Building a left coast: the legacy of the California Popular Front and the challenge to Cold War liberalism in the post-world war two era

The Cold War in the late 1940s blunted attempts by the Truman administration to extend the scope of government in areas such as health care and civil rights. In California, the combined weakness of the Democratic Party in electoral politics and the importance of fellow travelers and communists in state liberal politics made the problem of how to advance the left at a time of heightened Cold War tensions particularly acute. Yet by the early 1960s a new generation of liberal politicians had gained political power in the Golden State and was constructing a greatly expanded welfare system as a way of cementing their hold on power. In this article I argue that the New Politics of the 1970s, shaped nationally by Vietnam and by the social upheavals of the 1960s over questions of race, gender, sexuality, and economic rights, possessed particular power in California because many activists drew on the longer-term experiences of a liberal politics receptive to earlier anti-Cold War struggles. A desire to use political involvement as a form of social networking had given California a strong Popular Front, and in some respects the power of new liberalism was an offspring of those earlier battles.

Purified galactooligosaccharide, derived from a mixture produced by the enzymic activity of Bifidobacterium bifidum, reduces Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium adhesion and invasion in vitro and in vivo

The prebiotic Bimuno (R) is a mixture containing galactooligosaccharides (GOSs), produced by the galactosyltransferase activity of Bifidobacterium bifidum NCIMB 411 71 using lactose as the substrate Previous in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrating the efficacy of Bimuno (R) in reducing Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S Typhimurium) colonization did not ascertain whether or not the protective effects could be attributed to the prebiotic component GOS Here we wished to test the hypothesis that GOS, derived from Bimuno (R) may confer the direct anti-invasive and protective effects of Bimuno (R) In this study the efficacy of Bimuno (R), a basal solution of Bimuno (R) without GOS [which contained glucose, galactose, lactose, maltodextrin and gum arabic in the same relative proportions (w/w) as they are found in Bimuno (R)] and purified GOS to reduce S Typhimurium adhesion and invasion was assessed using a series of in vitro and in vivo models The novel use of three dimensionally cultured HT-29-16E cells to study prebiotics in vitro demonstrated that the presence of similar to 5 mg Bimuno (R) ml(-1) or similar to 2 5 mg GOS ml(-1) significantly reduced the invasion of S Typhimurium (SL1344nal(r)) (P<0 0001) Furthermore, similar to 2 5 mg GOS ml(-1) significantly reduced the adherence of S Typhimurium (SU 344nal(r)) (P<0 0001) It was demonstrated that cells produced using this system formed multi-layered aggregates of cells that displayed excellent formation of brush borders and tight junctions In the murine ligated deal gut loops, the presence of Bimuno (R) or GOS prevented the adherence or invasion of S Typhimurium to enterocytes, and thus reduced its associated pathology This protection appeared to correlate with significant reductions in the neutral and acidic mucins detected in goblet cells, possibly as a consequence of stimulating the cells to secrete the mucin into the lumen In all assays, Bimuno (R) without GOS conferred no such protection, indicating that the basal solution confers no protective effects against S Typhimurium Collectively, the studies presented here clearly indicate that the protective effects conferred by Bimuno (R) can be attributed to GOS

Equol: a comparison of the effects of the racemic compound with that of the purified S-enantiomer on the growth, invasion, and DNA integrity of breast and prostate cells in vitro

It has been postulated that the R- and S-equol enantiomers have different biological properties given their different binding affinities for the estrogen receptor. S-(-)equol is produced via the bacterial conversion of the soy isoflavone daidzein in the gut. We have compared the biological effects of purified S-equol to that of racemic (R and S) equol on breast and prostate cancer cells of varying receptor status in vitro. Both racemic and S-equol inhibited the growth of the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (> or = 10 microM) and the prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP (> or = 5 microM) and LAPC-4 (> or = 2.5 microM). The compounds also showed equipotent effects in inhibiting the invasion of MDA-MB-231 and PC-3 cancer cells through matrigel. S-equol (1, 10, 30 microM) was unable to prevent DNA damage in MCF-7 or MCF-10A breast cells following exposure to 2-hydroxy-4-nonenal, menadione, or benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide. In contrast, racemic equol (10, 30 microM) prevented DNA damage in MCF-10A cells following exposure to 2-hydroxy-4-nonenal or menadione. These findings suggest that racemic equol has strong antigenotoxic activity in contrast to the purified S-equol enantiomer implicating the R-, rather than the S-enantiomer as being responsible for the antioxidant effects of equol, a finding that may have implications for the in vivo chemoprotective properties of equol.

