Exposure to Leishmania braziliensis triggers neutrophil activation and apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: Neutrophils are the first line of defense against invading pathogens and are rapidly recruited to the sites of Leishmania inoculation. During Leishmania braziliensis infection, depletion of inflammatory cells significantly increases the parasite load whereas co-inoculation of neutrophils plus L. braziliensis had an opposite effect. Moreover, the co-culture of infected macrophages and neutrophils also induced parasite killing leading us to ask how neutrophils alone respond to an L. braziliensis exposure. Herein we focused on understanding the interaction between neutrophils and L. braziliensis, exploring cell activation and apoptotic fate. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Inoculation of serum-opsonized L. braziliensis promastigotes in mice induced neutrophil accumulation in vivo, peaking at 24 h. In vitro, exposure of thyoglycollate-elicited inflammatory or bone marrow neutrophils to L. braziliensis modulated the expression of surface molecules such as CD18 and CD62L, and induced the oxidative burst. Using mCherry-expressing L. braziliensis, we determined that such effects were mainly observed in infected and not in bystander cells. Neutrophil activation following contact with L. braziliensis was also confirmed by the release of TNF-α and neutrophil elastase. Lastly, neutrophils infected with L. braziliensis but not with L. major displayed markers of early apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: We show that L. braziliensis induces neutrophil recruitment in vivo and that neutrophils exposed to the parasite in vitro respond through activation and release of inflammatory mediators. This outcome may impact on parasite elimination, particularly at the early stages of infection.

Papillary cystoadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin-like) of minor salivary glands

Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum is a benign salivary gland tumor most frequently located in the parotid gland (Warthin"s tumor). Its presentation in other major, or in minor, salivary glands is rare. Clinically, it manifests as a slow growing tumor, fluctuant on palpation due to its cystic morphology. The treatment of choice is complete excision with wide tumor-free margins. We present a 73-year-old female patient with an asymptomatic tumor of 8 years evolution in the right posterior area of the hard palate. We performed surgical excision and a biopsy, which was reported as papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum. During the post-operative examination carried out after 3 weeks, it was observed that the lesion had recurred. The lesion was re-operated, performing the excision with CO2 laser and including the periosteum to ensure complete resection of the tumor. At 10 months follow-up, there was no recurrence of the lesion. This article includes a review of this condition and discusses its most important clinical and pathologic features and therapeutic approaches.

Attenuated Levels of Hippocampal Connexin 43 and its Phosphorylation Correlate with Antidepressant- and Anxiolytic-Like Activities in Mice.

Clinical and preclinical studies have implicated glial anomalies in major depression. Conversely, evidence suggests that the activity of antidepressant drugs is based, at least in part, on their ability to stimulate density and/or activity of astrocytes, a major glial cell population. Despite this recent evidence, little is known about the mechanism(s) by which astrocytes regulate emotionality. Glial cells communicate with each other through gap junction channels (GJCs), while they can also directly interact with neurons by releasing gliotransmitters in the extracellular compartment via an hemichannels (HCs)-dependent process. Both GJCs and HCs are formed by two main protein subunits: connexins (Cx) 30 and 43 (Cx30 and Cx43). Here we investigate the role of hippocampal Cx43 in the regulation of depression-like symptoms using genetic and pharmacological approaches. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the constitutive knock-down of Cx43 on a set of behaviors known to be affected in depression. Conversely, the expression of Cx43 was assessed in the hippocampus of mice subjected to prolonged corticosterone (CORT) exposure, given either alone or in combination with an antidepressant drug, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Our results indicate that the constitutive deficiency of Cx43 resulted in the expression of some characteristic hallmarks of antidepressant-/anxiolytic-like behavioral activities along with an improvement of cognitive performances. Moreover, in a new cohort of wild-type mice, we showed that CORT exposure elicited anxiety and depression-like abnormalities that were reversed by chronic administration of fluoxetine. Remarkably, CORT also increased hippocampal amounts of phosphorylated form of Cx43 whereas fluoxetine treatment normalized this parameter. From these results, we envision that antidepressant drugs may exert their therapeutic activity by decreasing the expression and/or activity of Cx43 resulting from a lower level of phosphorylation in the hippocampus.

