Head Space Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (HS - SPME) of volatile organic compounds produced by Sporidiobolus salmonicolor (CBS 2636)

The aim of the present study was the assessment of volatile organic compounds produced by Sporidiobolus salmonicolor (CBS 2636) using methyl and ethyl ricinoleate, ricinoleic acid and castor oil as precursors. The analysis of the volatile organic compounds was carried out using Head Space Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (HS - SPME). Factorial experimental design was used for investigating extraction conditions, verifying stirring rate (0-400 rpm), temperature (25-60 ºC), extraction time (10-30 minutes), and sample volume (2-3 mL). The identification of volatile organic compounds was carried out by Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrum Detector (GC/MSD). The conditions that resulted in maximum extraction were: 60 ºC, 10 minutes extraction, no stirring, sample volume of 2.0 mL, and addition of saturated KCl (1:10 v/v). In the bio-production of volatile organic compounds the effect of stirring rate (120-200 rpm), temperature (23-33 ºC), pH (4.0-8.0), precursor concentration (0.02-0.1%), mannitol (0-6%), and asparagine concentration (0-0.2%) was investigated. The bio-production at 28 ºC, 160 rpm, pH 6,0 and with the addition of 0.02% ricinoleic acid to the medium yielded the highest production of VOCs, identified as 1,4-butanediol, 1,2,2-trimethylciclopropilamine, beta-ionone; 2,3-butanodione, pentanal, tetradecane, 2-isononenal, 4-octen-3-one, propanoic acid, and octadecane.

Evaluation of process parameters in the industrial scale production of fish nuggets

This work reports the use of experimental design for the assessment of the effects of process parameters on the production of fish nuggets in an industrial scale environment. The effect of independent factors on the physicochemical and microbiological parameters was investigated through a full 24 experimental design. The studied factors included the temperature of fish fillet and pulp in the mixer, the temperature of the added fat, the temperature of water and the ratio of protein extraction time to emulsion time. The physicochemical analyses showed that the higher temperature of the pulp and fillet of fish, the lower the protein in the final product. Microbiological analyses revealed that the counting of Staphylococcus coagulase positive, total and thermo-tolerant coliforms were in accordance with the current legislation.

Influence of different sanitizers on food contaminant bacteria: effect of exposure temperature, contact time, and product concentration

The efficiency of four Sanitizers - peracetic acid, chlorhexidine, quaternary ammonium, and organic acids - was tested in this work using different bacteria recognized as a problem to meat industry, Salmonella sp., S. aureus, E. coli and L. monocytogenes. The effects of sanitizer concentration (0.2, 0.5, 0.6, 1.0, 1.1 and 1.4%), at different temperatures (10 and 45 °C) and contact time (2, 10, 15, 18 and 25 minutes) were evaluated. Tests in an industrial plant were also carried out considering previously obtained results. In a general way, peracetic acid presented higher efficiencies using low concentration (0.2%) and contact time (2 minutes) at 10 °C. The tests performed in industrial scale showed that peracetic acid presented a good performance in concentration and contact time lower than that suggested by the suppliers. The use of chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium led to reasonable results at the indicated conditions, and organic acids were ineffective under concentration and contact time higher than those indicated by the suppliers in relation to Staphylococcus aureus. The results, in general, show that the choice for the most adequate sanitizer depends on the microorganism contaminant, the time available for sanitizer application, and also on the process cost.

Assessment of fructooligosaccharides production from sucrose in aqueous and aqueous-organic systems using immobilized inulinase from Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-7571

This work investigated the fructooligosaccharides (FOS) synthesis by immobilized inulinase obtained from Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-7571 in aqueous and aqueous-organic systems using sucrose as substrate. The sequential strategy of experimental design was used to optimize the FOS conversion in both systems. For the aqueous-organic system, a 2(6-2) fractional design was carried out to evaluate the effects of temperature, sucrose concentration, pH, aqueous/organic ratio, enzyme activity, and polyethylene glycol concentration. For the aqueous system, a central composite design for the enzyme activity and the sucrose concentration was carried out. The highest fructooligosaccharides yield (Y FOS) for the aqueous-organic system was 18.2 ± S0.9 wt%, at 40 ºC, pH 5.0, sucrose concentration of 60% (w/w), enzyme activity of 4 U.mL-1, and aqueous/organic ratio of 25/75 wt%. The highest Y FOS for the aqueous system was 14.6 ± 0.9 wt% at 40 ºC, pH 5.0, sucrose concentration of 60 wt%, and enzyme activity of 4.0 U.mL-1.

