The Bay Scallop, Argopecten irradians, Massachusetts Through North Carolina: Its Biology and the History of Its Habitats and Fisheries

This article covers the biology and the history of the bay scallop habitats and fishery from Massachusetts to North Carolina. The scallop species that ranges from Massachusetts to New York is Argopecten irradians irradians. In New Jersey, this species grades into A. i. concentricus, which then ranges from Maryland though North Carolina. Bay scallops inhabit broad, shallow bays usually containing eelgrass meadows, an important component in their habitat. Eelgrass appears to be a factor in the production of scallop larvae and also the protection of juveniles, especially, from predation. Bay scallops spawn during the warm months and live for 18–30 months. Only two generations of scallops are present at any time. The abundances of each vary widely among bays and years. Scallops were harvested along with other mollusks on a small scale by Native Americans. During most of the 1800’s, people of European descent gathered them at wading depths or from beaches where storms had washed them ashore. Scallop shells were also and continue to be commonly used in ornaments. Some fishing for bay scallops began in the 1850’s and 1860’s, when the A-frame dredge became available and markets were being developed for the large, white, tasty scallop adductor muscles, and by the 1870’s commercial-scale fishing was underway. This has always been a cold-season fishery: scallops achieve full size by late fall, and the eyes or hearts (adductor muscles) remain preserved in the cold weather while enroute by trains and trucks to city markets. The first boats used were sailing catboats and sloops in New England and New York. To a lesser extent, scallops probably were also harvested by using push nets, picking them up with scoop nets, and anchor-roading. In the 1910’s and 1920’s, the sails on catboats were replaced with gasoline engines. By the mid 1940’s, outboard motors became more available and with them the numbers of fishermen increased. The increases consisted of parttimers who took leaves of 2–4 weeks from their regular jobs to earn extra money. In the years when scallops were abundant on local beds, the fishery employed as many as 10–50% of the towns’ workforces for a month or two. As scallops are a higher-priced commodity, the fishery could bring a substantial amount of money into the local economies. Massachusetts was the leading state in scallop landings. In the early 1980’s, its annual landings averaged about 190,000 bu/yr, while New York and North Carolina each landed about 45,000 bu/yr. Landings in the other states in earlier years were much smaller than in these three states. Bay scallop landings from Massachusetts to New York have fallen sharply since 1985, when a picoplankton, termed “brown tide,” bloomed densely and killed most scallops as well as extensive meadows of eelgrass. The landings have remained low, large meadows of eelgrass have declined in size, apparently the species of phytoplankton the scallops use as food has changed in composition and in seasonal abundance, and the abundances of predators have increased. The North Carolina landings have fallen since cownose rays, Rhinoptera bonsais, became abundant and consumed most scallops every year before the fishermen could harvest them. The only areas where the scallop fishery remains consistently viable, though smaller by 60–70%, are Martha’s Vineyard, Nantucket, Mass., and inside the coastal inlets in southwestern Long Island, N.Y.

The Ancillary Harvest of Atlantic Menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, Roe on the North Carolina Coast

Gravid Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, are available along the central coast of North Carolina during the fall and are harvested by the purse-seine fleet from the port of Beaufort. Virtually all of the catch, sexually immature fish included, is reduces to fish meal, fish oil, and fish solubles; however, minor quantities of roe from ripening female menhaden are extracted for local consupmtion. Routine and selective port sampling information was used to characterize the seasonal and biostatistical nautre of the roe menhaden catches at Beaufort. Fishermen recognize two size classes of roe Atlantic menhaden: "forerunners," which are usually the smallest and earliest adult menhaden encountered in the Fall Fishery, and "mammy shad," which are the largest menhaden harvested and produce the greatest roe yields. Roe is extracted from femal fish at various points along the reduction process stream and by several techniques. Vessel cremen and factory personnel extract menhaden roe for personal and local consumption. Undetermined quantities of menhaden roe are channeled into local retail seafood markets. Wholesale prices are about $20 per gallon of roe, while retail prices are about $5 per pound. Carteret County, North Carolina, is probably the only area on the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts where menhaden roe is sold in retail seafood markets. The potential of extracting menhaden roe for foreign markets is discussed

