Caracteriza����o ambiental de bancos areno-lamosos nos campos petrol��feros de Macau e Serra (RN), como subs��dio ��s medidas mitigadoras ao processo erosivo

On Rio Grande do Norte northern coast the process of sediment transport are intensely controlled by wind and sea (waves and currents) action, causing erosion and shoreline morphological instability. Due to the importance of such coastal zone it was realized the multi-spectral mapping and physical-chemical characterization of mudflats and mangroves aiming to support the mitigating actions related to the containment of the erosive process on the oil fields of Macau and Serra installed at the study area. The multi-spectral bands of 2000 and 2008 LANDSAT 5 TM images were submitted on the several digital processing steps and RGB color compositions integrating spectral bands and Principal Components. Such processing methodology was important to the mapping of different units on surface, together with field works. It was possible to make an analogy of the spectral characteristics of wetlands with vegetations areas (mangrove), showing the possibility to make a restoration of this area, contributing with the environmental monitoring of that ecosystem. The maps of several units were integrated in GIS environment at 1:60,000 scale, including the classification of features according to the presence or absence of vegetation cover. Thus, the strategy of methodology established that there are 10.13 km2 at least of sandy-muddy and of these approximately 0.89 km2 with the possibility to be used in a reforestation of typical flora of mangrove. The physical-chemical characterization showed areas with potential to introduce local species of mangrove and they had a pH above neutral with a mean of 8.4. The characteristic particle size is sand in the fine fractions, the high levels of carbonate, organic matter and major and trace element in general are concentrated where the sediment had the less particles size, showing the high correlation that those elements have with smaller particles of sediment. The application of that methodological strategy is relevant to the better understanding of features behavior and physical-chemical data of sediment samples collected on field allow the analysis of efficiency/capability of sandy-muddy to reforestation with local mangrove species for mitigation of the erosive action and coastal processes on the areas occupied by the oil industry

Avalia����o ecol��gico-econ��mica do manguezal de Macau/RN e a import��ncia da aplica����o de pr��ticas preservacionistas pela ind��stria petrol��fera local

This work presents the results of a survey in oil-producing region of the Macau City, northern coast of Rio Grande do Norte. All work was performed under the Project for Monitoring Environmental Change and the Influence of Hydrodynamic forcing on Morphology Beach Grass Fields, Serra Potiguar in Macau, with the support of the Laboratory of Geoprocessing, linked to PRH22 - Training Program in Geology Geophysics and Information Technology Oil and Gas - Department of Geology/CCET/UFRN and the Post-Graduation in Science and Engineering Oil/PPGCEP/UFRN. Within the economic-ecological context, this paper assesses the importance of mangrove ecosystem in the region of Macau and its surroundings as well as in the following investigative exploration of potential areas for projects involving reforestation and / or Environmental Restoration. At first it was confirmed the ecological potential of mangrove forests, with primary functions: (i) protection and stabilization of the shoreline, (ii) nursery of marine life, and (iii) source of organic matter to aquatic ecosystems, (iv) refuge of species, among others. In the second phase, using Landsat imagery and techniques of Digital Image Processing (DIP), I came across about 18,000 acres of land that can be worked on environmental projects, being inserted in the rules signed the Kyoto Protocol to the market carbon. The results also revealed a total area of 14,723.75 hectares of activity of shrimp production and salting that can be harnessed for the social, economic and environmental potential of the region, considering that over 60% of this area, ie, 8,800 acres, may be used in the planting of the genus Avicennia considered by the literature that the species best sequesters atmospheric carbon, reaching a mean value of 59.79 tons / ha of mangrove

Compartimenta����o fisiogr��fica para an��lise ambiental do potencial erosivo a partir das propriedades da rede de drenagem

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo compartimentar a sub-bacia do Baixo Rio Piracicaba - SP, em unidades homog��neas quanto �� potencialidade �� eros��o visando a subsidiar o gerenciamento ambiental. A import��ncia desta pesquisa concentra-se no intenso desenvolvimento dos processos erosivos na ��rea em foco e na sua import��ncia socioecon��mica em n��veis estadual e nacional. O procedimento adotado para atingir o objetivo foi a an��lise da rede de drenagem e dos lineamentos obtidos pelas imagens TM/Landsat-5. O resultado obtido foi a divis��o da ��rea em quatro compartimentos quanto �� potencialidade �� eros��o: muito alta, alta, m��dia e baixa. Concluiu-se que a ��rea estudada �� heterog��nea, com regi��es sujeitas a diferentes intensidades de processos erosivos e que a sistem��tica adotada se mostrou eficiente para caracterizar as compartimenta����es fisiogr��ficas da potencialidade erosiva, e essas compartimenta����es podem e devem ser utilizadas como ponto de partida para estudos ambientais e de utiliza����o do territ��rio, em conson��ncia com o desenvolvimento sustent��vel.