Presence of Leishmania RNA Virus 1 in Leishmania guyanensis Increases the Risk of First-Line Treatment Failure and Symptomatic Relapse.

Treatment failure and symptomatic relapse are major concerns in American tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL). Such complications are seen frequently in Leishmania guyanensis infections, in which patients respond variously to first-line antileishmanials and are more prone to develop chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis. The factors underlying this pathology, however, are unknown. Recently, we reported that a double-stranded RNA virus, Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1), nested within L. guyanensis parasites is able to exacerbate experimental murine leishmaniasis by inducing a hyperinflammatory response. This report investigates the prevalence of LRV1 in human L. guyanensis infection and its effect on treatment efficacy, as well as its correlation to symptomatic relapses after the completion of first-line treatment. In our cohort of 75 patients with a diagnosis of primary localized American TL, the prevalence of LRV1-positive L. guyanensis infection was elevated to 58%. All patients infected with LRV1-negative L. guyanensis were cured after 1 dose (22 of 31 [71%]) or 2 doses (31 of 31 [100%]) of pentamidine. In contrast, 12 of 44 LRV1-positive patients (27%) presented with persistent infection and symptomatic relapse that required extended therapy and the use of second-line drugs. Finally, LRV1 presence was associated with a significant increase in levels of intra-lesional inflammatory markers. In conclusion, LRV1 status in L. guyanensis infection is significantly predictive (P = .0009) of first-line treatment failure and symptomatic relapse and has the potential to guide therapeutic choices in American TL.

Regulation of T cell response to leishmania antigens by determinants of histocompatibility leukocyte class I and II molecules

It has been shown that HLA class I molecules play a significant role in the regulation of the proliferation of T cells activated by mitogens and antigens. We evaluated the ability of mAb to a framework determinant of HLA class I molecules to regulate T cell proliferation and interferon gamma (IFN-g) production against leishmania, PPD, C. albicans and tetanus toxoid antigens in patients with tegumentary leishmaniasis and healthy subjects. The anti-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mAb (W6/32) suppressed lymphocyte proliferation by 90% in cultures stimulated with aCD3, but the suppression was variable in cultures stimulated with leishmania antigen. This suppression ranged from 30-67% and was observed only in 5 of 11 patients. IFN-g production against leishmania antigen was also suppressed by anti-HLA class I mAb. In 3 patients IFN-g levels were suppressed by more than 60%, while in the other 2 cultures IFN-g levels were 36 and 10% lower than controls. The suppression by HLA class I mAb to the proliferative response in leishmaniasis patients and in healthy controls varied with the antigens and the patients or donors tested. To determine whether the suppression is directed at antigen presenting cells (APCs) or at the responding T cells, experiments with antigen-primed non-adherent cells, separately incubated with W6/32, were performed. Suppression of proliferation was only observed when the W6/32 mAb was added in the presence of T cells. These data provide evidence that a mAb directed at HLA class I framework determinants can suppress proliferation and cytokine secretion in response to several antigens.

Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (GAM-5) induces parkinsonian-like alterations in mouse

Parkinson's disease, a major neurodegenerative disorder in humans whose etiology is unknown, may be associated with some environmental factors. Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (GAM-5) isolated from a patient with an actinomycetoma produced signs similar to Parkinson's disease following iv injection into NMRI mice. NMRI mice were infected intravenously with a non-lethal dose of 5 x 10(6) colony forming units of N. otitidiscaviarum (GAM-5). Fourteen days after bacterial infection, most of the 60 mice injected exhibited parkinsonian features characterized by vertical head tremor, akinesia/bradykinesia, flexed posture and postural instability. There was a peak of nocardial growth in the brain during the first 24 h followed by a decrease, so that by 14 days nocardiae could no longer be cultured. At 24 h after infection, Gram staining showed nocardiae in neurons in the substantia nigra and occasionally in the brain parenchyma in the frontal and parietal cortex. At 21 days post-infection, tyrosine hydroxylase immunolabeling showed a 58% reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra, and a 35% reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase in the ventral tegmental region. Dopamine levels were reduced from 110 ± 32.5 to 58 ± 16.5 ng/mg protein (47.2% reduction) in brain from infected mice exhibiting impaired movements, whereas serotonin levels were unchanged (191 ± 44 protein in control and 175 ± 39 ng/mg protein in injected mice). At later times, intraneuronal inclusion bodies were observed in the substantia nigra. Our observations emphasize the need for further studies of the potential association between Parkinson's disease or parkinsonism-like disease and exposure to various nocardial species.