Biology and Fishery for Atlantic Thread Herring, Opisthonema oglinum, along the North Carolina Coast

Thread herrings, Opisthonema spp., are small, nearshore, pelagic clupeid fishes that form dense, surface schools in tropical to subtropical coastal waters. Ecologically, thread herrings form an important forage base for many large, predatory fishes (Finucane and Vaught, 1986). Commercially, thread herrings are targeted by artisanal to moderate-sized seine fisheries off the coasts of Ecuador and Peru (Patterson and Santos, 1992), Costa Rica (Stevenson and Carranza, 1981), Venezuela, the continental margins of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, and near the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Trinidad (Reintjes, 1978). Most of the catch is reduced to fish meal and fish oil (Patterson and Santos, 1992), although minor quantities are used for human consumption (Reintjes, 1978).

Encontros e desencontros: reflexões sobre a prática pedagógica no ensino de português como L2 para surdos à luz da Teoria dos sistemas complexos

Apesar de a proposta atual de inclusão enxergar a LIBRAS como língua materna do surdo e prever que o ensino de Português deve ser voltado para a modalidade escrita e ensinado como segunda língua para essa comunidade, pouquíssimos materiais pensados para esse público foram desenvolvidos. Entre alguns materiais existentes, temos Ensino de Língua Portuguesa para Surdos: caminhos para a prática pedagógica, volumes 1 e 2 (SALLES; FAULSTICH; CARVALHO; RAMOS. 2004), Ideias para Ensinar Português para Alunos Surdos (QUADROS; SCHMIEDT, 2006), Orientações curriculares Proposição de Expectativas de Aprendizagem Língua Portuguesa para Pessoa Surda (SÃO PAULO, 2008), o Projeto Toda Força ao 1 ano contemplando as especificidades dos alunos surdos (SÃO PAULO, 2007), Orientações Curriculares- Proposições de Expectativas de Aprendizagem Língua Brasileira de Sinais (SÃO PAULO, 2008), A Coleção Pitanguá e Português... eu quero ler e escrever (ALBRES, 2010). Além da escassez, percebemos também que, ao analisarmos materiais existentes, muitas particularidades do processo de aprendizagem do aluno surdo não são respeitadas nas propostas de atividades, como a percepção visual, a LIBRAS, os aspectos culturais da comunidade surda, entre outros. Levando em conta essa lacuna na área, o presente trabalho busca elaborar práticas pedagógicas voltadas para o ensino da modalidade escrita do Português como segunda língua para surdos. Para alcançar meu objetivo, procurei planejar meu material baseado nas necessidades que emergissem de um contexto real de aprendizagem de Português para alunos surdos e na revisão de literatura na área. Para gerar dados, realizei duas visitas à escola Integração e entrevistei a coordenadora da instituição, buscando saber mais sobre sua visão acerca do processo de ensino-aprendizagem do surdo. Além disso, fiz também uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre as áreas de Aquisição de segunda língua, condição Pós-Método, Português como L2 para surdos, Teoria dos Sistemas Complexos e Planejamento de materiais para o ensino de L2. A partir dessa revisão de literatura, reuni pressupostos para a elaboração de práticas pedagógicas. Depois, levantei os materiais existentes para o ensino de Português para a comunidade surda com o objetivo de compreender de que forma está sendo pensado o ensino dessa disciplina para a comunidade surda e quais são os encaminhamentos das práticas pedagógicas. Por fim, elaborei materiais iluminados pelas etapas anteriores

Ictiólogos de la Argentina: Amalia María Miquelarena

This series will include all those people who, by means of their contributions, great and small, played a part in the consolidation of ichthyology in Argentina. The general plan of this work consists of individual factsheets containing a list of works by each author, along with reference bibliography and, whenever possible, personal pictures and additional material. The datasheets will be published primarily in chronological order, although this is subject to change by the availability of materials for successive editions. This work represents another approach for the recovery and revalorization of those who set the foundations of Argentine ichthyology while in diverse historical circumstances. I expect this to be the beginning of a major work that achieves the description of such a significant part of the history of natural sciences in Argentina.