Evolu����o do uso da terra entre 1996 e 1999 no munic��pio de Botucatu-SP

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a evolu����o do uso da terra no munic��pio de Botucatu - SP, no per��odo de tr��s anos, considerando-se seis tipos de cobertura vegetal (cana-de-a����car, reflorestamento, floresta nativa, pastagem, c��trus e outros), tendo como base as imagens de sat��lite Landsat 5, bandas 3; 4 e 5, ��rbita 220, ponto 76, quadrante A, passagem de 8 de junho de 1999. O Sistema de Informa����es Geogr��ficas - IDRISI for Windows 3.2, foi utilizado para as an��lises. Os resultados mostraram que esse programa foi eficiente para auxiliar na identifica����o e mapeamento das ��reas com uso da terra, facilitando o processamento dos dados. As imagens de sat��lite TM/LANDSAT 5 forneceram um excelente banco de dados para a classifica����o supervisionada. O munic��pio n��o vem sendo preservado ambientalmente, pois apresenta-se coberto com menos de 20% de florestas nativas, m��nimo exigido por lei. As ��reas de pastagem, principal componente da paisagem do munic��pio, confirmam a voca����o da regi��o para a pecu��ria.

Sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento aplicados ao uso da terra em microbacias hidrogr��ficas, Botucatu - SP

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e quantificar o uso da terra em dez microbacias ocorrentes na bacia do Rio Capivara, munic��pio de Botucatu - SP, a partir da estrutura����o de um banco de dados utilizando o Sistema de Informa����es Geogr��ficas (SIG) - IDRISI. Os resultados mostram que as classes de uso da terra, uso agr��cola e pastagem, foram as mais significativas, pois ocuparam mais da metade da ��rea das microbacias. O alto ��ndice de uso da terra por pastagens, capoeiras, reflorestamento e matas reflete a predomin��ncia de solos arenosos com baixa fertilidade. As imagens obtidas do sat��lite LANDSAT 5 permitiram o mapeamento do uso da terra de maneira r��pida, al��m de fornecer um excelente banco de dados para futuro planejamento e gerenciamento das atividades agropecu��rias regionais. O SIG-IDRISI permitiu identificar, por meio de seus diferentes m��dulos para georreferenciamento, classifica����o digital e modelo matem��tico, as classes de uso da terra com rapidez.

Analysis of land use and occupancy in permanent preservation areas according to the hydrography of Ribeir��o ��gua Fria - Bofete, SP - Brazil

Os conflitos de uso s��o determinados pelas ocupa����es inadequadas do solo, como �� o caso de ocupa����o do solo dentro de ��reas de preserva����o permanente. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar as classes de uso do solo e se h�� conflitos dentro de ��reas de preserva����o permanente ao longo da rede de drenagem da microbacia do Ribeir��o ��gua Fria, munic��pio de Bofete (SP). Situa-se geograficamente entre as coordenadas: 48��09'30 a 48��18'30 de longitude WGr., 22��58'30 a 23��04'30 de latitude sul com uma ��rea de 15.242,84 ha. O mapa de uso do solo foi elaborado por meio da interpreta����o diretamente na tela do computador de imagem digital de sat��lite. Nos dados orbitais, a ��rea de estudo est�� inserida no quadrante A, da imagem TM/Landsat-5, ��rbita 220, ponto 76, passagem de 8/09/2007. O Sistema de Informa����o Geogr��fica empregado foi o Cartalinx. As ��reas de conflito da microbacia foram obtidas a partir do cruzamento entre os mapas de uso do solo e de APPs. Os resultados permitiram concluir que mais da metade da ��rea (51,09%) est�� ocupada por pastagens, reflexo de solos arenosos e de baixa fertilidade. Constatou-se, ainda, que apesar de quase metade da microbacia estar coberta com algum tipo de vegeta����o (48,78% de mata natural/reflorestamento), possui aproximadamente um ter��o das ��reas de preserva����o permanente utilizadas inadequadamente por pastagens (88,15%), reflorestamento (10,42%) e solo exposto (1,43%), totalizando 343,07 ha de ��reas conflitantes em um total de 993,26 ha de APPs.