An alternative method for screening lactic acid bacteria for the production of exopolysaccharides with rapid confirmation

The accumulation of exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by microorganisms occurs in the presence of excess substrate and limiting conditions of elements that are essential to growth, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and magnesium. The presence of EPS produced by bacterial cells contributes to slime colonies formation in solid medium and increased viscosity in liquid medium. This paper proposes an alternative method for screening EPS-producing lactic acid bacteria using solid medium-containing discs of filter paper that are saturated with active cultures. The screening was carried out under different culture conditions varying the type of sugar, pH, and temperature. EPS production was visualized by the presence of mucoid colonies on the discs, which was confirmed by the formation of a precipitate when part of this colony was mixed with absolute alcohol. The established conditions for obtaining a high number of isolates producing EPS were 10% sucrose, pH 7.5 and 28 ºC. This method proved to be effective and economical because several strains could be tested on the same plate, with immediate confirmation.

Uutta, vanhaa ja kierrätettyä : kohti metodologista synteesiä ja dialogista tilaa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Tabagismo como fator de risco para a doença renal crônica: revisão sistemática

Introdução: A doença renal crônica (DRC) e o tabagismo são problemas de saúde pública. Objetivo: Analisar o tabagismo como fator risco para a progressão da DRC. Métodos: Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática nas bases Medline, LILACS, SciELO, Google Acadêmico, Trials.gov e Embase com artigos publicados até fevereiro de 2013. Incluíram-se estudos: tipo coorte, ensaios clínicos e caso-controle. Realizados em seres humanos com idade ≥ 18 anos tendo tabagismo como fator de risco para progressão da DRC. Excluíram-se estudos que não referiam tabagismo e DRC no título ou tinham proposta de combate ao fumo. Resultados: Das 94 citações, 12 artigos foram selecionados. Destes, seis eram multicêntricos realizados em países desenvolvidos e quatro foram aleatorizados. Predominou o sexo masculino 51%-76%. Houve progressão associada ao tabagismo em 11 estudos. Identificou-se que o consumo ≥ 15 maços/ ano aumenta o risco de progressão da DRC. Conclusão: Tabagismo é fator de risco para progressão da DRC.

Avaliação de genótipos de milho para semeadura precoce sob influência de baixa temperatura

O milho (Zea mays L.) é uma planta de clima tropical que exige calor e umidade para produzir satisfatoriamente e proporcionar rendimentos compensadores. Diversos fatores podem comprometer a germinação das sementes e a emergência de plântulas no campo, merecendo destaque a semeadura em solos com baixas temperaturas. Em regiões que predominam condições de baixas temperaturas, seria importante o uso de sementes mais tolerantes a essa condição de estresse. Sementes de milho apresentam variabilidade genética para a germinação a baixas temperaturas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi classificar genótipos de milho quanto a tolerância das sementes à baixa temperatura de germinação, identificando àqueles com potencial para utilização em semeadura precoce. Avaliaram-se 16 genótipos provenientes do programa de melhoramento de milho da empresa KSP Sementes e Pesquisas Ltda., sendo 10 linhagens em diferentes estádios endogâmicos, seis populações de fecundação aberta e três híbridos simples comerciais, recomendados para semeadura precoce na Região Sul do Brasil. A avaliação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi feita pelos testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, comprimento de plântula, biomassa seca, área foliar e radicular nas temperaturas de 25°C e 10°C. Foram realizadas análises eletroforéticas para os sistemas isoenzimáticos da fosfatase ácida, esterase e peroxidase. Os resultados permitiram classificar os genótipos quanto à tolerância das sementes à baixa temperatura, evidenciando que há variabilidade entre eles e potencialidades para serem usados em semeadura precoce na região sul do Brasil.