Alternagin-C, a disintegrin-like protein from the venom of Bothrops alternatus, modulates alpha2ß1 integrin-mediated cell adhesion, migration and proliferation

The alpha2ß1 integrin is a major collagen receptor that plays an essential role in the adhesion of normal and tumor cells to the extracellular matrix. Alternagin-C (ALT-C), a disintegrin-like protein purified from the venom of the Brazilian snake Bothrops alternatus, competitively interacts with the alpha2ß1 integrin, thereby inhibiting collagen binding. When immobilized in plate wells, ALT-C supports the adhesion of fibroblasts as well as of human vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and does not detach cells previously bound to collagen I. ALT-C is a strong inducer of HUVEC proliferation in vitro. Gene expression analysis was done using an Affimetrix HU-95A probe array with probe sets of ~10,000 human genes. In human fibroblasts growing on collagen-coated plates, ALT-C up-regulates the expression of several growth factors including vascular endothelial growth factor, as well as some cell cycle control genes. Up-regulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene and other growth factors could explain the positive effect on HUVEC proliferation. ALT-C also strongly activates protein kinase B phosphorylation, a signaling event involved in endothelial cell survival and angiogenesis. In human neutrophils, ALT-C has a potent chemotactic effect modulated by the intracellular signaling cascade characteristic of integrin-activated pathways. Thus, ALT-C acts as a survival factor, promoting adhesion, migration and endothelial cell proliferation after binding to alpha2ß1 integrin on the cell surface. The biological activities of ALT-C may be helpful as a therapeutic strategy in tissue regeneration as well as in the design of new therapeutic agents targeting alpha2ß1 integrin.

Perspectives of digestive pest control with proteinase inhibitors that mainly affect the trypsin-like activity of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The present study describes the main characteristics of the proteolytic activities of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, and their sensitivity to proteinase inhibitors and activators. Midguts of last instar larvae reared on an artificial diet were homogenized in 0.15 M NaCl and centrifuged at 14,000 g for 10 min at 4ºC and the supernatants were used in enzymatic assays at 30ºC, pH 10.0. Basal total proteolytic activity (azocasein hydrolysis) was 1.14 ± 0.15 absorbance variation min-1 mg protein-1, at 420 nm; basal trypsin-like activity (N-benzoyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide, BApNA, hydrolysis) was 0.217 ± 0.02 mmol p-nitroaniline min-1 mg protein-1. The maximum proteolytic activities were observed at pH 10.5 using azocasein and at pH 10.0 using BApNA, this pH being identical to the midgut pH of 10.0. The maximum trypsin-like activity occurred at 50ºC, a temperature that reduces enzyme stability to 80 and 60% of the original, when pre-incubated for 5 and 30 min, respectively. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride inhibited the proteolytic activities with an IC50 of 0.39 mM for azocasein hydrolysis and of 1.35 mM for BApNA hydrolysis. Benzamidine inhibited the hydrolysis with an IC50 of 0.69 and 0.076 mM for azocasein and BApNA, respectively. The absence of cysteine-proteinases is indicated by the fact that 2-mercaptoethanol and L-cysteine did not increase the rate of azocasein hydrolysis. These results demonstrate the presence of serine-proteinases and the predominance of trypsin-like activity in the midgut of Lepidoptera insects, now also detected in A. gemmatalis, and suggest this enzyme as a major target for pest control based on disruption of protein metabolism using proteinase inhibitors.

