Weiterentwicklung der Autogenetischen Konstruktionstheorie (AKT) : Abschlussbericht zum Forschungsvorhaben VA 134/10-2 ; 30. Juli 2013

Sándor Vajna; André Jordan; Konstantin Kittel

Mudanças temporais na abundância e diversidade da fauna de peixes do infralitoral raso de uma praia, sul do Brasil

Abundance and diversity of the fish fauna in the shallow infralittoral region of Atami Beach, Paraná, Brazil, were studied through monthly collections between July 1998 and June 1999. A total of 7553 fishes from 70 species and 26 families, mainly juvenile forms, was captured in the area. The mean captures in number of species, number of fish and biomass were larger from the end of spring to the middle of autumn; seasonal tendency in richness, diversity (number) and equitability indices were not observed. The largest mean dissimilarity in the composition of the ichthyofauna occurred between June and May in comparison to the period between July and October. The species that contributed most to this dissimilarity were Selene setapinnis (Mitchill, 1815), Conodon nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) and Stellifer rastrifer (Jordan, 1889). Three great groups reflecting patterns of temporal occurrence of the most abundant species were identified.

O grupo pullorum-gallinarum em provas bacteriologicas comparativas

Foram examinadas 38 amostras de germens do grupo pullorumgallinarum, de origem européa, americana ou isoladas no Brasil, acompanhadas bacteriologicamente durante 3 annos, na fixidez de suas propriedades ou na possibilidade de sua transformação dum typo em outro. a) Distinguiram-se no estudo das propriedades cinco typos de germens no grupo pullorumgallinarum - 1) pullorum gazogeno, 2) pullorum não gazogeno, 3) intermedius, 4) gallinarum ou intermedius? gazogeno, 5) gallinarum não gazogeno. Os 2 primeiros e o 5º já bem cinhecidos e acceitos; o 4º admittido por Beck & Eber, em 1929, o 3º evidenciado por nós em 1935. b) O typo gallinarum gazogeno deve ser mais propriamente talvez considerado como typo intermedius gazogeno a vista de sua acção sobre sorbita e a xylose e sobre o meio de Jordan. c) O quadro final resume as caracteristicas mais importantes destes cinco typos, baseando-se a differenciação principalmente na alteração do vermelho neutro, na produção de H²S, na fermentação de glycerina, rhamnose, xylose, dulcita, sorbita e maltose, na acção sobre o tartaro, na producção de gaz e no aspecto das colonias na superficie de certos meios de cultura. d) Outras propriedades biologicas examinadas - acção sobre o leite, sôro de leite, dextrina, etc, admitidos por varios pesquizadores na differenciação, parecem distituidas de valor. e) As amostras mantiveram fixas as suas propriedades durante todo o tempo em que foram acompanhadas. A hypothese de uma possivel transformação de um typo em outro não foi confirmada em nenhuma das amostras estudadas, justificando a entidade dos varios typos admittidos. f) Discrepancias observadas na fermentação da maltose, referidas por varios pesquizadores com germens desse grupo, não foram confirmadas no presente trabalho. g) Encontrou-se no sôro sanguineo um factor capaz de transformar a maltose em glycose, tornando aquelle assucar fermentescivel. Essa substancia é thermo-estavel e resiste á acção de substancias antidiastasicas. h) A analyse sôrologica das amostras estudadas não permittiu differenciar os typos entre si.

Gorgorhynchus Trachinotus n.sp. and new host records for Dollfusentis Chandleri Golvan, 1969 (Paleacanthocephala, Echinorhynchoidea)

Gorgorhynchus trachinotus recovered from the intestine of trachinotus goodei Jordan & Evermann, 1896 is proposed as a new species and three new host records are reported for Dollfusentis chandleri Golvan, 1969.

Ciencia i música: física dels instruments de l'orquestra

Treball de recerca realitzat per alumnes d’ensenyament secundari i guardonat amb un Premi CIRIT per fomentar l'esperit científic del Jovent l’any 2008. Sobre la base dels coneixements musicals i físics previs de totes les membres del grup, l’objectiu ha estat relacionar-los i ampliar-los fins a aconseguir una comprensió dels mecanismes de producció del so en els diferents tipus d’instruments de l’orquestra.

