la conservación. Los resultados destacan que los esfuerzos de conservación marina no han logrado establecer puentes que permitan satisfacer las necesidades sociales. Las comunidades han sido excluidas de los procesos de toma de decisiones, y los costos de la conservación han recaído en las pueblos costeros. Se plantean recomendaciones orientadas hacia el desarrollo de procesos de conservación marina y desarrollo local en aras de tender puentes en la búsqueda de formas y modelos de conservación marina que sean respetuosos de los derechos humanos y promuevan “el buen vivir” de las comunidades en territorios marino-costeros.

植物形态学信息处理的研究

从计算机技术的角度出发，对植物形态学信息处理和应用，构成本文的思想，文中简略同顾了植物形态学术语的标准化的历史发展过程，对当前世界范围内在此领域的工作也作了概要般的总结，论述了计算机技术用十植物学应用和研究的重要性并提出了我国在此领域内开展工作的紧迫性和必要性。计算机的资源限制及植物信息特有的复杂性是这一领域发展的困难。因此，如何贮存植物信息?如何操作加工应用？才能充分利用计算机资源和植物信息资源成为本领域的核心问题。 本文基于上面的考虑，对植物形态学信息从基本的信息单位植物形态学术语出发，探求其分类结构，并从计算机技术的编码理论方面进行探讨．力图求得一个标准化的植物形态学描述分类群的术语编码集，提供一种实现描述的方法，并试验性地给出一种描述规范和格式，简单讨论一下实现语言处理，机器鉴定、数量分类的可能性，最后简单分析和对比了本工作和国际上的类似工作，并对本领域进行了简单的展望。

Growth, mortality, and hatchdate distributions of larval and juvenile spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) in Florida Bay, Everglades National Park

Life history aspects of larval and, mainly, juvenile spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) were studied in Florida Bay, Everglades National Park, Florida. Collections were made in 1994−97, although the majority of juveniles were collected in 1995. The main objective was to obtain life history data to eventually develop a spatially explicit model and provide baseline data to understand how Everglades restoration plans (i.e. increased freshwater flows) could influence spotted seatrout vital rates. Growth of larvae and juveniles (<80 mm SL) was best described by the equation loge standard length = –1.31 + 1.2162 (loge age). Growth in length of juveniles (12–80 mm SL) was best described by the equation standard length = –7.50 + 0.8417 (age). Growth in wet weight of juveniles (15–69 mm SL) was best described by the equation loge wet-weight = –4.44 + 0.0748 (age). There were no significant differences in juvenile growth in length of spotted seatrout in 1995 between three geographical subdivisions of Florida Bay: central, western, and waters adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico. We found a significant difference in wet-weight for one of six cohorts categorized by month of hatchdate in 1995, and a significant difference in length for another cohort. Juveniles (i.e. survivors) used to calculate weekly hatchdate distributions during 1995 had estimated spawning times that were cyclical and protracted, and there was no correlation between spawning and moon phase. Temperature influenced otolith increment widths during certain growth periods in 1995. There was no evidence of a relationship between otolith growth rate and temperature for the first 21 increments. For increments 22–60, otolith growth rates decreased with increasing age and the extent of the decrease depended strongly in a quadratic fashion on the temperature to which the fish was exposed. For temperatures at the lower and higher range, increment growth rates were highest. We suggest that this quadratic relationship might be influenced by an environmental factor other than temperature. There was insufficient information to obtain reliable inferences on the relationship of increment growth rate to salinity.

Cousteau y la Calypso en Cuba. II.

Segundo artículo de tres escritos por el autor para significar la presencia del importante biólogo marino en Cuba, en este particularmente se refiere a los detalles técnicos constructivos de las embarcaciones utilizadas por él.

Cousteau y la Calypso en Cuba. III.

Tercer artículo de tres escritos por el autor para significar la presencia del importante biólogo marino en Cuba, en este particularmente aborda los barcos hundidos encontrados en esta expedición así como también las especies identificadas.

紫茎泽兰入侵的生态学研究

存在明显的季节性干旱的实验地的自然生境（无遮荫不补水处理）对于1年生紫茎泽兰来说具有胁迫作用，而对于本地草本植物群落来说，这样的季节性干旱并不存在胁迫作用;在单层遮荫不补水的处理中，紫茎泽兰具有竞争优势，而单层遮荫补水处理对紫茎泽兰的竞争不利。在双层遮荫补水的处理中，紫茎泽兰表现出对本地植物较大的相对竞争优势，但双层覆盖对于二者的生长均构成了较严重的胁迫。 在无覆盖不补水的处理中，紫茎泽兰定居期的死亡率最高，而定居后的生长指标（平均高和平均单株干重）在补水和不补水条件之间没有明显差异;在双层覆盖条件下，紫茎泽兰存活率在补水和不补水条件下，绝对值都较高，而平均单株干重在补水和不补水条件下都比较低;在单层覆盖条件下，紫茎泽兰存活率在补水和不补水条件下都较高，紫茎泽兰的平均高和平均单株干重在不补水处理都显著高于补水处理，而且明显高于其他不覆盖、双层覆盖的补水和不补水处理。说明在实验地的自然生境中，本地群落对紫茎泽兰早期（侵入定居）具有一定的抵抗力，但在这样的生境中的本地植物群落对紫茎泽兰的后期（定居之后）的发展的抵抗力较低;双层覆盖条件（相当于郁闭度高的林下生境）对紫茎泽兰的早期侵入定居虽然抵抗力较差，但是对紫茎泽兰的后期（定居之后）的发展具有较强的抑制作用;单层覆盖条件（相当于受到人畜干扰的郁闭度较低的林下生境）下，本地群落对紫茎泽兰早期侵入定居和后期（定居之后）的发展抵抗力都很低，这一结果提醒我们，紫茎泽兰易于侵入受到过人为干扰的郁闭度较低的林下生境并产生严重危害。 刈割干扰对紫茎泽兰的入侵具有明显的促进作用，高强度刈割的促进作用主要体现在促进紫茎泽兰的个体生长速度和群体生物量上，但低强度刈割的促进作用主要体现在入侵定居的个体数量和群体生物量上。低强度刈割处理中的紫茎泽兰的密度为高强度刈割处理的5倍，单位面积上的紫茎泽兰的生物量最高，达到高强度刈割处理的2.5倍，可见对于紫茎泽兰的入侵而言，低强度的刈割干扰比高强度刈割干扰具有更大的促进作用。 本地植物雀麦、豆科植物、鱼眼草和香薷在与紫茎泽兰混栽后，它们的根际土壤微生物群落结构与紫茎泽兰根际土壤微生物相似性更高，而偏相关分析结果表明，豆科植物和鱼眼草的根际土壤微生物群落结构的变化与它们的生物量生长具有一定的关联性，而对于雀麦和香薷的根际土壤微生物群落结构的变化与它们的生物量生长的关联性不明显，说明紫茎泽兰入侵本地植物群落后可以对生态系统的土壤微生物群落结构造成较大的影响，而微生物的改变并不是对所有的本地植物来说都是非常严峻的。虽然我们实验中的4种本地植物中只有2种本地植物的生长表现出与其根际土壤微生物变化的显著相关性，但这对于本地植物群落已经是非常严重的威胁。