Glutathione and the redox control system trypanothione/trypanothione reductase are involved in the protection of Leishmania spp. against nitrosothiol-induced cytotoxicity

Glutathione is the major intracellular antioxidant thiol protecting mammalian cells against oxidative stress induced by oxygen- and nitrogen-derived reactive species. In trypanosomes and leishmanias, trypanothione plays a central role in parasite protection against mammalian host defence systems by recycling trypanothione disulphide by the enzyme trypanothione reductase. Although Kinetoplastida parasites lack glutathione reductase, they maintain significant levels of glutathione. The aim of this study was to use Leishmania donovani trypanothione reductase gene mutant clones and different Leishmania species to examine the role of these two individual thiol systems in the protection mechanism against S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP), a nitrogen-derived reactive species donor. We found that the resistance to SNAP of different species of Leishmania was inversely correlated with their glutathione concentration but not with their total low-molecular weight thiol content (about 0.18 nmol/10(7) parasites, regardless Leishmania species). The glutathione concentration in L. amazonensis, L. donovani, L. major, and L. braziliensis were 0.12, 0.10, 0.08, and 0.04 nmol/10(7) parasites, respectively. L. amazonensis, that have a higher level of glutathione, were less susceptible to SNAP (30 and 100 µM). The IC50 values of SNAP determined to L. amazonensis, L. donovani, L. major, and L. braziliensis were 207.8, 188.5, 160.9, and 83 µM, respectively. We also observed that L. donovani mutants carrying only one trypanothione reductase allele had a decreased capacity to survive (~40%) in the presence of SNAP (30-150 µM). In conclusion, the present data suggest that both antioxidant systems, glutathione and trypanothione/trypanothione reductase, participate in protection of Leishmania against the toxic effect of nitrogen-derived reactive species.

Influence of the polymorphisms of the α-major regulatory element HS-40 on in vitro gene expression

The α-MRE is the major regulatory element responsible for the expression of human α-like globin genes. It is genetically polymorphic, and six different haplotypes, named A to F, have been identified in some population groups from Europe, Africa and Asia and in native Indians from two Brazilian Indian tribes. Most of the mutations that constitute the α-MRE haplotypes are located in flanking sequences of binding sites for nuclear factors. To our knowledge, there are no experimental studies evaluating whether such variability may influence the α-MRE enhancer activity. We analyzed and compared the expression of luciferase of nine constructs containing different α-MRE elements as enhancers. Genomic DNA samples from controls with A (wild-type α-MRE) and B haplotypes were used to generate C-F haplotypes by site-directed mutagenesis. In addition, three other elements containing only the G→A polymorphism at positions +130, +199, and +209, separately, were also tested. The different α-MRE elements were amplified and cloned into a plasmid containing the luciferase reporter gene and the SV40 promoter and used to transiently transfect K562 cells. A noticeable reduction in luciferase expression was observed with all constructs compared with the A haplotype. The greatest reductions occurred with the F haplotype (+96, C→A) and the isolated polymorphism +209, both located near the SP1 protein-binding sites believed not to be active in vivo. These are the first analyses of α-MRE polymorphisms on gene expression and demonstrate that these single nucleotide polymorphisms, although outside the binding sites for nuclear factors, are able to influence in vitro gene expression.

Variants of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene and incident glucose intolerance in Japanese-Brazilians

Common variants of the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene have been found to be associated with type 2 diabetes in different ethnic groups. The Japanese-Brazilian population has one of the highest prevalence rates of diabetes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess whether two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TCF7L2, rs7903146 and rs12255372, could predict the development of glucose intolerance in Japanese-Brazilians. In a population-based 7-year prospective study, we genotyped 222 individuals (72 males and 150 females, aged 56.2 ± 10.5 years) with normal glucose tolerance at baseline. In the study population, we found that the minor allele frequency was 0.05 for SNP rs7903146 and 0.03 for SNP rs12255372. No significant allele or genotype association with glucose intolerance incidence was found for either SNP. Haplotypes were constructed with these two SNPs and three haplotypes were defined: CG (frequency: 0.94), TT (frequency = 0.027) and TG (frequency = 0.026). None of the haplotypes provided evidence for association with the incidence of glucose intolerance. Despite no associations between incidence of glucose intolerance and SNPs of the TCF7L2 gene in Japanese-Brazilians, we found that carriers of the CT genotype for rs7903146 had significantly lower insulin levels 2 h after a 75-g glucose load than carriers of the CC genotype. In conclusion, in Japanese-Brazilians, a population with a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes, common TCF7L2 variants did not make major contributions to the incidence of glucose tolerance abnormalities.