Uso do solo e an��lise temporal da ocorr��ncia de vegeta����o natural na fazenda experimental Edgardia, em Botucatu-SP

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

The dorsal raphe nucleus exerts opposed control on generalized anxiety and panic-related defensive responses in rats

It has been proposed that the ascending dorsal raphe (DR)-serotonergic (5-HT) pathway facilitates conditioned avoidance responses to potential or distal threat, while the DR-periventricular 5-HT pathway inhibits unconditioned flight reactions to proximal danger. Dysfunction on these pathways would be, respectively, related to generalized anxiety (GAD) and panic disorder (PD). To investigate this hypothesis, we microinjected into the rat DR the benzodiazepine inverse receptor agonist FG 7142, the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT or the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol. Animals were evaluated in the elevated T-maze (ETM) and light/dark transition test. These models generate defensive responses that have been related to GAD and PD. Experiments were also conducted in the ETM 14 days after the selective lesion of DR serotonergic neurons by 5,7-dihydroxytriptamine (DHT). In all cases, rats were pre-exposed to one of the open arms of the ETM 1 day before testing. The results showed that FG 7142 facilitated inhibitory avoidance, an anxiogenic effect, while impairing one-way escape, an anxiolytic effect. 8-OH-DPAT, muscimol, and 5,7-DHT-induced lesions acted in the opposite direction, impairing inhibitory avoidance while facilitating one-way escape from the open arm. In the light/dark transition, 8-OH-DPAT and muscimol increased the time spent in the lighted compartment, an anxiolytic effect. The data supports the view that distinct DR-5-HT pathways regulate neural mechanisms underlying GAD and PD. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Estimativa da evapotranspira����o espacial em uma regi��o semi��rida utilizando sensoriamento remoto

With the need to deploy management and monitoring systems of natural resources in areas susceptible to environmental degradation, as is the case of semiarid regions, several works have been developed in order to find effective models and technically and economically viable. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the daily actual evapotranspiration (ETr) through the application of the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), from remote sensing products, in a semiarid region, Serid�� of the Rio Grande do Norte, and do the validation of these estimates using ETr values obtained by the Penman-Monteith (standard method of the Food and Agriculture Organization-FAO). The SEBAL is based on energy balance method, which allows obtaining the vertical latent heat flux (LE) with orbital images and, consequently, of the evapotranspiration through the difference of flows, also vertical, of heat in the soil (G), sensitive heat (H) and radiation balance (Rn). The study area includes the surrounding areas of the Dourado reservoir, located in the Currais Novos/RN city. For the implementation of the algorithm were used five images TM/Landsat-5. The work was divided in three chapters in order to facilitate a better discussion of each part of the SEBAL processing, distributed as follows: first chapter addressing the spatio-temporal variability of the biophysical variables; second chapter dealing with spatio-temporal distribution of instant and daily radiation balance; and the third chapter discussing the heart of the work, the daily actual evapotranspiration estimation and the validation than to the study area

Evolu����o e mapeamento do uso da terra, atrav��s de imagens aerofotogram��tricas e orbitais em Santa B��rbara D'Oeste (SP)