Monetary policy strategies, financial institutions and financial markets in the Middle East and North Africa: an overview

Three polar types of monetary architecture are identified together with the institutional and market infrastructure required for each type and the kinds of monetary policy feasible in each case: a ‘basic’ architecture where there is little or no financial system as such but an elementary central bank which is able to fix the exchange rate, as a substitute for a proper monetary policy; a ‘modern’ monetary architecture with developed banks, financial markets and central bank where policy choices include types of inflation targeting; and an ‘intermediate’ monetary architecture where less market-based monetary policies involving less discretion are feasible. A range of data is used to locate the various MENA countries with respect to these polar types. Five countries (Iran, Libya, Sudan, Syria and Yemen) are identified as those with the least developed monetary architecture, while Bahrain and Jordan are identified as the group at the other end of the spectrum, reaching beyond the intermediate polar type in some dimensions but not others. The countries in between vary on different dimensions but all lie between basic and intermediate architectures. The key general findings are that the MENA countries are both less differentiated and less ‘developed’ than might have been expected. The paper ends by calling for research on the costs and benefits of different types of monetary architecture.

A new filaria of a lizard transmitted by sandflies

A description is given of Madathamugadia wanjii n. sp., a Splendidofilariinae parasite of the gecko Ptyodactylus hasselquistii, on the west bank of the River Jordan and of its life cycle in Phlebotomus duboscqi. The new species is close to M. ivaschkini (Annaev, 1976) n. comb., of Turkmenistan, wich is also transmitted by sandflies (Reznik, 1982). The genus Madathamugadia is now comprised of four species, two from Madagascar and two from the Mediterranean sub-region; it differs from the genus Thamugadia by the presence of a double row of papillae anterior to the cloaca of the male. The larval characters of Splendidofilarinae of lizards confirm the affinity of these parasites to the Splendidofilarinae of birds (Chandlerella and Splendidofilaria); the first group could have arisen from the second by "captures" wich could have occurred in several places.

LES LINGUISTIQUES DE L'EUROPE NOUVELLE : Analyse comparée de l'utilisation des représentations sur la langue et de la linguistique dans la construction de l'Europe de Versailles et de l'URSS (1914-1953)

Le but principal de ce travail est de comparer les idées sur la langue et sur la linguistique a l'intérieur de deux processus de « construction de monde », à savoir le réagencement de l'Europe après la Première guerre mondiale et la création du monde nouveau voulu par l'Union soviétique. La comparaison est rendue pertinente par le fait que ces deux « constructions de monde » eurent lieu dans des atmosphères idéologiques opposées, puisque la Première guerre mondiale et la révolution bolchevique s'opposent radicalement en représentant, respectivement, le triomphe des nations et celui de l'internationalisme de classe. La comparaison se fera aussi à l'intérieur de l'Union soviétique, puisque l'internationalisme des années 1920 laissera la place dans les années 1930 et jusqu'à la mort de Staline en 1953 à un nationalisme soviétique représenté par la métaphore de la « citadelle assiégée ». L'hypothèse du travail est la suivante : la façon d'utiliser les faits de langue et la linguistique, et la façon de considérer l'objet-langue dans un processus de construction étatique dépendent de l'atmosphère idéologique à l'intérieur de laquelle cette utilisation a lieu. Dans la première partie, nous analysons les idées de trois linguistes professionnels (Antoine Meillet, Aleksandar Belic et Jordan Ivanov) relatives au réagencement de l'Europe après la guerre. De l'analyse de ces trois corpus de textes ressortira une espèce de contradiction, puisque ces linguistes qui, au début du XXème siècle, entendaient user de la science linguistique pour asseoir sur des bases solides la nouvelle Europe, le firent avec une « conscience linguistique » d'inspiration romantique, tout droit sortie du XIXeme siècle. La nécessité de proposer pour l'Europe une solution pratique et durable a très certainement amené ces linguistes à privilégier, peut-être inconsciemment, des théories linguistiques certes dépassées, mais qui avaient l'avantage de considérer les langues comme des objets discontinus et homogènes. Dans notre deuxième partie consacrée à l'Union soviétique, nous analysons des textes (d'auteurs parfois méconnus) traitant de ce que nous avons appelé la « révolution en langue » : partant du principe que le monde nouveau de la dictature du prolétariat allait être totalement différent du monde que l'on avait connu précédemment, certains auteurs des années 1920 furent convaincus que ce monde nouveau allait avoir besoin d'une langue nouvelle. Mais au lieu d'attendre que cette langue nouvelle apparaisse spontanément, par évolution, certains proposèrent d'introduire consciemment dans la langue, par révolution, les changements selon eux nécessaires pour que la langue corresponde aux nouveaux besoins. Dans ce contexte, l'objet-langue est considéré comme un simple outil de communication qu'il est possible de modifier à sa guise, et la linguistique comme une discipline technique. Cette idée de changer la langue disparaîtra de l'URSS des années 1930, avec le passage vers le nationalisme soviétique. A la place, on préférera rappeler que les langues ne peuvent évoluer que par évolution, que l'on ne peut pas changer la langue, que l'on ne peut pas créer une langue selon notre volonté. Dans le contexte de la « citadelle assiégée », la langue russe deviendra le signe distinctif de l'Union soviétique qu'il sera impossible de toucher et de modifier. La langue n'est plus un outil, elle est désormais un symbole. Avec la comparaison de ces deux situations particulières (trois si l'on distingue les deux atmosphères de l'URSS), nous pensons avoir montré que l'apparition de certaines idées sur la langue et sur la linguistique est liée au contexte et aux besoins.