Food webs in the era of molecular revolution – Like resolving the Gordian knot with a tricorder

Living nature consists of countless organisms, which are classified into millions of species. These species interact in many ways; for example predators when foraging on their prey, insect larvae consuming plants, and pathogenic bacteria drifting into humans. In addition, abiotic nature has a great initiative impact on life through many factors (including sunlight, ambient temperature, and water. In my thesis, I have studied interactions among different life forms in multifaceted ways. The webs of these interactions are commonly referred to as food webs, describing feeding relationships between species or energy transfer from one trophic level to another. These ecological interactions – whether they occur between species, between individuals, or between microorganisms within an individual – are among the greatest forces affecting natural communities. Relationships are tightly related to biological diversity, that is, species richness and abundances. A species is called a node in food web vocabulary, and its interactions to other species are called links. Generally, Artic food webs are considered to be loosely linked, simple structures. This conception roots into early modern food webs, where insects and other arthropods, for example, were clumped under one node. However, it has been shown that arthropods form the greatest part of diversity and biomass both in the tropics and in Arctic areas. Earlier challenges of revealing the role of insects and microorganisms in interactions webs have become possible with the help of recent advances in molecular techniques. In the first chapter, I studied the prey diversity of a common bat, Myotis daubentonii, in southwestern Finland. My results proved M. daubentonii being a versatile predator whose diet mainly consists of aquatic insects, such as chironomid midges. In the second chapter, I expanded the view to changes in seasonal and individual-based variation in the diet of M. daubentonii including the relationship between available and observed prey. I found out that chironomids remain the major prey group even though their abundance decreases in proportion to other insect groups. Diet varied a lot between individuals, although the differences were not statistically significant. The third chapter took the study to a large network in Greenland. I showed that Artic food webs are very complex when arthropods are taken into account. In the fourth chapter, I examined the bacterial flora of M. daubentonii and surveyed the zoonotic potential of these bacteria. I found Bartonella bacteria, of which one was described as a new species named after the locality of discovery. I have shown in my thesis that Myotis daubentonii as a predator links many insect species as well as terrestrial and aquatic environments. Moreover, I have exposed that Arctic food webs are complex structures comprising of many densely linked species. Finally, I demonstrated that the bacterial flora of bats includes several previously unknown species, some of which could possibly turn in to zoonosis. To summarize, molecular methods have untied several knots in biological research. I hope that this kind of increasing knowledge of the surrounding nature makes us further value all the life forms on earth.

La régulation de l’hepcidine à travers les récepteurs Toll-like dans les macrophages