Fimbriae- and flagella-mediated association with and invasion of cultured epithelial cells by Salmonella enteritidis

Salmonella enteritidis expresses flagella and several finely regulated fimbriae, including SEF14, SEF17 and SEF21 (type 1). A panel of mutants was prepared in three strains of S. enteritidis to elucidate the role of these surface appendages in the association with and invasion of cultured epithelial cells. In all assays, the naturally occurring regulatory-defective strain 27655R associated with tissue culture cells significantly more than wild-type progenitor strains LA5 and S1400/94. Compared with wild-type strains, SEF14 mutants had no effect on association and invasion, whereas SEF17, SEF21 and aflagellate mutants showed significant reductions in both processes. Histological examination suggested a role for SEF17 in localized, aggregative adherence, which could be specifically blocked by anti-SEF17 sera and purified SEF17 fimbriae. SEF21-mediated association was neutralized by mannose and a specific monoclonal antibody, although to observe enhanced association it was necessary for the bacteria to be in fimbriate phase prior to infection. Additionally, aflagellate mutants associated and invaded less than motile bacteria. This study demonstrated the potential for multifactorial association and invasion of epithelial cells which involved SEF17 and SEF21 fimbriae, and flagella-mediated motility.

Contribution of fimbriae and flagella of Salmonella enteritidis to colonization and invasion of chicks

Isogenic mutants of Salmonella enteritidis defective for the elaboration of fimbrial types SEF14, SEF17, SEF21 and flagella were used to study the contribution these organelles made to colonization, invasion and lateral transfer in young chicks. The caecum, liver and spleen were colonized within 24 h following oral inoculation of 1-day-old chicks with 10(5) wild-type S. enteritidis strain LA5. However, for some mutants, the numbers of organisms recovered from internal organs was reduced significantly, particularly at 24 h post-inoculum, which supported the hypothesis that the organelles contribute to invasion and dissemination to internal organs. Specifically, mutations affecting SEF17, SEF21 and flagella contributed to a delay in colonization of the spleen, and those affecting SEF21 and flagella delayed colonization of the liver. Lower numbers of bacteria were recovered from the caecum with mutants deficient in elaboration of SEF21. Sentinel birds were colonized by LA5 or EAV40 (14(-), 17(-), 21(-), fla(-)) directly from the environment within 2 days, although a consistent slight delay was observed with the multiple mutant. Overall, our data suggest a collective role for SEF17, SEF21 and flagella, but not SEF14, in the early stages of colonization and invasion of young chicks by S. enteritidis, but these surface appendages appear unnecessary for colonization of birds from their immediate environment.

The role of fimbriae and flagella in the colonization, invasion and persistence of Escherichia coli O78 : K80 in the day-old-chick model

To understand the role of flagella and fimbriae of Escherichia coli O78:K80 in avian colibacillosis, day-old chicks were dosed orally with defined afimbriate and or aflagellate mutants and colonization, invasion and persistence compared with that of the wild-type. In an invasion model, chicks were dosed with 1 x 10(5) c.f.u. of a single strain and mutants defective for type 1 fimbriae, curli fimbriae or flagella colonized livers by 24 h although the numbers of bacteria present were significantly less than the wild-type, Mutants colonized between 50 and 75 % of spleens whereas the wild-type colonized 100 % of spleens. Additionally, the numbers of mutant bacteria in colonized spleens were significantly less than the wild-type. Surprisingly, mutants defective for the elaboration of more than one appendage were no more attenuated than single mutants. In a persistence model, chicks were dosed with 1 x 10(2) c.f.u. of a single strain and mutants defective for type 1 or curli or flagella or any combination thereof persisted as assessed by cloacal swabbing for 5 weeks of the experiment less well than the wild-type. In an additional persistence model, chicks were dosed with 5 x 10(2) c.f.u. of each of wild-type and one mutant together. All mutants were significantly less persistent than the wild-type (P < 0.001) and one mutant which lacked type 1, curli and flagella, was eliminated within 2 weeks. Analysis of the trends of elimination indicated that flagella contributed to persistence more than curli, which contributed more than type 1 fimbriae. Here was evidence for a major role in colonization, invasion and persistence played by type 1, curli and flagella.