Em Santa B��rbara D'Oeste,SP, foram realizados dois mapeamentos do uso da terra em ��rea de 14.625 ha. No primeiro utilizou-se fotografias a��reas verticais pancrom��ticas (data de 25/6/78), na escala 1:35.000, e no segundo utilizou-se imagens orbitais do sat��lite LANDSAT-5 com sensor Thematic Mapper (data de 12/8/91), escala 1: 100.000, nas bandas 3, 4 e 5 e composi����o colorida 3/4/5. Para auxiliar a confec����o desses mapas, obteve-se chaves de interpreta����o, tanto para as aerofotos como para as imagens orbitais. As fotografias a��reas proporcionaram um maior n��vel de detalhamento na identifica����o do uso da terra. A banda 3 e a composi����o colorida 3/4/5 foram as mais eficientes entre as imagens orbitais. Entre 1978 e 1991, a ��rea de ocorr��ncia de cana-de-a����car permaneceu a mesma, as ��reas de mata e pastagem diminu��ram, enquanto que as ��reas de reflorestamento e urbana aumentaram. Essa regi��o teve sua capacidade de uso enquadrada, na maior parte, na classe IV: terras mais apropriadas para pastagens ou plantas perenes como a cana-de-a����car, devendo-se aplicar t��cnicas intensivas de conserva����o, e com aptid��o baseada em pr��ticas agr��colas que refletem um alto n��vel tecnol��gico.

Desenvolvimento de um sistema hier��rquico de classifica����o com aplica����o baseada em abordagem Fuzzy

Land cover mappings represent important tools for the regional planning. However, the current mappings are related to very specific purposes and, consequently, they are limited in their capacity to define the wide variety of existing types of land cover. In that context, this paper aims at developing a wide and including hierarchical classification system for land cover mapping in regional scale, which should contribute for a future standardization of classes. Besides, it is intended to test that system for a study case that contemplates the use of a classification method based on fuzzy approach, which has shown to be more appropriate than conventional approaches. Therefore, it was proposed a hierarchical classification system with three detailing levels and a study case was defined with the specification of the test area and of the classification project. Then, the georreferencing of a TM/Landsat-5 image that comprises the test area was carried out. Later, it was applied a fuzzy classification approach in the TM/Landsat-5 image, starting from images of probability for the mapped classes and an uncertainty image were generated. Finally, it was produced a conventional output that represents the thematic mapping of the test area.

Geoprocessamento aplicado a gest��o de informa����es territoriais do munic��pio de Grossos-RN :estudo multitemporal do uso e ocupa����o do solo

The present work was carried through in the Grossos city - RN and had as main objectives the elaboration of an physicist-ambient, socioeconomic survey and execution a multisecular evaluation of 11 years, between 1986 and 1996, using remote sensing products, to evaluate the modifications of the land use, aiming at the generation of an information database to implementation a geographical information system (GIS) to management the this city. For they had been in such a way raised given referring the two Demographic Censuses carried through by the IBGE (1991 and 2000) and compared, of this form was possible to the accomplishment of an evaluation on the demographic aspects (degree of urbanization, et��ria structure, educational level) and economic (income, habitation, vulnerability, human development). For the ambient physical survey the maps of the natural resources had been confectioned (simplified geology, hydrography, geomorphologi, veget covering, ground association, use and occupation), based in comments of field and orbital products of remote sensoriamento (images Spot-HRVIR, Landsat 5-TM and IKONOS - II), using itself of techniques of digital picture processing. The survey of these data and important in the identification of the potentialities and fragilities of found ecosystems, therefore allows an adequate planning of the partner-economic development by means of an efficient management. The project was part of a partnership between the Grossos city hall the municipal City hall of Grossos - RN and the Geoscience post-graduate program of the UFRN, more specifically the Geomatica laboratory LAGEOMA

An��lise dos fatores respons��veis pela alta salinidade do aq����fero fissural da microbacia da Riacho do Feij��o - Pedro Avelino/RN

The fissures aquifer northeast semi-arid Brazilian, present high text frequently of leave, with of low a h��dric availability. The research has as objective main to analyze the components that inside influence in the salinity of the waterbearing fissures of an evaluation physicist-chemistry of the water, leading in consideration the physical interventions of the environment. One used techniques of interpretation of image of Landsat satellite -1999 and delimitation of the micro basin through the topographical map SUDENE. One identified waters of the NaCl type with Ca++ and Mg++ in secondary concentrations. The analyzed wells (15), had presented an average salinity of 5.147 mg/L of STD and a well only supplies drinking waters with 319 mg/L of STD. The recharge of the aquifer one if carries through for infiltration in the open fracture of ortognaisse it migmatization. The type and directions of the fracture do not control the STD. Relations between salinity and out let do not exist. The quality of the well of low salinity is identical the superficial waters (aquifer dam and alluvial). The studies of the meteoric erosion processes had evidenced that in the transformations of the rock in ground, the Ca++ and Na+ are taken for superficial waters. The treatment of the data chemical showed that the grade of Na+, Ca++, Mg++ and Cl-are controlled for the evaporation process, from only water that would have the qualities of superficial waters or the well of low salinity. Already the HCO3-grade is controlled for the precipitation of the dolomite. The STD of this aquifer one would be consequence of the high tax of evaporation of dams constructed in regions of plain topography. You leave them precipitated in deep argillaceous ones dry dams are led for the aquifer in first rains. The research suggests some recommendations for the use and exploitation of the water salinity in piscicultura, carcinicultura, culture of the grass-salt (Atriplex sp), among others