L'interaction entre le système immunitaire et le métabolisme du fer est bien illustrée par l'anémie des maladies chroniques (ACD), qui est fréquemment rencontrée dans les infections chroniques, l'inflammation et le cancer. La majorité des modifications dans les paramètres du fer observées dans l’ACD tient compte des modifications de l’homéostasie du fer, avec la délocalisation du métal de la circulation et les sites de l'érythropoïèse au compartiment de stockage dans les macrophages. Les mécanismes de la réponse hyposidérémique impliquent des cytokines, notamment TNF-alpha et IL-6, qui régulent les niveaux de plusieurs gènes du métabolisme du fer, y compris les transporteurs de fer et de l'hepcidine, un régulateur négatif de l’absorption du fer, ce qui entraîne l'inhibition de l'exportation du fer à travers la ferroportine 1 (FPN1) au niveau de l'intestin et les macrophages. Des études antérieures ont montré que l'IL-6 induit l’expression d’hepcidine dans les hépatocytes, mais il y a très peu de données concernant la façon par laquelle l'hepcidine et la FPN1 sont régulées dans les macrophages. Récemment, nous avons constaté que l'induction de l'hepcidine dans le foie par le lipopolysaccharide (LPS) dépend de la voie de signalisation médiée par le récepteur Toll-like 4 (TLR4). Le but de ce travail est d’identifier les ligands des TLRs capables d'induire l'hepcidine dans les macrophages et de déterminer l’exigence des TLRs dans l’induction de l’hepcidine et le développement d’hyposidérémie. En plus, nous voulons étudier l’effet de l’inflammation causée par les ligands des TLRs sur le taux de fer sérique, la production des cytokines et l'expression de l’hepcidine et de la ferroportine. D’autre part nous voulons étudier l’effet du taux du fer sur la production d’IL-6 macrophagique en réponse à la stimulation par le TLR4. D'abord, pour identifier les ligands des TLRs capables d'induire l'hepcidine dans les macrophages, nous avons traité les macrophages RAW 264.7 et les macrophages péritonéaux de souris (MPMs) avec différents ligands TLRs et on a mesuré l’expression de l'hepcidine par qRT-PCR. Nous avons observé que Pam3CSK4 (Pam), un ligand de TLR2/1; LPS, un ligand de TLR-4 et FSL1 un ligand de TLR2/6 induisent l’expression de l'hepcidine dans les cellules RAW 264.7 et les MPMs, contrairement au polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (Poly I: C), un ligand de TLR3. De plus, LPS était capable de réprimer l’expression de la ferroportine dans les cellules RAW 264.7. Afin de mieux définir la nécessité des TLRs pour assurer cette expression, nous avons utilisé les souris TLR-2 knock-out et on a établi que l'expression de l'hepcidine dans les macrophages par LPS, Pam ou FSL1 est dépendante du TLR2. En accord avec les expériences in vitro, les études effectuées in vivo ont montré que LPS réprime l’expression de la ferroportine, ainsi que PolyI:C n’est pas capable de stimuler l'expression d'hepcidine hépatique, par contre il était efficace pour déclencher une hyposidérémie. Ensuite, on voulait déterminer la voie de signalisation utilisée dans l’induction de l’hepcidine dans les macrophages. Comme il y deux voies majeures connues pour la signalisation des TLRs : une dépendante et l’autre indépendante de la protéine MyD88, on a étudié l’expression de l’hepcidine dans les MPMs isolés des souris MyD88-/- et nous avons constaté que l'absence de signalisation MyD88 abolit l'induction de l'hepcidine déclenchée par Pam, LPS et FSL1. D’autre part, la stimulation avec du LPS induisait in vivo la production d’IL-6 et de TNF-alpha, et la stimulation d’IL-6 était renforcée in vitro par la présence du fer. Ces observations indiquent que l’expression de HAMP (Hepcidin Antimicrobial Peptide) dans les macrophages peut être régulée par différents TLRs, ce qui suggère que la production d'hepcidine macrophagique fait partie d'une réponse immunitaire activées par les TLRs.

Early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) expression by Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) involves MAPKs and PKB pathways

Un remodelage vasculaire anormal est à la base de la pathogenèse des maladies cardio-vasculaires (MCV) telles que l’athérosclérose et l’hypertension. Des dysfonctionnements au niveau de la migration, l’hypertrophie et la prolifération des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLV) sont des évènements cellulaires qui jouent un rôle primordial dans le remodelage vasculaire. L’insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), puissant facteur mitogène, contribue au développement des MCV, notamment via l’activation des protéines MAPK et PI3-K/PKB, composantes clés impliquées dans les voies de croissance cellulaire. Ces molécules sont également impliquées dans la modulation de l’expression de nombreux facteurs de transcription, incluant le facteur Egr-1. Egr-1 est régulé à la hausse dans différents types de maladies vasculaires impliquant les voies de signalisation de croissance et de stress oxydant qui par ailleurs peuvent être déclenchées par l’IGF-1. Cependant, la question d’une possible modulation de l’expression d’Egr-1 dans les CMLV demeure inabordée; plus spécifiquement, la caractérisation de la voie de signalisation reliant l’action d’IGF-1 à l’expression d’Egr-1 reste à établir. Dans cette optique, l’objectif de cette étude a été d’examiner l’implication de MAPK, PKB et des dérivés réactifs de l’oxygène (DRO) dans l’expression d’Egr-1 induite par l’IGF-1 dans les CMLV. L’IGF-1 a induit une augmentation marquée du niveau protéique de l’Egr-1 en fonction du temps et de la concentration utilisés. Cette augmentation a été inhibée en fonction des doses d’agents pharmacologiques qui ciblent les voies de signalisation de MAPK, PKB et DRO. De plus, l’expression du facteur de transcription, Egr-1, en réponse de l’IGF-1, a été atténuée suite à un blocage pharmacologique des processus cellulaires responsables de la synthèse d’ARN et de synthèse protéique. Pour conclure, on a démontré que l’IGF-1 stimule l’expression d’Egr-1 via les voies de signalisation, impliquant ERK1/2/JNK, PI3K/PKB. On a également proposé que les DRO jouent un rôle important dans ce processus. Dans l’ensemble, nous avons suggéré un nouveau mécanisme par lequel l’IGF-1 promeut la prolifération et l’hypertrophie cellulaire, processus à la base des anomalies vasculaires.