Diferenças estruturais entre tegumentos de sementes de soja com permeabilidade contrastante

A exposição das sementes de soja a ciclos alternados de elevada e baixa umidades antes da colheita, provocado pela ocorrência de chuvas freqüentes, orvalho ou às flutuações diárias da umidade relativa do ar, resulta na deterioração por umidade, a qual pode ser apontada como a principal causa para a baixa qualidade das sementes. Alguns trabalhos têm evidenciado a existência de genótipos de soja contrastantes para qualidade fisiológica de sementes. Tais diferenças podem existir em virtude da total ou parcial impermeabilidade do tegumento à penetração de água, o que torna as sementes menos susceptíveis aos danos mecânicos, as adversidades climáticas e a deterioração por umidade. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes dos genótipos de soja CD-202 (tegumento amarelo, permeável e susceptível a deterioração) e TP (tegumento preto, semi-permeável e resistente a deterioração) e identificar diferenças estruturais existentes entre os tegumentos desses genótipos. Na determinação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes utilizaram-se os testes de germinação e vigor (condutividade elétrica e envelhecimento acelerado). Para avaliação da estrutura dos tegumentos, foram coletadas sementes de soja em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento (25, 40 e 55 dias após a antese). Essas amostras foram encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Imunologia e Microscopia Eletrônica da Embrapa Clima Temperado, onde os tecidos de tegumento foram visualizados em microscópio ótico Olympus BX 51 com aumento de 40x, através de cortes histológicos na região oposta ao hilo. De acordo com os resultados do trabalho, sementes do genótipo TP apresentaram qualidade fisiológica superior em relação ao genótipo CD-202. Quanto à caracterização morfológica, foram detectadas diferenças entre as estruturas dos tegumentos de soja de coloração preta e amarela, as quais podem estar relacionadas à qualidade de sementes.

Alice Amsden's impact on Latin America

On March 15 2012, we lost Professor Alice Amsden, a great intellectual power in development economics. Her work was systematically marked by creativity, originality, relevance and her fearless commitment to always speak truth to power both in academic as well as in policy-making arenas. This In Memoriam concentrates on just one part of her great intellectual legacy: her impact to better understanding Latin America's development challenges, obstacles and policy options. Our paper focuses on three broad areas of her main influence in the region: the role of transnational corporations, the importance of manufactured exports for development, and industrial policy. As we here argue, in all of them, her work is and continues to be a substantial contribution to knowledge that policy makers will be well advised to take into account if the region is to finally enter a path of structural transformation and sustained economic and social development.

Kysymyksistä, oletuksista ja luokitteluista : kuinka tutkia empiiristä tiedettä filosofisesti

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Tosi-tv:n affektiivinen politiikka

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

1969 Womens Crew

Pictured here are Tony Biernacki, Mary Cumberland, Gwen Francis, Helen Kukasch, Marcia Gillespie, Bev Pearl, Jeniffer Stephenson, Sandy Allen, Sue Auld, and Lisa Librant (Coxie).

Jr Varsity Women Post Practice

The 1976-77 Jr Varsity Women getting off the water. Pictured here are coxswain Maria Carboni, Jennifer Gayman, Kim Evans, Kim White, Sue Thorpe, Wendy Whitfield, Trudy Campbell, and bowman Helen Petrenal.

Girls Volleyball Team

Pictured here from left to right: Back Row - Mike Rohatynski (Coach?), Ivi Ernesaks, Maureen Halpenny, Helen, Henderson, Pat Hueston (Coach). Front Row - Enid Salisbury, Jane Hemphell, Beth Gayman. Missing - Pat Johnson, Debbie MacMillan, and Jean Milburn.