Health Impacts of the Built Environment: A review

This review is the third in the series and illustrates how the built environment impacts on health. It also highlights the unequal distribution of these impacts on different sections of the population. We hope it will help inform debate about the links between the built environment and health and be a useful resource for those working to influence public policy for health at local and national level across the island. The review has an extensive reference list. To supplement the health impacts of the built environment review a 'sources of information' list has been developed which highlights a number of organisations whose work considers issues relevant to the relationship between health and the built environment.

The in vivo performance of magnetic particle-loaded injectable, in situ gelling, carriers for the delivery of local hyperthermia.

We investigated the use of in situ implant formation that incorporates superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as a form of minimally invasive treatment of cancer lesions by magnetically induced local hyperthermia. We developed injectable formulations that form gels entrapping magnetic particles into a tumor. We used SPIONs embedded in silica microparticles to favor syringeability and incorporated the highest proportion possible to allow large heating capacities. Hydrogel, single-solvent organogel and cosolvent (low-toxicity hydrophilic solvent) organogel formulations were injected into human cancer tumors xenografted in mice. The thermoreversible hydrogels (poloxamer, chitosan), which accommodated 20% w/v of the magnetic microparticles, proved to be inadequate. Alginate hydrogels, however, incorporated 10% w/v of the magnetic microparticles, and the external gelation led to strong implants localizing to the tumor periphery, whereas internal gelation failed in situ. The organogel formulations, which consisted of precipitating polymers dissolved in single organic solvents, displayed various microstructures. A 8% poly(ethylene-vinyl alcohol) in DMSO containing 40% w/v of magnetic microparticles formed the most suitable implants in terms of tumor casting and heat delivery. Importantly, it is of great clinical interest to develop cosolvent formulations with up to 20% w/v of magnetic microparticles that show reduced toxicity and centered tumor implantation.

Outcome of patients with acute coronary syndrome in hospitals of different sizes. A report from the AMIS Plus Registry.

To assess the impact of admission to different hospital types on early and 1-year outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Between 1997 and 2009, 31 010 ACS patients from 76 Swiss hospitals were enrolled in the AMIS Plus registry. Large tertiary institutions with continuous (24 hour/7 day) cardiac catheterisation facilities were classified as type A hospitals, and all others as type B. For 1-year outcomes, a subgroup of patients admitted after 2005 were studied. Eleven type A hospitals admitted 15987 (52%) patients and 65 type B hospitals 15023 (48%) patients. Patients admitted into B hospitals were older, more frequently female, diabetic, hypertensive, had more severe comorbidities and more frequent non-ST segment elevation (NSTE)-ACS/unstable angina (UA). STE-ACS patients admitted into B hospitals received more thrombolysis, but less percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Crude in-hospital mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were higher in patients from B hospitals. Crude 1-year mortality of 3747 ACS patients followed up was higher in patients admitted into B hospitals, but no differences were found for MACE. After adjustment for age, risk factors, type of ACS and comorbidities, hospital type was not an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality, in-hospital MACE, 1-year MACE or mortality. Admission indicated a crude outcome in favour of hospitalisation during duty-hours while 1-year outcome could not document a significant effect. ACS patients admitted to smaller regional Swiss hospitals were older, had more severe comorbidities, more NSTE-ACS and received less intensive treatment compared with the patients initially admitted to large tertiary institutions. However, hospital type was not an independent predictor of early and mid-term outcomes in these patients. Furthermore, our data suggest that Swiss hospitals have been functioning as an efficient network for the past 12 years.