Avalia����o dos efeitos do biperideno, diazepam e neuropept��deos S sobre a mem��ria e a ansiedade na tarefa do labirinto em T elevado em camundongos

Anxiety is an emotional phenomenon, and normally it is interpreted as an adaptative behavior front to adversities. In its pathological form, anxiety can severely affect aspects related to the personal and professional life. Studies have shown a close relationship between anxiety disorders and aversive memory processing. Considering that the pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders is still limited, innovative anxiolytic agents are needed. In this regard, neuropeptides systems are interesting therapeutic targets to the treatment of psychopathologies. Neuropeptide S (NPS), a 20-aminoacid peptide, is the endogenous ligand of a G-protein coupled receptor (NPSR), which has been reported to evoke hyperlocomotion, awakefull states, besides anxiolysis and memory improvements in rodents. This study aimed to investigate the effects of biperiden (BPR; an amnesic drug), diazepam (DZP; an anxiolytic drug) and NPS at three distinct times: pre-training, post-training, and pre-test, in order to assess anxiety and memory process in the same animal model. The elevated Tmaze (ETM) is an apparatus derived from the elevated plus-maze test, which consists of one enclosed and two open arms. The procedure is based on the avoidance of open spaces learned during training session, in which mice were exposed to the enclosed arm as many times as needed to stay 300 s. In the test session, memory is assessed by re-exposing the mouse to the enclosed arm and the latency to enter an open arm was recorded. When injected pre-training, BPR (1 mg/kg) impaired learning and memory processing; DZP (1 and 2 mg/kg) evoked anxiolysis, but only at the dose of 2 mg/kg impaired memory; and NPS 0.1 nmol induced anxiolysis without affecting memory. Post-training injection of DZP (2 mg/kg) or BPR (1 and 3 mg/kg) did not affect memory consolidation, while the post-trainning administration of NPS 1 nmol, but not 0.1 nmol, improved memory in mice. Indeed, pre-trainning administration of NPS 1 nmol did not prevent memory impairment elicited by BPR (2 mg/kg, injected before training). In the open field test, BPR 1 mg/kg and NPS 1 nmol induced hyperlocomotion in mice. In conclusion, the proposed ETM task is practical for the detection of the anxiolytic and amnesic effects of drugs. The anxiolytic and memory enhancement effects of NPS were detected in the ETM task, and reinforce the role of NPS system as an interesting therapeutic target to the treatment of anxiety disorders

Degrada����o ambiental no munic��pio de Cerro Cor�� RN por t��cnicas de geoprocessamento

The processes of occupation and evolution of natural environments as a result of a disorderly process of implementing economic practices agrosilvopastoris play today an important role in the degradation process of changing the landscape and natural resources of the semiarid Northeast. The Serra de Santana has natural elements important to the state of Rio Grande do Norte as the source of the Potengi. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the degree of degradation in the municipality of Cerro Cora - RN. We used satellite images Landsat-5 and census data for the year 2008. The method made use of geotechnology which includes land use, NDVI, rainfall, livestock and erodibility in the evaluation of environmental degradation, as well as satellite images of Landsat TM-5, in the years 1984, 1995 and 2008, letters of NDVI, census data regarding the socioeconomic obtained from IBGE. The results showed that the absolute majority in the municipality of Cerro Cora has a low to medium susceptibility, which together represent 63.92% of the municipality, with a regression of disturbed areas and the areas of agriculture, and a recovery of the areas of Caatinga , coming to occupy currently 92% of the municipal territory. A Geographic Information System is indispensable to environmental monitoring of Cerro Cora / RN