Membrane ruffling and invasion of human and avian cell lines is reduced for aflagellate mutants of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis

Independent studies have demonstrated that flagella are associated with the invasive process of Salmonella enterica serotypes, and aflagellate derivatives of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis are attenuated in murine and avian models of infection. One widely held view is that the motility afforded by flagella, probably aided by chemotactic responses, mediates the initial interaction between bacterium and host cell. The adherence and invasion properties of two S. Enteritidis wild-type strains and isogenic aflagellate mutants were assessed on HEp-2 and Div-1 cells that are of human and avian epithelial origin, respectively. Both aflagellate derivatives showed a significant reduction of invasion compared with wild type over the three hours of the assays. Complementation of the defective fliC allele recovered partially the wild-type phenotype. Examination of the bacterium-host cell interaction by electron and confocal microscopy approaches showed that wild-type bacteria induced ruffle formation and significant cytoskeletal rearrangements on HEp-2 cells within 5 minutes of contact. The aflagellate derivatives induced fewer ruffles than wild type. Ruffle formation on the Div-1 cell line was less pronounced than for HEp-2 cells for wild-type S. Enteritidis. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that flagella play an active role in the early events of the invasive process.

The boreal forest and the polar front

The analysis presented in this paper suggests that the larger heating over the boreal forest in the spring and summer, as contrasted with weaker heating over the adjacent tundra, results in a preferred position of the polar front along the northern edge of the boreal forest. This positioning is well documented in the literature (see, for example, Bryson, 1966; Barry and Hare, 1974; Kreps and Barry, 1970). This heating results from the lower albedo of the boreal forest which is not compensated by an increase in transpiration, even with the larger leaf area index of the forest. The warmer temperatures are mixed upward by the deep boundary layer over the forest and mesoscale circulations which result from the patchiness of heating associated with the heterogeneous landscapes of the forest. Thus in contrast to previous assumptions in which the arctic front position in the summer determines the northern limit of the boreal tree line, our study suggests the boreal forest itself significantly influences the preferred position of the front. This conclusion reinforces the findings of Bonan et al. (1992) and Foley et al. (1994) on the important role of boreal forest-tundra interactions with climate.

Daidzein, R-(+)equol and S-(-)equol inhibit the invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells potentially via the down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2

PURPOSE: Soy isoflavones may inhibit tumor cell invasion and metastasis via their effects on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). The current study investigates the effects of daidzein, R- and S-equol on the invasion of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and the effects of these compounds on MMP/TIMP expression at the mRNA level. METHODS: The anti-invasive effects of daidzein, R- and S-equol (0, 2.5, 10, 50 μM) on MDA-MB-231 cells were determined using the Matrigel invasion assay following 48-h exposure. Effects on MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression were assessed using real-time PCR. Chiral HPLC analysis was used to determine intracellular concentrations of R- and S-equol. RESULTS: The invasive capacity of MDA-MB-231 cells was significantly reduced (by approximately 50-60 %) following treatment with 50 μM daidzein, R- or S-equol. Anti-invasive effects were also observed with R-equol at 2.5 and 10 μM though overall equipotent effects were induced by all compounds. Inhibition of invasion induced by all three compounds at 50 μM was associated with the down-regulation of MMP-2, while none of the compounds tested significantly affected the expression levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1 or TIMP-2 at this concentration. Following exposure to media containing 50 μM R- or S-equol for 48-h intracellular concentrations of R- and S-equol were 4.38 ± 1.17 and 3.22 ± 0.47 nM, respectively. CONCLUSION: Daidzein, R- and S-equol inhibit the invasion of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in part via the down-regulation of MMP-2 expression, with equipotent effects observed for the parent isoflavone daidzein and the equol enantiomers.

SPI-23 of S.Derby: role in adherence and invasion of porcine tissues

Salmonella enterica serovars Derby and Mbandaka are isolated from different groups of livestock species in the UK. S. Derby is predominantly isolated from pigs and turkeys and S. Mbandaka is predominantly isolated from cattle and chickens. Alignment of the genome sequences of two isolates of each serovar led to the discovery of a new putative Salmonella pathogenicity island, SPI-23, in the chromosome sequence of S. Derby isolates. SPI-23 is 37 kb in length and contains 42 ORFs, ten of which are putative type III effector proteins. In this study we use porcine jejunum derived cell line IPEC-J2 and in vitro organ culture of porcine jejunum and colon, to characterise the association and invasion rates of S. Derby and S. Mbandaka, and tissue tropism of S. Derby respectively. We show that S. Derby invades and associates to an IPEC-J2 monolayer in significantly greater numbers than S. Mbandaka, and that S. Derby preferentially attaches to porcine jejunum over colon explants. We also show that nine genes across SPI-23 are up-regulated to a greater degree in the jejunum compared to the colon explants. Furthermore, we constructed a mutant of the highly up-regulated, pilV-like gene, potR, and find that it produces an excess of surface pili compared to the parent strain which form a strong agglutinating phenotype interfering with association and invasion of IPEC-J2 monolayers. We suggest that potR may play a role in tissue tropism.