Angiopoietin like-2: a pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative protein that contributes to endothelial dysfunction

Le vieillissement vasculaire est caractérisé par une dysfonction de l’endothélium. De nombreux facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire tels que l’obésité et l’hypertension prédisposent l’endothélium à un stress oxydant élevé aboutissant à une dysfonction endothéliale, celle-ci étant communément accompagnée d’une diminution de la biodisponibilité du monoxyde d’azote. Bien que la fonction endothéliale soit un déterminant majeur de la prédiction du risque cardiovasculaire des patients, son évaluation individuelle reste très limitée. En conséquence, il existe un intérêt scientifique grandissant pour la recherche de meilleurs biomarqueurs. L’Angiopoiétine like-2 (angptl2), une protéine identifiée récemment, joue un rôle pro-inflammatoire et pro-oxydant dans plusieurs désordres causés par une inflammation chronique allant de l’obésité à l’athérosclérose. L’inflammation et un stress oxydant accru ont été établis comme des mécanismes sous-jacents à l’apparition d’une dysfonction endothéliale, c’est pourquoi ce travail met l’accent sur le rôle de l’angptl2 dans la dysfonction endothéliale. Plus précisément, ce travail vise à: 1) déterminer les effets aigus de l’angptl2 sur la fonction endothéliale, 2) caractériser la fonction endothéliale et la contribution des différents facteurs relaxants dérivés de l'endothélium (EDRF) dans plusieurs lits vasculaires, et ce, dans un modèle de souris réprimant l’expression de l’angptl2 (knock-down, KD), et 3) examiner si l'absence d'expression angptl2 protège contre la dysfonction endothéliale induite par un régime riche en graisses (HFD) ou par perfusion d'angiotensine II (angII) chez la souris. Dans la première étude, l’incubation aigue avec de l’angptl2 recombinante induit une dysfonction endothéliale dans les artères fémorales isolées de souris de type sauvage (WT), probablement en raison d’une production accrue d'espèces réactives oxygénées. Les artères fémorales de souris angptl2 KD présentent une meilleure fonction endothéliale en comparaison aux souris WT, vraisemblablement par une plus grande contribution de la prostacycline dans la vasodilatation. Après 3 mois d’une diète HFD, les principaux EDRF respectifs des artères fémorales et mésentériques sont conservés uniquement dans les souris angptl2 KD. Cette préservation est associée à un meilleur profil métabolique, une moindre accumulation de triglycérides dans le foie et des adipocytes de plus petite taille. De plus, l’expression de gènes inflammatoires dans ces tissus adipeux n’est augmentée que chez les souris WT. Dans la seconde étude, l’absence d’angptl2 résulte en une production accrue de monoxyde d’azote dans les artères cérébrales isolées par rapport à celles des souris WT. La perfusion chronique d’angII provoque, seulement chez les souris WT, une dysfonction endothéliale cérébrale probablement par le biais d’une augmentation de la production d’espèces réactives oxygénées, probablement dérivé des NADPH oxydase 1 et 2, ainsi que l'augmentation des facteurs constricteurs dérivés de l’endothélium issus de la cyclo-oxygénase. En revanche, l’apocynine réduit la dilatation cérébrale chez les souris KD traitées à l’angII, ce qui suggère le recrutement potentiel d’une voie de signalisation compensatoire impliquant les NADPH oxydases et qui aurait un effet vaso-dilatateur. Ces études suggèrent fortement que l’angptl2 peut avoir un impact direct sur la fonction endothéliale par ses propriétés pro-inflammatoire et pro-oxydante. Dans une optique d’application à la pratique clinique, les niveaux sanguins d’angptl2 pourraient être un bon indicateur de la fonction endothéliale.